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Edward Festing was the younger brother of John Wogan Festing (1837–1902), who became the Bishop of St Albans. He had a son, Richard Arthur Grindall Festing, who worked for the Civil Service in Ceylon. He died from heart failure.

Spectroscopists

Beryl May was born on , at Penley Villa, Park Lane, Chippenham, Wiltshire, the eldest daughter of Agnes Dent (), , and Eustace Edward (). She was baptised at StPauls, Chippenham, on 8 June 1900. They had married at St Marys Church, Goosnargh, near Preston, Lancashire, on 27July 1898. Her mother was educated at the Harris Institute, Preston, passing examinations in science and art. She was a teacher at Attercliffe School, in northeast Sheffield, before moving to Goosnargh School, near her hometown of Preston, where her elder brother and sister, John William and Mary Ann Thornley, were the head teachers. In March 1894, she had applied for the headship at Fairfield School, Cockermouth, making the shortlist, but the board decided to appoint a local candidate. On 18March 1889, Dents father was appointed to a teaching assistant position at Portland Road School, in Halifax, West Yorkshire, after completing a teaching apprenticeship with the school board. In the same year, Florence Emily Dent, his elder sister, was appointed head teacher at West Vale girls school, Stainland Road, Greetland, moving from the Higher Board School at Halifax. In August 1889, he obtained a first class pass in mathematics from the Halifax Mechanics Institute. He enrolled on a degree course at University College, Aberystwyth, in the Education Day Training College. In January 1894, he was awarded a first by Aberystwyth, and a first in the external University of London examinations. His first teaching post was at Coopers Company Grammar School, Bow, London, before moving to Chippenham, where he was a senior assistant teacher at the Chippenham County School. In October 1901, Dent's father left Chippenham to become head teacher of the then recently established Warminster County School, that adjoined the Athenaeum Theatre in Warminster. The family moved to Boreham Road, Warminster, where houses were built in the early 19th century. In April 1907, they moved to 22Portway, Warminster, situated a short distance from the County School and the Athenaeum. He was elected chair of the Warminster Urban District Council from 1920 to 1922, and remained as head teacher of the County School until his retirement in August 1929. Dents father was also a regular cast member of the Warminster Operatic Society at the Athenaeum and other venues. Dent and her younger sister, Florence Mary, would often appear with him on stage in such operettas as Snow White and the seven dwarfs and the Princess JuJu (The Golden Amulet), a Japanese operetta in three acts by Clementine Ward. In Princess JuJu, she played La La, one of the three maidens attendant on the princess, and sang the first act solo, She must be demure. In act two of the same musical, she performed in the fan dance, Spirits of the Night. She also acted in a scene from Tennysons Princess at the County School's prize giving day on 16December 1913.

Computational Chemists

Following nearly a decade's worth of research into the formation of alternate fullerene compounds (e.g. C, C), as well as the synthesis of endohedral metallofullerenes (M@C), reports of the identification of carbon nanotube structures led Smalley to begin investigating their iron-catalyzed synthesis. As a consequence of this research, Smalley was able to persuade the administration of Rice University, under then-president Malcolm Gillis, to create Rices Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) focusing on any aspect of molecular nanotechnology. It was renamed The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology after Smalleys death in 2005, and has since merged with the Rice Quantum Institute, becoming the Smalley-Curl Institute (SCI) in 2015. Smalleys latest research was focused on carbon nanotubes, specifically focusing on the chemical synthesis side of nanotube research. He is well known for his groups invention of the high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) method of producing large batches of high-quality nanotubes. Smalley spun off his work into a company, Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. and associated nanotechnologies. Smalley and his lab worked solely in this area of study and nothing else for approximately 10 years, up until the end of his life. His research lab carried the slogan "If it aint tubes, we dont do it" proudly.

Spectroscopists

Her awards and honours include: * 2008 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) * 2016 Elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (FLSW) * 2017 Elected a member Academia Europaea (MAE)

Computational Chemists

David Alter (December 3, 1807 – September 18, 1881) was a prominent American inventor and scientist of the 19th century. He was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania and graduated from the Reformed Medical School in New York City. He had German and Swiss ancestry.

Spectroscopists

He participated in science and religion discussions. Regarding God, he stated, "I find a need for God in the universe and in my own life."

Spectroscopists

Peter Debye was described as a martinet when it came to scientific principles, yet he was always approachable and made time for his students. His personal philosophy emphasized a fulfillment of purpose and enjoyment in one's work. Debye was an avid trout fisherman and gardener, collector of cacti, and was "always known to enjoy a nice cigar". While in Berlin as an assistant to Arnold Sommerfeld, Debye became acquainted with Mathilde Alberer. Mathilde was the daughter of the proprietor of the boarding house in which Debye was staying. Mathilde would soon change her citizenship and in 1913, Debye married Mathilde Alberer. Debye would enjoy working in his rose garden with Mathilde Alberer late into his years. They had a son, Peter P. Debye (1916–2012), and a daughter, Mathilde Maria (1921–1991). Peter became a physicist and collaborated with Debye in some of his research, and had a son who was also a chemist. Debye was a faithful Catholic who insisted his family go to church.

Spectroscopists

In 1950, Townes was appointed professor at Columbia University. He served as executive director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952. He was Chairman of the Physics Department from 1952 to 1955. In 1951, Townes conceived a new way to create intense, precise beams of coherent radiation, for which he invented the acronym maser (for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). When the same principle was applied to higher frequencies, the term laser was used (the word "light" substituting for the word "microwave"). During 1953, Townes, James P. Gordon, and Herbert J. Zeiger built the first ammonia maser at Columbia University. This device used stimulated emission in a stream of energized ammonia molecules to produce amplification of microwaves at a frequency of about 24.0 gigahertz. From 1959 to 1961, he was on leave of absence from Columbia University to serve as vice president and director of research of the Institute for Defense Analyses in Washington, D.C., a nonprofit organization, which advised the U.S. government and was operated by eleven universities. Between 1961 and 1967, Townes served as both provost and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Then, during 1967, he was appointed as a professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained for almost 50 years; his status was as professor emeritus by the time of his death during 2015. Between 1966 and 1970, he was chairman of the NASA Science Advisory Committee for the Apollo lunar landing program. For his creation of the maser, Townes along with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov received the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics. Townes also developed the use of masers and lasers for astronomy, was part of a team that first discovered complex molecules in space, and determined the mass of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. During 2002–2003, Townes served as a Karl Schwarzschild Lecturer in Germany and the Birla Lecturer and Schroedinger Lecturer in India. Townes is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Spectroscopists

* Die Entladung der Elektricität von galvanisch glühender Kohle in verdünntes Gas. (Sonderabdruck aus Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899 * Der elektrische Strom zwischen galvanisch glühender Kohle und einem Metall durch verdünntes Gas. (Sonderabdruck aus Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899 * Aenderung der Leitfähigkeit von Gasen durch einen stetigen elektrischen Strom. (Sonderabdruck aus Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 2). Leipzig, 1900 * Ueber den Einfluss der Erhitzung auf das elektrische Leuchten eines verdünnten Gases. (Sonderabdruck aus Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900 * Ueber elektrostatische Wirkungen bei der Entladung der Elektricität in verdünnten Gasen. (Sonderabdruck aus Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900 * Kritische Bemerkungen zu der Mitteilung der Herren Austin und Starke über Kathodenstrahlreflexion. Sonderabdruck aus Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Jahrgang 4, Nr. 8). Braunschweig, 1902 * Prinzipien der Atomdynamik. 1. Teil. Die elektrischen Quanten., 1910 * Schwierigkeiten für die Lichtquantenhypothese im Falle der Emission von Serienlinien. (Sonderabdruck aus Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Jg. XVI, Nr 6). Braunschweig, 1914 * Bemerkung zum Bogen – und Funkenspektrum des Heliums. (Sonderabdruck aus Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft., Jg. XVI, Nr. 10). Braunschweig, 1914 * Folgerungen aus einer Valenzhypothese. III. Natürliche Drehung der Schwingungsebene des Lichtes. (Sonderabdruck aus `Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik', Heft 2, Mai 1914), Leipzig, 1914 * Methode zur gleichzeitigen Zerlegung einer Linie durch das elektrische und das magnetische Feld. (Sonderabdruck aus Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft., Jg. XVI, Nr. 7). Braunschweig, 1914 * Die gegenwärtige Krise der deutschen Physik, ("The Thoroughgoing Crisis in German Physics") 1922 * Natur der chemischen Valenzkräfte, 1922 * Hitlergeist und Wissenschaft, 1924 together with Philipp Lenard * Die Axialität der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur, Berlin 1927 * Atomstruktur und Atombindung, A. Seydel, Berlin 1928 * Atomstrukturelle Grundlagen der Stickstoffchemie., Leipzig, 1931 * Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche, ("National Socialism and the Catholic Church") 1931 * Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche. II. Teil: Antwort auf Kundgebungen der deutschen Bischöfe., 1931 * Nationale Erziehung, 1932 * Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft ("National Socialism and Science") 1934 * Physik der Atomoberfläche, 1940 * Jüdische und deutsche Physik, ("Jewish and German Physics") with Wilhelm Müller, written at the University of Munich in 1941 * Nationale Erziehung, Zentrumsherrschaft und Jesuitenpolitik, undated * Hitlers Ziele und Persönlichkeit ("Hitler's Aims and Personality"), undated

Spectroscopists

Herschel was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and astronomer Sir William Herschel. He was the nephew of astronomer Caroline Herschel. He studied shortly at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating as Senior Wrangler in 1813. It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians Charles Babbage and George Peacock. He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror in diameter, and with a focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with James South, the double stars catalogued by his father. He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the Lalande Medal of the French Academy of Sciences in 1825, while in 1821 the Royal Society bestowed upon him the Copley Medal for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1831. He also seemed to be aware of Indian thought and mathematics introduced to him by George Everest as claimed by Mary Boole: He stated in his historical article Mathematics in Brewsters Cyclopedia': Herschel served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society three times: 1827–1829, 1839–1841 and 1847–1849. Herschels A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy, published early in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardners Cabinet cyclopædia, set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of natural philosophy was understanding these laws through inductive reasoning, finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the University of Cambridge where it inspired the student Charles Darwin with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1854. Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters, a compilation of his own work and that of his fathers, expanding on the senior Herschels Catalogue of Nebulae. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars. Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana in 1845. Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies NGC 7, NGC 10, NGC 25, and NGC 28.

Spectroscopists

Keyes specialises in photochemistry and molecular spectroscopy. Among her interests are molecular spectroscopy, supramolecular and interfacial chemistry, photophysics and applications in biology such as cell imaging and sensing, and membrane mimetics. Keyes completed her PhD in 1994, titled The Synthesis, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and photophysica characterisation of ruthenium (II) polypridyl complexes containing quinone/hydroquinone moieties, supervised by Johannes G. Vos. She studied at Dublin City University.[http://doras.dcu.ie/18936/] In 2020, Keyes contributed research to Dublin City University's COVID-19 Research and Innovation Hub. Her project models cell membranes including the ACE2 receptor. This could be used to model the initial viral-host recognition step and may identify other components of the cell membrane that create infection. The aim is to build a platform to test therapeutics to inhibit SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 binding.

Spectroscopists

Andrew Crowther Hurley (1926–1988) was a quantum chemist and mathematician who was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1972. He was a student of the University of Melbourne and obtained First Class Honours B Sc in Theoretical Physics and theory of Statistics. He received his Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in 1947 and his Bachelor of Science in 1948. He received his Master of Arts degree in March 1949 for his thesis Finite Rotation Groups and Crystal Classes in Four Dimensions, receiving First Class Honours and first place. In 1950 he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied for his PhD in theoretical physics under the supervision of Paul Dirac. After one term, he transferred to the Department of Theoretical Chemistry under the supervision of John Lennard-Jones, and also interacted with S. Francis Boys, George G. Hall and John Pople. He worked on Moffitt's method of atoms in molecules and introduced the method of intra-atomic correlation correction using the rather poor computational facilities available, which limited the calculations to small molecules. In 1953 he joined the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Chemical Physics Section, and remained there until his death in 1988. He was an expert on group theory and its uses in quantum chemistry. In 1963, he wrote a monograph on the Electronic Theory of Small Molecules for the series Theoretical Chemistry published by Academic Press.

Computational Chemists

Jennie Belle Lasby Tessmann (August 23, 1882 – December 9, 1959) was an American spectroscopist and college educator. She was a "human computer" at Mount Wilson Observatory from 1906 to 1913, the first woman research assistant at the observatory. She taught astronomy and history at Santa Ana College from 1919 to 1946.

Spectroscopists

Philip Bunker's published scientific work has focused on the use of fundamental quantum mechanics to predict and interpret the spectral properties of polyatomic molecules due to their combined rotational, vibrational, electronic and nuclear-spin states, and their symmetries. He has been particularly concerned with the study of the energy levels and spectra of molecules that undergo large amplitude vibrational motions. Applications of this work to the methylene (CH) molecule proved to be important in determining the separation between the singlet and triplet electronic states, and in determining which singlet and triplet rotational levels interact. In the 1990s, he returned to the problem of determining the torsional barrier in dimethylacetylene after Robert McKellar and John Johns, experimentalists at the National Research Council of Canada, had obtained a very high resolution infrared spectrum of the molecule. Bunker is a well-known expert in the use of the molecular symmetry group. At the end of Longuet-Higgins' paper in which he introduced permutation and permutation-inversion molecular symmetry groups, Longuet-Higgins wrote: "In conclusion it should be added that the present definition can be extended to linear molecules, and to molecules where spin-orbit coupling is strong; but these topics are best dealt with separately." However, a few years later (in 1967) Longuet-Higgins left the field of theoretical chemistry; he wrote nothing more about molecular symmetry and did not make these extensions. Bunker then developed the extensions of these principles to linear molecules as well as to molecules with strong spin-orbit coupling Bunker is also known for his work in the quantitative description of non-adiabatic effects in quantum molecular dynamics. Together with Per Jensen (1956-2022), who was a theoretical chemist at Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Bunker has written two books on theoretical chemistry and molecular spectroscopy; Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy (1998) and Fundamentals of Molecular Symmetry (2005). Currently, Bunker is Researcher Emeritus at the National Research Council of Canada and a guest scientist at the Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society. He has also held visiting scientist positions at universities and institutions around the world during the course of his career, including ETH-Zurich, Massey University, Kyushu University and University of Florence. During the course of his career he has delivered over 400 invited lectures.

Spectroscopists

George Downing Liveing FRS (21 December 1827 – 26 December 1924) was an English chemist, spectroscopist and university administrator.

Spectroscopists

Thorne retired in 1993, becoming senior research fellow in physics, and then senior research investigator in physics. Imperial College awards a prize named for Anne Thorne each year to a student whose PhD thesis in experimental physics is concerned with the development or use of new experimental instruments or techniques. Thornes former students endearingly termed her Lady squared'.

Spectroscopists

* Tongraar, A.; Liedl, K. R.; Rode, Bernd M. (1997);"Solvation of Ca2+ In Water Studied By Born-Oppenheimer Ab-Initio QM/MM Dynamics"; J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101(35), p. 6299-6309,[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp970963t DOI: 10.1021/jp970963t]. * Rode, Bernd M.; Schwenk, Christian F., Tongraar, Anan (2004); "Structure and Dynamics of Hydrated Ions - New Insights through Quantum Cechanical Simulation"; J. Mol. Liq. 2004, 110(1-3), pp. 105–122. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167732203002393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2003.09.016]. * Hofer, Thomas; Pribil, Andreas; Randolf, Bernhard; Rode, Bernd M. (2005); "Structure and dynamics of solvated Sn(II) in aqueous solution - an ab initio QM/MM MD approach", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127(41), p. 14231-14238. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja052700f DOI:10.1021/ja052700f]. * Rode, Bernd M.; Schwenk, Christian; Hofer, Thomas; Randolf, Bernhard (2005); "Coordination and ligand exchange dynamics of solvated metal ions"; Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005, 249(24), pp. 2993-–3006. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010854505001128 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.03.032]. * Rode, Bernd M.; Hofer, Thomas (2006); "How to Access Structure and Dynamics of Solutions: The Capabilities of Computational Methods", Pure Appl. Chem. 2006, 78(3), pp. 525–539. [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.2006.78.issue-3/pac200678030525/pac200678030525.xml DOI: 10.1351/pac200678030525]. * Rode, Bernd M.; Hofer, Thomas; Randolf, Bernhard; Schwenk, Christian; Xenides, Demetrios; Vchirawongkwin, Viwat(2006); "Ab initio Quantum Mechanical Charge Field (QMCF) Molecular Dynamics - A QM/MM - MD Procedure for Accurate Simulations of Ions and Complexes"; Theor. Chem. Acc. 2006, 115(2-3), pp. 77–85. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00214-005-0049-1 DOI: 10.1007/s00214-005-0049-1]. * Hofer, Thomas S.; Randolf, Bernhard R.; Rode, Bernd M. (2008); "Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods including Quantum Effects"; In: Solvation Effects on Molecules and Biomolecules, Canuto, Sylvio (Eds.), , Springer, Heidelberg 2008, pp. 247–278. * Rode, Bernd M.; Hofer, Thomas S.; Pribil, Andreas B.; Randolf, Bernhard R. (2010); "Simulations of Liquids and Solutions Based on Quantum Mechanical Forces"; In: Theoretical and Computational Inorganic Chemistry, van Eldik, Rudi; Harvey, Jeremy (Eds.), , Elsevier, Amsterdam 2010, pp. 143–175. * Hofer, Thomas S.; Pribil, Andreas B.; Randolf, Bernhard R.; Rode, Bernd M.; "Ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Charge Field Molecular Dynamics - A Nonparametrized First-Principle Approach to Liquids and Solutions"; In: Advances in Quantum Chemistry, Sabin, John R.; Brändas, Erkki (Eds.), , Elsevier, Amsterdam 2010, 213–246. * Jakschitz, Thomas; Fitz, Daniel; Rode, Bernd Michael (2012); "The origin of first peptides on earth: from amino acids to homochiral biomolecules"; In: Genesis - In The Beginning, Joseph Seckbach (Edp.), , Springer, Dordrecht 2012, pp. 469–489. * Lutz, Oliver M. D.; Messner, Christoph B.; Hofer, Thomas S.; Glätzle, Matthias; Huck, Christian W.; Bonn, Günther K.; Rode, Bernd M.; "Combined Ab Initio Computational and Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the cis- and trans-Bis(glycinato)copper(II) Complexes in Aqueous Environment"; J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, p. 1502-1506. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jz400288c DOI: 10.1021/jz400288c]. * Schwendinger, M. G.; Rode, Bend M. (1990); "Copper-Catalyzed Amino Acid Condensation in Water - A Simple Possible Way of Prebiotic Peptide Formation"; Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 1990, 20(5), pp. 401–410. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01808134 DOI: 10.1007/BF01808134]. * Schwendinger, M. G.; Rode, Bend M.(1998); "Possible Role of Copper and Sodium Chloride in Prebiotic Evolution of Peptides"; Anal. Sci. 1989, 5(4), pp. 411–414. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/analsci1985/5/4/5_4_411/_article DOI: 10.2116/analsci.5.411]. * Plankensteiner, Kristof; Reiner, Hannes; Schranz, Benjamin; Rode, Bernd M. (2004); "Prebiotic formation of amino acids in a neutral atmosphere by electric discharge"; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, pp. 1886–1888. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200353135] * Fitz, Daniel; Reiner, Hannes; Rode, Bernd M. (2007); "Chemical evolution toward the origin of life"]; Pure Appl. Chem. 2007, 79(12), pp. 2101–2117. [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.2007.79.issue-12/pac200779122101/pac200779122101.xml DOI: 10.1351/pac200779122101]. * Fitz, Daniel; Jakschitz, Thomas; Rode, Bernd M. (2011); "Salt-Induced Peptide Formation in Chemical Evolution: Building Blocks Before RNA - Potential of Peptide Splicing Reactions"; In: Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization, Egel, Richard; Lankenau, Dirk-Henner; Mulkidjanian, Armen Y. (Eds.), , Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin 2011, pp. 109–127. * Jakschitz, Thomas A.; Rode, Bernd M. (2012); "Chemical Evolution from simple inorganic compounds to chiral peptides"; Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41(16), pp. 5484–5489. [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/CS/c2cs35073d DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35073D]. * Rode, Bernd M.; Plankensteiner, Kristof (2013); "Prebiotic Peptides"; In: Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Second Edition, Abba J. Kastin (Eds.), , Elsevier, Amsterdam 2013, pp. 1899–1903.

Computational Chemists

Richard McLean Badger (4 May 1896 – 26 November 1974) was an American professor at Caltech and a chemist who specialized in molecular spectroscopy with X rays and infrared radiation. He made pioneering studies on the modes of vibrations and spectral energies in small molecules. The so called Badger's rule relating force and internuclear distance in diatomic molecules is based on his work from 1933. Badger was born in Elgin, Illinois to Joseph Stillman who worked at General Electric, and Carrie Mabel Hewitt. Badger spent his early life Brisbane, Australia, where his father developed its tramway network. He was then sent to school at Elgin grammar school and again briefly in Australia. He joined Northwestern University in 1916 but was posted into the US Army 311st Field Station Battalion in World War I and was demobilized in 1919. He then went to California to continue his education at the Throop Institute of Technology which became the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in the next year. He studied crystals using X ray diffraction and was influenced by Richard C. Tolman, Roscoe G. Dickinson, Paul S. Epstein, and Arthur A. Noyes. He received a PhD in 1924 and continued to work as a research fellow. Badger and Tolman worked on examining predictions based on Niels Bohrs ideas. In 1928-29 he visited universities in Germany and studied fluorescence with James Franck in Göttingen. He also worked with Reinhard Mecke in Bonn. He became an assistant professor in 1929 and began to examine hydrogen bonds in organic molecules. During World War II he was also involved in problems coming from the Manhattan Project. He worked alongside Linus Pauling working on Navy sponsored research but he did not share Paulings pacifism and anti-nuclear testing stance. Badger married Virginia Alice Sherman in 1933 and they had a son and a daughter. The Badger family home in Brisbane is now heritage-listed.

Spectroscopists

Born in Poland, little is known about Hopfield's upbringing. He was admitted to Syracuse University around 1913, and completed his A.B. degree in 1917 and then worked as an instructor through 1919. At Syracuse, he had worked as an assistant with Raymond Thayer Birge, who moved to University of California, Berkeley around this time. Hopfield was then admitted to Berkeley with a fellowship, and was awarded his doctorate for spectroscopic work in 1923. He became an instructor and assistant professor of physics at Berkeley, and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1928 to work with Friedrich Paschen for a year in Berlin. By the time he left Berlin in 1929, the stock market crash and depression had ended most new faculty hiring. Purdue University appointed him as a National Research Council Fellow for two years. He next was employed in creating the physics exhibit for the 1933 "Century of Progress" World's Fair in Chicago. This was followed by a position with the Libbey-Owens-Ford glass company in Toledo, Ohio. With the onset of the Second World War, physicists were again in great demand, and he moved to Washington, D.C., to participate in war-related research. The end of his career was spent at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and at the Naval Research Laboratory in the Optics Division in Washington, D.C.. On January 8, 1953, Hopfield died after a brief illness. Hopfield's son, J. J. Hopfield, was born in 1933 and also became a noted physicist.

Spectroscopists

* Horizons in hydrogen bond research 2009. A collection of papers from the XVIIIth International Conference «Horizons in hydrogen bond research», Paris, France, 14–18 September 2009 / eds. Austin J. Barnes, Marie-Claire Bellissent-Funel, Martin A. Suhm. — Amsterdam, 2010.

Spectroscopists

In 1980, Still and coworkers reported the total synthesis of monensin, a complex polyether natural product that acts as an ionophore. One of the key steps in this route is the late-stage union of two advanced fragments via an intermolecular aldol reaction. In this reaction, low-temperature deprotonation of the methyl ketone with lithium diisopropylamide formed the kinetic enolate which then underwent transmetalation upon the addition of magnesium bromide. Subsequent addition of the aldehyde component initiated a diastereoselective aldol reaction, forming the desired beta-hydroxyketone in 75% yield as a 3:1 mixture of diastereomers. Notably, this instance of acyclic stereocontrol is consistent with the Cram-Felkin-Anh model for the addition of nucleophiles to an aldehyde bearing an existing stereocenter in the alpha position. <br /> <br /> <br /> Having united these two complex fragments, Still was able to complete the synthesis of monensin in three additional steps. First, hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group afforded the free primary alcohol under standard conditions. Next, cleavage of the triethylsilyl (TES) protecting groups was achieved in the presence of para-toluenesulfonic acid; the resulting free secondary alcohols then engaged the ketone in a spontaneous cyclization reaction to form the thermodynamic spiroketal linkage. Finally, hydrolysis of the methyl ester under basic conditions furnished the sodium salt of monensin, completing the synthesis of this challenging natural product.

Computational Chemists

Herzberg was born in Hamburg, Germany on December 25, 1904 to Albin H. Herzberg and Ella Biber. He had an older brother, Walter, who was born in January 1904. Herzberg started Vorschule (pre-school) late, after contracting measles. Gerhard and his family were atheists and kept this fact hidden. His father died in 1914, at 43 years of age, after having suffered from dropsy and complications due to an earlier heart condition. Herzberg graduated Vorschule shortly after his father's death. He married Luise Oettinger, a spectroscopist and fellow researcher in 1929. (Luise Herzberg, died in 1971.)

Spectroscopists

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (20 April 1918 – 20 July 2007) was a Swedish physicist who shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Spectroscopists

His research interests have involved the automated analysis of data in scientific publications, creation of virtual communities, e.g. The Virtual School of Natural Sciences in the Globewide Network Academy, and the Semantic Web. With Henry Rzepa, he has extended this to chemistry through the development of markup languages, especially Chemical Markup Language. He campaigns for open data, particularly in science, and is on the advisory board of the Open Knowledge International and a co-author of the Panton Principles for Open scientific data. Together with a few other chemists, he was a founder member of the Blue Obelisk movement in 2005. In 2002, Peter Murray-Rust and his colleagues proposed an electronic repository for unpublished chemical data called the World Wide Molecular Matrix (WWMM). In January 2011, a symposium around his career and visions was organized, called Visions of a Semantic Molecular Future. In 2011, he and Henry Rzepa were joint recipients of the Herman Skolnik Award of the American Chemical Society. In 2014, he was awarded a Fellowship by the Shuttleworth Foundation to develop the automated mining of science from the literature. In 2009 Murray-Rust coined the term "Doctor Who" model for the phenomenon exhibited by the Blue Obelisk project and other Open Science projects, where when a project leader does not have the resources to continue to lead a project (e.g. because he or she has moved to another university with other tasks), someone else will stand up to become the new leader and continue the project. This is a reference to the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who, in which the main character periodically regenerates into a different form, which is played by a different actor. As of 2014, Murray-Rust was granted a Fellowship by Shuttleworth Foundation in relation to the ContentMine project which uses machines to liberate 100,000,000 facts from the scientific literature.

Computational Chemists

The 2,3-Wittig rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that transforms an allyl ether into a homoallylic alcohol. However, a significant limitation of this reaction is the difficulty in forming the alkoxy-substituted carbanion which initiates the 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. Traditionally, this required the use of a strong base and the presence of a stabilizing group to enable deprotonation of the ether substrate. In 1978, Still dramatically increased the scope of the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement by introducing an organotin-substituted ether as a precursor to the alkoxy-substituted carbanion. In this procedure, transmetalation of the organotin group can be achieved chemoselectively at low temperature using n-butyllithium to form an alpha-lithiated ether that undergoes the desired 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. This variation of the traditional 2,3-Wittig reaction is known as the Wittig-Still rearrangement. <br /> <br /> <br /> An application of the Wittig-Still rearrangement in the context of natural product synthesis can be seen in Stills 1979 formal synthesis of the Cecropia juvenile hormone. The organotin-substituted ether that serves as the substrate for the rearrangement was readily prepared by bis-alkylation of the corresponding diol with iodomethyltributyltin. Treatment of this compound with two equivalents of n-butyllithium at low temperature resulted in transmetalation, initiating a double 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement to give the bis-homoallylic alcohol product in 79% yield. Notably, this rearrangement is highly stereoselective with regard to the geometry of the trisubstituted olefins, giving exclusively the (Z,Z')-isomer shown.<br /> <br />

Computational Chemists

Vignale was born in Naples, Italy, in 1957 and studied physics at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, where he graduated in 1979. He completed his Ph.D. at Northwestern University in 1984, with a thesis on "Collective modes, effective interactions and superconductivity in the electron-hole liquid". He was a postdoctoral researcher at the Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, Germany and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, before joining the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Missouri in 1988. He is Curators' Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri since 2006 and Fellow of the American Physical Society since 1997.

Computational Chemists

* 2020 William F. Meggers Award from The Optical Society "For seminal studies of the properties and dynamics of surfaces, interfaces, and nanoscale materials by diverse spectroscopic techniques, including through the development of powerful new methods." * 2008 he earned the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics. * 1996 he earned the Humboldt Prize. * Fellow of the American Physical Society. * Fellow of The Optical Society.

Spectroscopists

Walter Gordy, (April 20, 1909 &ndash; October 6, 1985) was an American physicist best known for his experimental work in microwave spectroscopy. His laboratory at Duke University became a center for research in this field, and he authored one of the definitive books on the field.

Spectroscopists

Townes's last major technological creation was the Infrared Spatial Interferometer with Walt Fitelson, Ed Wishnow and others. The project combined three mobile infrared detectors aligned by lasers that study the same star. If each telescope is 10 meters from the other, it creates an impression of a 30-meter lens. Observations of Betelgeuse, a red giant in the shoulder of the constellation Orion, found that it is increasing and decreasing in size at the rate of 1% per year, 15% over 15 years. ISI produces extremely high angular and spatial resolution. The technology is also playing an important role in the search for extraterrestrial life in collaborations with Dan Werthimer of Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).

Spectroscopists

Kim K. Baldridge is an American theoretical and computational chemist who works to develop quantum mechanical methodologies and apply quantum chemical methods to problems in life sciences, materials science, and general studies. She is professor and vice dean in the School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology of Tianjin University in China, where she also directs the High Performance Computing Center.

Computational Chemists

His research focuses on ultrafast laser spectroscopy (femtosecond pulses) and thus investigates dynamics at surfaces. His group investigates electronic and optical properties of a few atoms of thin two-dimensional systems (such as graphene or ultrathin crystals of transition-metal di-chalcogen compounds). Heinz is one of the most cited scientists. Since 2019, the media group Clarivate counts him among the favorites for a Nobel Prize (Clarivate Citation Laureates).

Spectroscopists

In addition to more than a hundred scholarly publications, she has written or edited six books. These include her textbook on Quantitative Drug Design. Editorially, she has worked on Perspectives in Drug Design and Discovery, QSAR: Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry, Journal of Computer-Aided Drug Design and QSAR & Combinatorial Science. She has registered eight patents. She is listed in the World directory of crystallographers : and of other scientists employing crystallographic methods.

Computational Chemists

Merz joined the chemistry department at the Pennsylvania State University as an assistant professor in 1989. He was promoted to an associate professor in 1996 and professor in 1998. While at the Pennsylvania State University he took a sabbatical to work in the biopharmaceutical industry (1998-2001) as the senior director of the Center for Informatics and Drug Discovery (CIDD) at Pharmacopeia, Inc. and as the senior director of the ADMET Research and Development Group in the Accelrys software division of Pharmacopeia. He also founded, in 2001, the software company QuantumBio, Inc located in State College, Pennsylvania. In 2005, he joined the faculty at the University of Florida in the chemistry department and as part of the Quantum Theory Project. While he was at University of Florida, he was named the Colonel Allan R. and Margaret G. Crow Term Professor, 2009-2011, the University of Florida Research Foundation (UFRF) Professor, 2011-2013 and the Edmund H. Prominski Professor of Chemistry, 2011-2013. In 2013, Merz moved to Michigan State University as a professor in the Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Departments. He was the director of the Institute of Cyber-enabled Research (2013-2019) and is the Joseph Zichis Chair in Chemistry and a university distinguished professor. While his primary appointment is at Michigan State University, he has also held visiting Professorships at Imperial College, the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, École Polytechnique, University of Florence, University of Strasbourg, University of Oviedo and ETH Zurich.

Computational Chemists

The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is a widely used olefination reaction in which a phosphonate-stabilized carbanion reacts with an aldehyde or ketone to form an alkene. In the standard HWE reaction, the phosphonate ester contains alkoxy substituents (typically methoxy or ethoxy), producing an E-alkene as the major product. In 1983, Still and Gennari reported that simply substituting the more electron-withdrawing 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy groups on the phosphonate component reversed the stereoselectivity to produce predominantly Z-alkenes. The use of a non-coordinating counterion was also found to be critical for high levels of Z-selectivity; this is typically accomplished by using a base with a potassium counterion in the presence of 18-crown-6. Taken together, this protocol is known as the Still-Gennari modification of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction or, alternatively, as the Still-Gennari olefination. <br /> Although the mechanism of this reaction has not been fully elucidated, it is speculated that the use of an electron-deficient phosphonate accelerates elimination of the oxaphosphatane intermediate. This renders the initial addition of the phosphonate-stabilized carbanion to the aldehyde effectively irreversible, leading to Z-selectivity in analogy to the standard Wittig reaction.

Computational Chemists

Ryle was awarded numerous prizes and honours including: * Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952 *Hughes Medal (1954) *Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1964) *Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize (1965) *Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1965) *Albert A. Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute (1971) *Royal Medal (1973) *Bruce Medal (1974) *Nobel Prize in Physics (1974) *Ryle Telescope at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory * In 1965 Ryle co-delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on Exploration of the Universe.

Spectroscopists

Gregurick was a professor of computational biology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County where her research interests included dynamics of large macromolecules. Her areas of expertise are computational biology, high performance computing, neutron scattering and bioinformatics. Gregurick was a program manager for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) where she developed the information and data sharing policy for the agency’s Genomics Science Program and oversaw the development and implementation of the DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase, a framework to integrate data, models, and simulations together for a better understanding of energy and environmental processes. Gregurick joined the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) in 2013. She was the division director for NIGMS biomedical technology, bioinformatics and computational biology (BBCB). Her mission in BBCB was to advance research in computational biology, behavioral and data sciences, mathematical and biostatistical methods, and biomedical technologies in support of the NIGMS mission to increase understanding of life processes. Gregurick assisted in the development of the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Office of Data Science Strategy (ODSS) which was established in 2018. Starting in November 2018, she served as a senior advisor to ODSS until she was appointed by Francis Collins on September 16, 2019, as NIH associate director for data science and director of the ODSS. Gregurick succeeded Philip Bourne. She received the 2020 Leadership in Biological Sciences Award from the .

Computational Chemists

Frederick Sumner Brackett (August 1, 1896 &ndash; January 28, 1988), was an American physicist and spectroscopist. Born in Claremont, California, to Frank and Lucretia Brackett, he graduated from Pomona College and worked as an observer at Mount Wilson Observatory until 1920. He observed the infra-red radiation of the Sun. Brackett received a doctorate in physics from the Johns Hopkins University in 1922. Applying a hydrogen filled discharge tube, he discovered the hydrogen Brackett series, where an electron jumps up from or drops down to the fourth fundamental level, in 1922. He then taught physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He moved to the Washington area and joined the Department of Agriculture's Fixed Nitrogen Lab in 1927. He transferred to the National Institute of Health (NIH) in 1936 as director of biophysics research. At NIH, he was a scientist in the Division of Industrial Hygiene, where he developed spectrometers to detect toxic substances in body fluids, including one containing two of the largest natural quartz prisms in the world. During World War II, he directed a research optics program at the Army. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and received the Legion of Merit for his work. Brackett returned to the NIH as chief of the photobiology section. He retired in 1961. The lunar crater Brackett was named after him in 1974. At the time, he was the only living person to have a Moon crater named for him.

Spectroscopists

Stark spent the last years of his life on his Gut Eppenstatt near Traunstein in Upper Bavaria, where he died in 1957 at the age of 83. He was buried in Schönau am Königssee in the mountain cemetery.

Spectroscopists

Franco Dino Rasetti (August 10, 1901 &ndash; December 5, 2001) was an Italian (later naturalized American) physicist, paleontologist and botanist. Together with Enrico Fermi, he discovered key processes leading to nuclear fission. Rasetti refused to work on the Manhattan Project on moral grounds.

Spectroscopists

Schulten received a Diplom degree from the University of Münster in 1969 and a PhD in chemical physics from Harvard University in 1974, advised by Martin Karplus. At Harvard Schulten studied vision, and the ways in which biomolecules respond to photoexcitation. He was particularly interested in studying retinal, a polyene and a chromophore of opsins. Schulten was able to provide a theoretical explanation for experimental observations of an "optically forbidden" state which did not match predicted patterns of electronic excitation in polyenes. Schulten classified electrons into covalent and non-covalent states, and determined that electrons that acted in a coordinated (covalent) manner used less energy than those which were independent (non-covalent).

Computational Chemists

Curl's later research interests involved physical chemistry, developing DNA genotyping and sequencing instrumentation, and creating photoacoustic sensors for trace gases using quantum cascade lasers. He is known in the residential college life at Rice University for being the first master of Lovett College. Curl retired in 2008 at the age of 74, becoming a University Professor Emeritus, Pitzer-Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences Emeritus, and Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Rice University.

Spectroscopists

Flynn received the Herbert P. Broida Prize in Chemical Physics (2003) of the American Physical Society, as well as the E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy and the Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics of the American Chemical Society. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the National Academy of Sciences (2001).

Spectroscopists

Talbot was born in Melbury House in Dorset and was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, and his wife Lady Elisabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Ilchester. His governess was Agnes Porter who had also educated his mother. Talbot was educated at Rottingdean, Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded the Porson Prize in Classics in 1820, and graduated as twelfth wrangler in 1821. From 1822 to 1872, he communicated papers to the Royal Society, many of them on mathematical subjects. At an early period, he began optical research, which later bore fruit in connection with photography. To the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1826 he contributed a paper on "Some Experiments on Coloured Flame"; to the Quarterly Journal of Science in 1827 a paper on "Monochromatic Light"; and to the Philosophical Magazine papers on chemical subjects, including one on "Chemical Changes of Colour".

Spectroscopists

In 1920, the University of Göttingen offered Max Born its chair of theoretical physics, which had recently been vacated by Peter Debye. Göttingen was an important centre for mathematics, thanks to David Hilbert, Felix Klein, Hermann Minkowski and Carl Runge, but not so much for physics. This would change. As part of his price for coming to Göttingen, Born wanted Franck to head experimental physics there. On 15 November 1920, Franck became Professor of Experimental Physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics, a fully tenured professor ordinarius. He was allowed two assistants, so he brought Hertha Sponer with him from Berlin to fill one of the positions. Pohl, a gifted teacher, headed the First Institute, and handled the lectures. Franck refurbished the laboratory with the latest equipment using funds from his own pocket. Under Born and Franck, Göttingen was one of the worlds great centres for physics between 1920 and 1933. Although they published only three papers together, Born and Franck discussed every one of their papers with each other. Gaining admittance to Francks laboratory became highly competitive. His doctoral students included Hans Kopfermann, Arthur R. von Hippel, Wilhelm Hanle, Fritz Houtermans, Heinrich Kuhn, , Walter Lochte-Holtgreven and Heinz Maier-Leibnitz. In supervising doctoral candidates, Franck had to ensure that thesis topics were well-defined, and would teach the candidate how to conduct original research, while still staying within the limits of the candidates ability, the laboratorys equipment and the institute's budget. Under his direction, research was carried out into the structure of atoms and molecules. In his own research, Franck developed what became known as the Franck–Condon principle, a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions, simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate energy. The principle states that during an electronic transition, a change from one vibrational energy level to another will be more likely to happen if the two vibrational wave functions overlap more significantly. The principle has since been applied to a wide variety of related phenomena. For his work during this time period, Franck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929.

Spectroscopists

Wilson currently serves as the John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, associate dean for strategic initiatives in the College of Natural Sciences, and director of the MSU Center for Quantum Computing, Science, and Engineering (MSU-Q) at Michigan State University. From 2016-2018, she was division director of the Division of Chemistry at the National Science Foundation (NSF), heading the division from 2016 to 2018, where she led the direction of investments in chemistry research across the nation for NSF. Prior to this, she was at the University of North Texas, where she was a regents professor, and director of the Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM). She also served as associate vice provost for faculty and led the Office of Faculty Success at the University of North Texas (UNT), working with ~2,400 faculty and ~58 department chairs, after serving for two years as a faculty fellow in the UNT Office of the Provost.

Computational Chemists

Hewish proposed the construction of a large phased array radio telescope, which could be used to perform a survey at high time resolution, primarily for studying interplanetary scintillation. In 1965 he secured funding to construct his design, the Interplanetary Scintillation Array, at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) outside Cambridge. It was completed in 1967. One of Hewishs PhD students, Jocelyn Bell (later known as Jocelyn Bell Burnell), helped to build the array and was assigned to analyse its output. Bell soon discovered a radio source which was ultimately recognised as the first pulsar. Hewish initially thought that the signal might be radio frequency interference, but it remained at a constant right ascension, which is unlikely for a terrestrial source. The scientific paper announcing the discovery had five authors, Hewishs name being listed first, Bell's second. Hewish and Ryle were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974 for work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and for Hewish's decisive role in the discovery of pulsars. The exclusion of Bell from the Nobel prize was controversial (see Nobel prize controversies). Fellow Cambridge astronomer Fred Hoyle argued that Bell should have received a share of the prize, although Bell herself stated "it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them". while Michael Rowan-Robinson later wrote that "Hewish was undoubtedly the major player in the work that led to the discovery, inventing the scintillation technique in 1952, leading the team that built the array and made the discovery, and providing the interpretation". Hewish was professor of radio astronomy in the Cavendish Laboratory from 1971 to 1989 and head of the MRAO from 1982 to 1988. He developed an association with the Royal Institution in London when it was directed by Sir Lawrence Bragg. In 1965 he was invited to co-deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on "Exploration of the Universe". He subsequently gave several Friday Evening Discourses and was made a Professor of the Royal Institution in 1977. Hewish was a fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He was also a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

Spectroscopists

Hallberg completed his basic education at Lund University, where he obtained a Master of Science (MSc) in chemistry and physics in 1969. The following year he attended the School of Education in Malmö obtained a BScEd and worked thereafter as a teacher in the junior high school from 1970-1973. Hallberg returned to Lund University and the Chemical Centre, to conduct research in 1973-1979. In January 1980, he received a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in organic chemistry with the thesis “[http://libris.kb.se/bib/196594 Methoxythiophenes and Related Systems]”. After six months as a researcher at Nobel Chemistry in Karlskoga, he completed the post-doctoral period at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, where he then was promoted to a position as assistant professor at the College of Pharmacy in 1981-1982. On his return to the Chemical Centre in Lund in 1983, he was appointed associate professor (docent). He received grants from the Swedish Research Council and stayed at Lund University until 1986, when he took up a managerial position within the pharmaceutical company AstraDraco in Lund. Eventually he became Director and Head Medicinal Chemistry and only in 1990 did he leave the company to be installed as a Professor of medicinal chemistry at Uppsala University. During the twenty years that followed, he worked at the Uppsala Biomedical Center (BMC), but kept in touch with his old company, now Astra Zeneca, through an assignment as a research advisor. One year after arriving at Uppsala, in 1991, Hallberg became Chairman of the Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry and from 1992 to 1996 he acted as Dean for Research at the Faculty of Pharmacy. He served for many years as Chairman of the Evaluation Panel for Chemistry at The Swedish Research Council in Stockholm and as Chairman of the Medicinal Chemistry Section at The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. During the period 2002-2005, he was Deputy Vice President (Medicine/Pharmacy), before taking over as Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy in 2005. Hallberg was then elected Rector Magnificus (Vice Chancellor) for Uppsala University from 1 July 2006. As Vice Chancellor, Hallberg initiated Quality and Renewal (KoF07) in 2007, a comprehensive international evaluation of the universitys research that was followed four years later by KoF11. In 2008, he took the initiative to Uppsala Universitys collaboration with the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm University and the Karolinska Institute with the aim to build the biomedical center formation Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab). Hallberg was also one of the initiators to the collaborative organisation U4 Network, founded in 2008 and currently uniting a number of European universities, as well as the international Matariki network of universities (MNU), founded in 2010. In 2011, Hallberg and Jörgen Tholin, then Vice Chancellor of the University of Gotland, signed a declaration of intent on the merger of Uppsala University and the University of Gotland[https://www.uu.se/press/pressmeddelande/?id=1562&typ=pm]. He was succeeded as Vice Chancellor on 1 January 2012 by Eva Åkesson.

Computational Chemists

Born on a farm in Saskatchewan, Douglas received his BA and MA degrees from the University of Saskatchewan. Gerhard Herzberg was his MA thesis advisor. During World War II, Douglas interrupted his studies to do military-related research in the Physics Division at the NRC. After the war, he earned his PhD in physics at Pennsylvania State University under David H. Rank. In 1949 Douglas became NRC's head of the Spectroscopy Section of the Physics Division, which was directed by Gerhard Herzberg. From 1969 to 1973 Douglas was the director of the Physics Division of the NRC. He returned to his previous job as head of the Spectroscopy Section in 1973 and remained in that position until his retirement from the NRC in 1980. A. E. Douglas was the first to observe the spectra of B, Si, CH, SiH, NF, PF, BN, CN and many other diatomic or triatomic molecules. He first identified the 4050 group of lines observed in comets as being due to the C molecule. Using a method that he developed, Douglas made the first studies of the Zeeman effect in polyatomic molecules. According to Gerhard Herzberg:, SO, CH. This phenomenon, referred to in the most recent literature as the Douglas effect, is closely connected with internal conversion in larger molecules. In astrophysical applications of molecular spectroscopy, Douglas is known for his identification of interstellar CH and of cometary C and for the reproduction in the laboratory of the Meinel bands of N and other spectra.

Spectroscopists

Dirks was born in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1978. His mother Suree, a Thai Chinese woman who worked in a bank at the time, his father, Michael Dirks, was a mathematics teacher at the International School Bangkok recruited from the United States. After about a year, the family, including older brother William, moved back to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada so that his father could pursue doctoral studies in mathematics education at the University of British Columbia. Four years later the family settled in Michael's hometown of Spokane, Washington, where he took a job teaching math at North Central High School and Spokane Falls Community College. Robert attended Lewis and Clark High School, where he excelled academically, entering and winning many math competitions. He was selected to do cardiovascular research at the University of Washington over the summer before his senior year. During that year, he received the top score of 5 on every Advanced Placement exam he took, and was chosen as class valedictorian in 1996. Shortly after graduation Robert and three of his classmates were one of three high school winners of the ExploraVision national scientific contest, earning them and their families a trip to Washington, D.C. The topic of their project was the future of nanotechnology. Although he had been accepted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he chose instead to attend Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He graduated summa cum laude and with Phi Beta Kappa honors, from Wabash in 2000 with a double major in chemistry and math. He also did a two minors in biology and music, playing the bassoon, clarinet and piano. He then began graduate studies in chemistry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. He received his Ph.D. in 2005 and remained at Caltech for a postdoctoral fellowship. During his years there he met Christine Ueda, another doctoral student who became his wife.

Computational Chemists

In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics. In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College. To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills. In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York. Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor. The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor. Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students. The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured. While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwells 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method. He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles. When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal. The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result. Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review' on July 16, 1926. He married Helen the next day. The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals. Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it. Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe. He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics. With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system. The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation. Rabi found the answer in Ludwig Schlesingers Einführung in die Theorie der Differentialgleichungen, which describes a method originally developed by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution. Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review', which published it in 1927.

Spectroscopists

Some of her recognitions include: * NSF CAREER Award, 2003 * Distinguished Women in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2013 * Francis P. Garvan-John M. Olin Medal, 2015 * Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, 2018 * Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member, 2023 * Association for Women in Science Zenith Award, 2023 She is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society (2010), American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012), and the American Physical Society (2013).

Computational Chemists

* [https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=167I36V2858C8.1785394&profile=rev-nbl&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!44545~!5&ri=13&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=The+Spectroscopy+of+X-Rays&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=13 The Spectroscopy of X-Rays] (1925)

Spectroscopists

Marta Filizola is a computational biophysicist who studies membrane proteins. Filizola's research concerns drug discovery the application of methods of computational chemistry and theoretical chemistry to biochemical and biomedical problems. Filizola is the dean of the graduate school of biomedical sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Where she is a professor of pharmacological sciences and neuroscience, and also the Sharon and Frederick A. Klingenstein-Nathan G. Kase, MD Professor. She is best known for her work aimed at providing mechanistic insight into the structure, dynamics, and function of G protein-coupled receptors using methods such as molecular modeling, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, enhanced molecular dynamics simulations, and rational drug design approaches. The Filizola laboratory's research has steadily been funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) since 2005. As of 2016, Filizola is active in five research projects funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).

Computational Chemists

Decatur taught at Mount Holyoke College from 1995 to 2008. He served as an assistant professor of chemistry, then an associate professor of chemistry, and served as department chair from 2001 to 2004. In 2005, he was appointed the Marilyn Dawson Sarles Professor of Life Sciences. He was also an associate dean of faculty for science from 2005 to 2008. Decatur was a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 to 2005. From 2008 to 2013, he served as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Oberlin College. In 2013, he was named president of Kenyon College. During his final years at Kenyon College, Decatur faced challenges related both to labor organizing and transgender rights. From 2020 to 2022, students expressed concern over the college not recognizing a student worker labor union. In 2022, students demanded that the college publicly support a transgender staff member, Rhea Debussy, who was receiving transphobic threats. When a statement was not issued, students delivered a list of demands to Decatur's office. Following this, a transgender student then wrote an open letter to Decatur and the college community.

Computational Chemists

Hoffleit, D.; Jaschek, C. (1982). The Bright Star Catalogue. Fourth revised edition. (Containing data compiled through 1979) Yale University Observatory, New Haven, CT, USA. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969AJ.....74..375C Cowley, Anne, Cowley, Charles, Jaschek, Mercedes & Jaschek, Carlos. "A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications".] Astronomical Journal, 74(3):375 – 406. April, 1969. Jaschek, Carlos; Jaschek, Mercedes. (1987). The Classification of stars. Cambridge University Press. 1987. . [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1980A%26AS...42..103J Jaschek, M.; Jaschek, C.; Hubert-Delplace, A.-M.; Hubert, H. "A classification of Be stars".] Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 42:103–114. October, 1980. Jaschek, Carlos; Conde, Horacio; de Sierra, Amelia C. "Catalogue of stellar spectra classified in the Morgan-Keenan system". Serie Astronomica, La Plata: Observatorio Astronomico de la Universidad de la Plata. 1964.

Spectroscopists

In 1995, he jointly set up the Vega Science Trust, a UK educational charity that created high quality science films including lectures and interviews with Nobel Laureates, discussion programmes, careers and teaching resources for TV and Internet Broadcast. Vega produced over 280 programmes, that streamed for free from the Vega website which acted as a TV science channel. The trust closed in 2012. In 2009, Kroto spearheaded the development of a second science education initiative, Geoset. Short for the Global Educational Outreach for Science, Engineering and Technology, GEOSET is an ever-growing online cache of recorded teaching modules that are freely downloadable to educators and the public. The program aims to increase knowledge of the sciences by creating a global repository of educational videos and presentations from leading universities and institutions. In 2003, prior to the Blair/Bush invasion of Iraq on the pretext that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, Kroto initiated and organised the publication of a letter to be signed by a dozen UK Nobel Laureates and published in The Times. It was composed by his friend the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate the late Sir Joseph Rotblat and published in The Times on 15 February 2003. He wrote a set of articles, mostly opinion pieces, from 2002 to 2003 for the Times Higher Education Supplement, a weekly UK publication. From 2002 to 2004, Kroto served as president of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2004, he was appointed to the Francis Eppes Professorship in the chemistry department at Florida State University, carrying out research in nanoscience and nanotechnology. He spoke at Auburn University on 29 April 2010, and at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University with Robert Curl on 13 October 2010. In October 2010 Kroto participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students had the opportunity to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize–winning scientist. He spoke at Mahatma Gandhi University, at Kottayam, in Kerala, India in January 2011, where he was an Erudite special invited lecturer of the Government of Kerala, from 5 to 11 January 2011. Kroto spoke at CSICon 2011, a convention "dedicated to scientific inquiry and critical thinking" organized by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry in association with Skeptical Inquirer magazine and the Center for Inquiry. He also delivered the IPhO 2012 lecture at the International Physics Olympiad held in Estonia. In 2014, Kroto spoke at the Starmus Festival in the Canary Islands, delivering a lecture about his life in science, chemistry, and design.

Spectroscopists

Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. He attended the foundation ceremony of BHU and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916. He also held the position of permanent visiting professor. With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light. With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory. Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems. Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies, and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942. In 1948, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond from 1944 to 1968, the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite, pearly feldspar, agate, quartz, opal, and pearl in the early 1950s. Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical and magnetic anisotropy. His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the physiology of human vision.

Spectroscopists

Robert Andrews Millikan was born on March 22, 1868, in Morrison, Illinois. He went to high school in Maquoketa, Iowa and received a bachelor's degree in the classics from Oberlin College in 1891 and his doctorate in physics from Columbia University in 1895 – he was the first to earn a Ph.D. from that department. Millikan's enthusiasm for education continued throughout his career, and he was the coauthor of a popular and influential series of introductory textbooks, which were ahead of their time in many ways. Compared to other books of the time, they treated the subject more in the way in which it was thought about by physicists. They also included many homework problems that asked conceptual questions, rather than simply requiring the student to plug numbers into a formula.

Spectroscopists

The Nobel Prize was awarded to Professor Hänsch in recognition for work that he did at the end of the 1990s at the Max Planck Institute in Garching, near Munich, Germany. He developed an optical "frequency comb synthesiser", which makes it possible, for the first time, to measure with extreme precision the number of light oscillations per second. These optical frequency measurements can be millions of times more precise than previous spectroscopic determinations of the wavelength of light. The work in Garching was motivated by experiments on the very precise laser spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom. This atom has a particularly simple structure. By precisely determining its spectral line, scientists were able to draw conclusions about how valid our fundamental physical constants are – if, for example, they change slowly with time. By the end of the 1980s, the laser spectroscopy of hydrogen had reached the maximum precision allowed by interferometric measurements of optical wavelengths. The researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics thus speculated about new methods, and developed the optical frequency comb synthesizer. Its name comes from the fact that it generates a light spectrum out of what are originally single-colour, ultrashort pulses of light. This spectrum is made of hundreds of thousands of sharp spectral lines with a constant frequency interval. Such a frequency comb is similar to a ruler. When the frequency of a particular radiation is determined, it can be compared to the extremely acute comb spectral lines, until one is found that "fits". In 1998, Professor Hänsch received a Philip Morris Research Prize for the development of this "measurement device". One of the first applications of this new kind of light source was to determine the frequency of the very narrow ultraviolet hydrogen 1S-2S two-photon transition. Since then, the frequency has been determined with a precision of 15 decimal places. The frequency comb now serves as the basis for optical frequency measurements in large numbers of laboratories worldwide. Since 2002, the company Menlo Systems, in whose foundation the Max Planck Institute in Garching played a role, has been delivering commercial frequency comb synthesizers to laboratories all over the world.

Spectroscopists

Charles L. Brooks III is an American theoretical and computational biophysicist. He is the Cyrus Levinthal Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry and Biophysics, the Warner-Lambert/Park-Davis Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Biophysics and Chair of Biophysics at the University of Michigan.

Computational Chemists

Gregurick received her undergraduate degree in chemistry and mathematics from the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Maryland, College Park. Her 1994 dissertation was titled A theoretical investigations [sic] into the dynamics of open-shell systems: (1) vibrational inelastic scattering of NO(²[Pi]) from Ag(111) and (2) prediction of the bend-stretch levels of ArBH(A¹[Pi]), a van [der] Waals complex. Her doctoral advisor was Millard H. Alexander. She was a Lady Davis Postdoctoral Fellow at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a conducted a Sloan Research Fellowship at the University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research in Shady Grove, Maryland.

Computational Chemists

* [https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=168116Y30L533.282104&profile=rev-icos&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!4044~!11&ri=3&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Robert+Andrews+Millikan&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=3&limitbox_1=LO01+=+icos ] * [https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=168A4841MD511.411803&limitbox_1=LO01+%3D+icos&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=rev-icos&ri=13&source=%7E%21horizon&index=.GW&term=WILLIAM+P.+JESSE+STUDENT+NOTEBOOKS%2C+1919-1921&x=16&y=13&aspect=power William Polk Jesse student notebooks, 1919-1921, Niels Bohr Library & Archives] (contains notes on the lectures of Robert A. Millikan, including courses taught by Millkan: Electron Theory, Quantum Theory, and Kinetic Theory)

Spectroscopists

*Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1991 *Popular Science Magazine Grand Award in Science & Technology, 1991 *APS International Prize for New Materials, 1992 (Joint with R. F. Curl & H. W. Kroto) *Ernest O. Lawrence Memorial Award, U.S. Department of Energy, 1992 *Welch Award in Chemistry, Robert A. Welch Foundation, 1992 *Auburn-G.M. Kosolapoff Award, Auburn Section, American Chemical Society, 1992 *Southwest Regional Award, American Chemical Society, 1992 *William H. Nichols Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society, 1993 *The John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia, 1993 *Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, European Physical Society, 1994 (with Wolfgang Kraetschmer, Don Huffman and Harold Kroto) *Harrison Howe Award, Rochester Section, American Chemical Society, 1994 *Madison Marshall Award, North Alabama Section, American Chemical Society, 1995 *Franklin Medal, The Franklin Institute, 1996 *Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1996 *Distinguished Civilian Public Service Award, Department of the Navy, 1997 *American Carbon Society Medal, 1997 *Top 75 Distinguished Contributors, Chemical & Engineering News, 1998 *Lifetime Achievement Award, Small Times Magazine, 2003 *Glenn T. Seaborg Medal, University of California at Los Angeles, 2002 *Distinguished Alumni Award, Hope College, 2005 *50th Anniversary Visionary Award, SPIE – International Society for Optical Engineering, 2005 * National Historic Chemical Landmark, American Chemical Society, 2010 * Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award, Division of History of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2015

Spectroscopists

Van der Vegt studied chemical engineering and received his PhD from the University of Twente in 1998 on a study of methods for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of small molecules in polymer membranes based on computer simulations. From 1998 to 2002, he was a lecturer at the University of Twente. Following this, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at ETH Zürich with Wilfred F. van Gunsteren from 2002 to 2003. He then led a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. In 2009, he was appointed as a full professor for computational physical chemistry at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Computational Chemists

Sander credits his move from theoretical physics to computational biology to Fred Sangers 1977 landmark paper in Nature', in which the nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage φX174 was published. Sander has made many contributions to the field of structural bioinformatics including developing tools such as the Families of Structurally Similar Proteins (FSSP) database and the DSSP algorithm for assigning secondary structure to the amino acids of a protein, given the atomic-resolution coordinates of that protein. Sander was a founder of the biocomputing program at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, before moving the program to the European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge. He has served as chief information officer for the biopharmaceutical company Millennium Pharmaceuticals and has been an advisor to IBM's Deep Computing Initiative, which produced the Deep Blue chess computer.

Computational Chemists

*Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches (1838–39) *Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis (1839) *The Pencil of Nature (1844–46) *Sun pictures in Scotland (1845) *Loch Katrine (c. 1845) Salt print from calotype negative | 8x9 in. Birmingham Museum of Art *English Etymologies (1846)

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Morris gained experience as a sales representative for Fisher Scientific. He also served as the associate director of technology transfer for the Southern Technology Applications Center for technology entrepreneurs, sponsored by NASA. His first entrepreneurial venture, in 1986, was pHish Doctor. He borrowed $10,000 to create the company, which sold pH sensors for home aquariums. That project was successful enough to help him start his next company. Morris worked with Robert Byrne, Luis Garcia-Rubio, and Roy Walters from the University of Central Florida, on the development of a fiber-optic pH sensor for use in seawater. In 1989, they co-founded Ocean Optics, Inc. with the help of a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. A miniature spectrometer that they had developed as part of the fiber-optic project became the company's core product. They introduced the first miniature fiber-optic spectrometer, the S1000, in 1992. It was capable of measuring wavelengths in the visible range. The company focused its mission around being agile, understanding customers' desires and creating applications to meet customer demand, "enabling any measurement involving absorbance, transmission, reflection, or emission of light." The company was bought by Halma in 2004. After the sale of Ocean Optics Morris went on to found SpectrEcology, which specializes in engineering and support services for applications that use optical sensing.

Spectroscopists

Angela K. Wilson is an American scientist and former (2022) President of the American Chemical Society. She currently serves as the John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, associate dean for strategic initiatives in the College of Natural Sciences, and director of the MSU Center for Quantum Computing, Science, and Engineering (MSU-Q) at Michigan State University.

Computational Chemists

An astronomer, Browning was also Optical and Physical Instrument Maker to Her Majestys Government. As such, he supplied telescopes to the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Browning also attached spectroscopes to telescopic equipment, garnering the attention of astronomical physicists J. Norman Lockyer and William Huggins. He was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1865. Browning was a pioneer in the manufacture of reflecting telescopes and bringing them to the attention of astronomers. As the popularity of astronomy grew during the 19th century, his business in telescopes flourished. An advocate of the Newtonian reflector, he was the author of A Plea for Reflectors, Being a Description of the New Astronomical Telescopes With Silvered-glass Specula, first published in 1867. By 1876, the book was in its sixth printing. Browning wrote many articles for the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, including a series on Jupiters equatorial belt about 1870. Browning was a perfectionist, a trait that in at least one instance had unfortunate consequences. When he delayed in providing Lockyer with a spectroscope until it performed to his high standards, Lockyer missed the opportunity of being the first astronomer to observe a prominence on the uneclipsed sun. While the delay was only partially responsible for Lockyer's missed opportunity, there is evidence that Browning long regretted his reluctance to part with the spectroscope in question. Browning made a number of instruments for Lockyer, among them an 8-inch reflecting telescope that was delivered to Lockyer in 1871 and now greets visitors near the main door of the Norman Lockyer Observatory in Sidmouth, Devon. Toward the late 1860s, in his quest to produce telescopes for a growing market, Browning collaborated with George Henry With (1827–1904), former schoolmaster at the Blue Coat School in Hereford. With was talented at producing high quality, large reflecting mirrors.

Spectroscopists

Theodore Lyman IV (; November 23, 1874 – October 11, 1954) was an American physicist and spectroscopist, born in Boston. He graduated from Harvard in 1897, from which he also received his Ph.D. in 1900.

Spectroscopists

In the 1920s, Dent was living at Clifton Hill House, the university hall of residence for women in Clifton. May Christophera Staveley was her warden and tutor at Clifton Hill House, and Dent returned to Bristol on 22December 1934 for Staveley's funeral. Dent was a member of the Clifton Hill House Old Students Association, and secretary and treasurer of the group of former Clifton Hill House students. She would later write "I was very sorry indeed to leave Bristol and have many happy memories of my time there. I shall miss living at the [Clifton Hill House] Hall very much." In 1926, Dent was elected treasurer of the University of Bristols Convocation, the universitys alumni association. In 1927, she was one of eleven people elected to the standing committee of the Convocation She later represented the Manchester branch of the association. Around 1926, Dent was appointed honorary secretary of the Bristol Cheeloo Association. The associations aim was to raise sufficient funds to support a chair of chemistry at Cheeloo University. In an effort to publicise the cause and raise money, she presented to the local branch of the Womens International League in October 1928. In July 1929, in Dent's last year at Bristol, she went on holiday to North Devon with friends that included Gertrude Roxbee, known as "Rox", who had graduated with Dent in 1923 with a BSc in botany. After moving to Manchester in January 1930, Dent found shared lodgings at 10Montrose Avenue, West Didsbury, in the same house as Roxbee who, at that time, was a teacher at Whalley Range High School. At weekends, she would ramble to Hebden Bridge, and with Roxbee, learnt to figure skate at the Ice Palace, a former ice rink on Derby Street in Cheetham Hill. In September 1930, she returned to Bristol for the ninetyeighth conference of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (British Association), meeting her friends at an alumnae association lunch. In the afternoon of the 4September 1930, she toured Avonmouth Docks as a conference member, and in the evening, was invited to a reception held by Walter Bryant, the then lord mayor of Bristol, at the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery.. On the following day, she visited an aircraft manufacturer at Whitchurch Airport and attended a garden party at Wills Hall. On the Monday of the conference, Dent was in the audience to see Paul Dirac present his paper on the proton and the structure of matter. She would later comment: Dents father died on , at their shared home, 529Kings Road, Stretford, with the funeral service taking place at StMatthews Church, Stretford. She had close links to StMatthews; from 1956 to 1962, she served as a school manager for StMatthew's Church of England Primary School at Poplar Road, Stretford.

Computational Chemists

In 1992, Clark was asked to develop a non-destructive technique to analyze the chemical composition of a painting in such a way to be able to spot art forgeries. He had since developed the use of Raman spectroscopy as an important tool for use in the fields of artwork authentication, conservation, and preservation.

Spectroscopists

Curl married Jonel Whipple in 1955, with whom he had two children. He cycled to his office and lab and every week played bridge with the Rice Bridge Brigade. Curl died in Houston on July 3, 2022, at the age of 88.

Spectroscopists

Dr. Agnar Höskuldsson (born 1939) is a Danish scientist who specializes in the field of chemometrics. He was formerly an associate professor at the Technical University of Denmark. He was awarded the Herman Wold gold medal for his contribution to chemometrics in 1997 and over the span of his career he has published over 30 scientific papers and is credited with over 2000 scientific citations.

Computational Chemists

In 1961, John C.Polanyi was the first to point out the possibility of chemical pumping based on vibrational excitation. He proposed four possible reactions, one of which was the reaction of H + Cl. Using an infrared spectrometer, Jerome Kasper and Pimentel discovered infrared pulses produced by photodissociation of iodine, the first chemical laser. In September 1964, they announced their discovery at the first conference on chemical lasers, by that time more than 100 possible chemical reactions and 60 photodissociation reactions were proposed capable of producing laser radiation. However, at the symposium in San Diego only one working laser was reported, which was laced with photodissociation of iodine. In 1965, Kasper and Pimentel discovered the laser radiation HCl, arising from the explosion of the system H / Cl. After the discovery of the laser based on the reaction of F + H in 1967, the number of chemical lasers found by the Pimentel laboratory rapidly increased. Thus, Pimentel first transformed the chemical energy obtained as a result of vibrational excitation into laser radiation.

Spectroscopists

Vladimir Prokofiev graduated from Mikhailovsky Artillery School () in 1917 and Saint Petersburg State University in 1924. He was a student of Russian academician Dimitri Rozhdestvensky. From 1919 up to 1956 he had been working in State Optics Institute. He was an assistant up to 1932, when he got Researcher position and Head of the Spectroscopy Sector position. In 1935 he became the Head of Spectral Analysis Laboratory. At the same time he read lectures in Saint Petersburg State University (1925-1932), Academy of Artillery (1930-1937) and in LITMO. In LITMO he was the Head of Spectroscopy Department (1951-1953) and the Head of the Optics and Spectroscopy Department (1953-1956). Prokofiev earned PhD degree at 1936 and became professor at 1944. He moved to Crimea in 1956 to improve his health and employed in Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. He was buried at a cemetery in Nauchnyi.

Spectroscopists

Townes had steadily been active at the UCB campus, visiting and working regularly in the physics department or at the Space Sciences Laboratory past his 99th birthday and only a few months before his death. Townes' health began to decline, and he died on route to the hospital in Oakland, California, on January 27, 2015, at the age of 99. "He was one of the most important experimental physicists of the last century," Reinhard Genzel, a professor of physics at Berkeley, said of Townes. "His strength was his curiosity and his unshakable optimism, based on his deep Christian spirituality."

Spectroscopists

In 2008–2017 he was a professor at Stony Brook University. In 2012 Oganov received the "1000 talents" professorship in China. In 2013, having won a megagrant awarded by the Russian Government, Oganov opened a laboratory at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Since 2015 he is a professor at Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology.

Computational Chemists

Zewail was bestowed honorary degrees by the following institutions: University of Oxford, UK (1991); The American University in Cairo, Egypt (1993); Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (1997); University of Pennsylvania, US (1997); University of Lausanne, Switzerland (1997); Swinburne University of Technology, Australia (1999); Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. Alexandria University, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. University of New Brunswick, Canada (2000); Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (2000); University of Liège, Belgium (2000); Heriot-Watt University, Scotland (2002); Lund University, Sweden (2003); Cambridge University (2006); Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (2008); University of Jordan, Jordan (2009); University of Glasgow, Scotland (2011); Yale University, US (2014).

Spectroscopists

He received his B.S. in Chemistry and Mathematics at the University of Houston in December 1975, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the University of Houston in May 1980. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin (1980-1983) under the tutelage of Dr. Peter J. Rossky and then at Harvard University (1983-1985) under the tutelage of Nobel Laureate, Dr. Martin Karplus.

Computational Chemists