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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Deficiency of clotting factor II | Q:A previously healthy 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 3-month history of episodic abdominal pain. During this time, he has been more tired than usual. For the past 2 months, he has also had bulky stools that are difficult to flush. His maternal aunt has systemic lupus erythematosus. The boy is at the 31st percentile for height and 5th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows scattered ecchymoses across bilateral knees, the left forearm, and the upper back. The abdomen is mildly distended; bowel sounds are hyperactive. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.1 g/dL
Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3
Platelet count 243,000/mm3
Mean corpuscular volume 78 μm3
Bleeding time 5 minutes
Prothrombin time 24 seconds
Partial thromboplastin time 45 seconds
Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?"?
{'A': 'Deficiency of clotting factor VIII', 'B': 'Increased activity of protein S', 'C': 'Increased serum anti-phospholipid antibodies', 'D': 'Deficiency of clotting factor II', 'E': 'Impaired platelet-to-platelet aggregation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Terminal bronchiole | Q:An investigator is conducting a study to document the histological changes in the respiratory tree of a chronic smoker. He obtains multiple biopsy samples from the respiratory system of a previously healthy 28-year-old man. Histopathological examination of one sample shows simple cuboidal cells with a surrounding layer of smooth muscle. Chondrocytes and goblet cells are absent. This specimen was most likely obtained from which of the following parts of the respiratory system??
{'A': 'Respiratory bronchiole', 'B': 'Terminal bronchiole', 'C': 'Conducting bronchiole', 'D': 'Alveolar sac', 'E': 'Main stem bronchus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels | Q:A 7-year-old boy presents with frequent episodes of blanking out or daydreaming. Each episode lasts for less than 10 seconds. During the episode, he is unaware of what is going on around him and does not respond to questions or calling his name. After the episode, he continues whatever he was doing before. An EEG is performed during one of these episodes, which shows generalized 3–4 Hz 'spike-and-dome' wave complexes. What is the mechanism of action of the drug recommended to treat this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels', 'B': 'Inhibits release of excitatory amino acid glutamate', 'C': 'Inhibits neuronal GABA receptors', 'D': 'Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels', 'E': 'Potentiates GABA transmission'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Impairs bacterial degradation of piperacillin | Q:An 81-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by staff of an assisted living facility where he resides with fever and a cough that produces yellow-green sputum. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). Physical examination shows diffuse crackles over the right lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows consolidation in the right lower lobe. Sputum cultures grow an organism that produces blue-green pigments and smells of sweet grapes. Treatment with piperacillin and a second agent is begun. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of the second agent??
{'A': 'Impairs bacterial degradation of piperacillin', 'B': 'Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folate', 'C': 'Prevents the metabolic breakdown of piperacillin', 'D': 'Increases the potency of piperacillin', 'E': 'Inhibits the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Troponin I | Q:A 73-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department due to intense central chest pain for 30 minutes this morning. She says the pain was cramping in nature and radiated down her left arm. She has a history of atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her pulse is 98/min, respiratory rate is 19/min, temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), and blood pressure is 160/91 mm Hg. Cardiovascular examination shows no abnormalities. ECG is shown below. Which of the following biochemical markers would most likely be elevated and remain elevated for a week after this acute event??
{'A': 'Alanine aminotransferase', 'B': 'Aspartate transaminase', 'C': 'Creatinine-kinase MB', 'D': 'Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)', 'E': 'Troponin I'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Destruction of parathyroid glands | Q:A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and muscle cramps for 6 weeks. He also noticed several episodes of tingling around the mouth and in the fingers and toes. He has osteoarthritis of his knees and hypertension. Current medications include ibuprofen and ramipril. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Tapping over the facial nerve area in front of the ear elicits twitching of the facial muscles on the same side of the face. His serum alkaline phosphatase activity is 66 U/L. An ECG shows sinus rhythm with a prolonged QT interval. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Medication side effect', 'B': 'Vitamin D deficiency', 'C': 'Ectopic hormone production', 'D': 'Destruction of parathyroid glands', 'E': 'Albright hereditary osteodystrophy\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hot baths that are too long, or too frequent, can dry out the skin. | Q:A new mother brings in her 4-week-old son who has no significant past medical history but she complains of a new, itchy rash on his body. The patient has an older sister who developed similar symptoms when she was around the same age. The patient's blood pressure is 121/78 mm Hg, pulse is 70/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F). Physical examination reveals confluent, erythematous patches and plaques with tiny vesicles and scaling overlying his lower back and abdomen. When questioned about possible etiologies, the mother notes that she has been bathing the patient at least twice a day. Which of the following statements is most appropriate for this patient??
{'A': 'Usually, scabs with a distinctive yellow, gold, or brown crust are seen.', 'B': 'Hot baths that are too long, or too frequent, can dry out the skin.', 'C': 'This condition is caused by the herpes simplex virus.', 'D': 'You can expect blisters, fever and large areas of skin that peel or fall away.', 'E': 'This condition is usually seen on the scalp, face, ears, and neck.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cystocele | Q:A 44-year-old G5P3 presents with a 2-year history of leaking urine upon exerting herself, coughing, and laughing. Her symptoms are only present in the daytime. She denies urgency, nocturia, or painful urination. She has no menstrual cycle disturbances. Her husband is her only sexual partner. She has a 12 pack-year smoking history, a 3-year history of chronic bronchitis, and a 3-year history of arterial hypertension. She takes fosinopril (10 mg), metoprolol (50 mg), and atorvastatin (10 mg) daily. Her weight is 88 kg (194 lb) and the height is 160 cm (5.2 ft). On examination, the vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate 78/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 36.7℃ (98℉). Lung auscultation revealed bilateral lower lobe rales. No costovertebral angle or suprapubic tenderness are present. Which of the following findings is most likely to be revealed by the gynecologic examination??
{'A': 'Rectocele', 'B': 'Ovarian mass', 'C': 'Purulent cervical discharge', 'D': 'Cystocele', 'E': 'Urethral caruncle'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Pectus carinatum | Q:A 31-year-old man comes to the emergency department for acute tearing chest pain that radiates to the back. Despite appropriate therapy, the patient dies. Autopsy shows an increase in mucoid extracellular matrix and loss of smooth muscle cell nuclei in the media of large arteries. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Nasal septum perforation', 'B': 'Inferonasal lens dislocation', 'C': 'Pes cavus with hammer toes', 'D': 'Pectus carinatum', 'E': 'Condylomata lata'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Microcytic anemia, increased TIBC, decreased ferritin | Q:A 46-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider reporting several weeks of fatigue and recent episodes of lightheadedness. She is concerned that she will have an episode while driving. She has never lost consciousness, and reports that there is no associated vertigo or dizziness. She states that she normally goes for a jog 3 times a week but that she has become winded much more easily and has not been able to run as far. On exam, her temperature is 97.9°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 110/68 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 14/min. Auscultation of the lungs reveals no abnormalities. On laboratory testing, her hemoglobin is found to be 8.0 g/dL. At this point, the patient reveals that she was also recently diagnosed with fibroids, which have led to heavier and longer menstrual bleeds in the past several months. Which of the following would suggest that menstrual bleeding is the cause of this patient’s anemia??
{'A': 'Microcytic anemia, decreased total iron binding capacity (TIBC), increased ferritin', 'B': 'Microcytic anemia, increased TIBC, decreased ferritin', 'C': 'Microcytic anemia, increased TIBC, increased ferritin', 'D': 'Normocytic anemia, decreased TIBC, increased ferritin', 'E': 'Normocytic anemia, increased TIBC, increased ferritin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Hypertensive emergency | Q:A 57-year-old man is sent to the emergency department by his primary care physician for hypertension. He was at a general health maintenance appointment when his blood pressure was found to be 180/115 mmHg; thus, prompting his primary doctor to send him to the emergency room. The patient is otherwise currently asymptomatic and states that he feels well. The patient has no other medical problems other than his hypertension and his labs that were drawn last week were within normal limits. His temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 197/105 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory values are redrawn at this visit and shown below.
Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL
Hematocrit: 46%
Leukocyte count: 3,400/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 177,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
K+: 4.0 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 29 mg/dL
Glucose: 139 mg/dL
Creatinine: 2.3 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Cushing syndrome', 'B': 'Hypertension', 'C': 'Hypertensive emergency', 'D': 'Hypertensive urgency', 'E': 'Pheochromocytoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Introjection | Q:A 48-year-old man and his wife present to a psychologist’s office for a therapy session. He was encouraged to visit the psychiatrist 6 months ago by his wife and they have been meeting with the psychologist several times a month ever since. Initially, she was concerned about behavioral changes she observed after he was passed up for a promotion at work. She felt he was taking on a new personality and was acting like his coworker, who actually did get the promotion. He would also walk about his coworker and praise his intelligence and strategic character. Over the course of several months, the patient bought new clothes that looked like the other man’s clothes. He changed his hairstyle and started using phrases that were similar to his coworker. Today, they both seem well. The patient still does not seem to think there are a problem and requests to stop therapy. His wife was frustrated because her husband recently bought a new car of the exact make and model of his coworker. Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Sublimation', 'B': 'Conversion', 'C': 'Introjection', 'D': 'Regression', 'E': 'Splitting'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Discontinue the triggering medication(s) | Q:A 57-year-old woman returns to her primary care provider complaining of fever, skin rash, and flank pain. She had just visited her PCP 2 weeks ago complaining of a sore throat and was diagnosed with pharyngitis. She was then given a 10 day prescription for phenoxymethylpenicillin. Today she is on day 6 of her prescription. Her symptoms started yesterday. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, and has gastroesophageal reflux disease. Her medications include metformin, captopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and pantoprazole and a multivitamin that she takes daily. Today her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), the blood pressure is 147/95 mm Hg, and the pulse is 82/min. Physical examination shows a sparse maculopapular rash over her upper trunk. Laboratory results are shown:
CBC with Diff
Leukocyte count 9,500/mm3
Segmented neutrophils 54%
Bands 4%
Eosinophils 8%
Basophils 0.5%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 4%
Blood urea nitrogen 25 mg/dL
Serum creatinine 2 mg/dL
Urinalysis 27 white blood cells/ high powered field
5 red blood cells/high powered field
Urine culture No growth after 72 hours
A urine cytospin with stained with Wright’s stain shows 4.5% eosinophils. Which of the following is the best initial step in the management of this patient condition??
{'A': 'Short course of prednisolone', 'B': 'Discontinue the triggering medication(s)', 'C': 'Renal biopsy', 'D': 'Supportive dialysis', 'E': 'Empiric oral fluoroquinolones'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Threatened abortion | Q:A 30-year-old G3P1011 seeks evaluation at the obstetrics clinic for lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. She is 15 weeks pregnant based on a first-trimester ultrasound. She had spotting early in the pregnancy, but has had no other problems. On physical examination she appears mildly anxious. Her vital signs are normal except for a heart rate of 120 beats a minute. No abdominal tenderness is elicited. The cervical os is closed with a small amount of blood pooling in the vagina. No fetal tissue is seen. A blood specimen is sent for quantitative β-hCG level and an ultrasound is performed. A viable fetus is noted with a normal heart rate. The obstetrician sends her home with instructions to rest and avoid any physical activity, including sexual intercourse. She is also instructed to return to the emergency department if the bleeding is excessive. Which of the following did the patient experience today??
{'A': 'Incomplete abortion', 'B': 'Inevitable abortion', 'C': 'Threatened abortion', 'D': 'Complete abortion', 'E': 'Missed abortion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Reticular fibers | Q:An investigator is studying the rate of wound healing by secondary intention. He performs a biopsy of a surgically debrided wound 1 day and 5 days after the initial surgical procedure. The second biopsy shows wound contraction, endothelial cell proliferation, and accumulation of macrophages. The cells responsible for wound contraction also secrete a protein that assembles in supercoiled triple helices. The protein type secreted by these cells is most abundant in which of the following structures??
{'A': 'Reticular fibers', 'B': 'Nucleus pulposus', 'C': 'Basal lamina', 'D': 'Corneal stroma', 'E': 'Dentin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Fresh frozen plasma | Q:A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police. He was found obtunded at a homeless shelter. The patient has a past medical history of alcohol abuse, intravenous (IV) drug use, schizophrenia, hepatitis C, and anxiety. His current medications include disulfiram, intramuscular haloperidol, thiamine, and clonazepam. The patient is non-compliant with his medications except for his clonazepam. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 110/67 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is covered in bruises, and his nose is bleeding. The patient's abdomen is distended and positive for a fluid wave. IV fluids are started, and the patient is also given thiamine, folic acid, and magnesium. It is noted by the nursing staff that the patient seems to be bleeding at his IV sites. Laboratory values are ordered and return as below:
Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL
Hematocrit: 25%
Leukocyte count: 7,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 65,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
K+: 4.1 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 24 mg/dL
Glucose: 77 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.4 mg/dL
Ca2+: 9.9 mg/dL
D-dimer: < 250 ng/mL
AST: 79 U/L
ALT: 52 U/L
Which of the following is most likely to help with this patient's bleeding??
{'A': 'Desmopressin', 'B': 'Factor VIII concentrate', 'C': 'Fresh frozen plasma', 'D': 'Phytonadione', 'E': 'Platelet transfusion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Glucose oral tolerance test | Q:A 36-year-old Asian G4P3 presents to her physician with a recently diagnosed pregnancy for a first prenatal visit. The estimated gestational age is 5 weeks. She had 2 vaginal deliveries and 1 medical abortion. Her children had birth weights of 4100 g and 4560 g. Her medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease, for which she takes pantoprazole. The pre-pregnancy weight is 78 kg (172 lb), and the weight at the time of presentation is 79 kg (174 lb). Her height is 157 cm (5 ft 1 in). Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate 75/min, respiratory rate 13/min, and temperature 36.7℃ (98℉). Her physical examination is unremarkable except for increased adiposity. Which of the following tests is indicated in this woman??
{'A': 'Serology for CMV', 'B': 'Coagulogram', 'C': 'Liver enzyme assessment', 'D': 'Glucose oral tolerance test', 'E': 'Human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Folie à deux | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents with her husband to a physician with the complaints of fever, cough, and cold for the past 5 days. When the physician asks her if she has taken any medication for her symptoms, she answers, “My husband and I possess great powers to heal sickness. So I tried to cure my symptoms with my power. However, due to some divine cause, it did not work this time, so I thought I should seek medical advice”. Upon asking her husband about this, he says, "I have always had an immense ability to heal others through my powerful thoughts. It is only after I married her that she came to realize the powers within herself.” The physician examines her and prescribes appropriate medications for her symptoms. A year later, the woman presents again to the same physician with a cough and cold for 2 days. The physician asks her why did she not use her ‘power’ this time. She replies, “I separated from my husband 6 months ago, and I no longer believe that I nor my husband had any special power.” The woman denies any hallucinations, mood disturbances, and socio-occupational impairment to date. Which of the following conditions was this patient most likely suffering from??
{'A': 'Brief psychotic disorder', 'B': 'Folie à deux', 'C': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'D': 'Culture-specific psychosis', 'E': 'Residual phase of schizophrenia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Enveloped, diploid (+) ssRNA | Q:Four scientists were trying to measure the effect of a new inhibitor X on the expression levels of transcription factor, HNF4alpha. They measured the inhibition levels by using RT-qPCR. In short they converted the total mRNA of the cells to cDNA (RT part), and used PCR to amplify the cDNA quantifying the amplification with a dsDNA binding dye (qPCR part). Which of the following group characteristics contains a virus(es) that has the enzyme necessary to convert the mRNA to cDNA used in the above scenario??
{'A': 'Nonenveloped, (+) ssRNA', 'B': 'Enveloped, circular (-) ssRNA', 'C': 'Nonenveloped, ssDNA', 'D': 'Nonenveloped, circular dsDNA', 'E': 'Enveloped, diploid (+) ssRNA'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Increase in fundal height | Q:A 25-year-old primigravida is admitted to the hospital at 35 weeks gestation after she was hit in the abdomen by her roommate. She complains of severe dizziness, abdominal pain, and uterine contractions. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 99/min, respiratory rate 20/min, and temperature 36.3℃ (97.3℉). The fetal heart rate is 138/min. On examination, the patient is somnolent. There is an ecchymoses on the left side of her abdomen. The uterus is tender and strong uterine contractions are palpable. The fundus is between the xiphoid process and umbilicus There are no vaginal or cervical lesions and no visible bleeding. The cervix is long and closed.
Which of the following findings would occur in this patient over time as her condition progresses??
{'A': 'Cessation of uterine contractions', 'B': 'Increase in fundal height', 'C': 'Emergence of rebound tenderness', 'D': 'Appearance of a watery vaginal discharge', 'E': 'Prolapse and tenderness of the posterior cul-de-sac'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Schistosoma mansoni | Q:A 29-year-old internal medicine resident presents to the emergency department with complaints of fevers, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rash for 2 days. He feels fatigued and has lost his appetite. On further questioning, he says that he returned from his missionary trip to Brazil last week. He is excited as he talks about his trip. Besides a worthy clinical experience, he also enjoyed local outdoor activities, like swimming and rafting. His past medical history is insignificant. The blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). On examination, there is a rash on the legs. The rest of the examination is normal. Which of the following organisms is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Schistosoma haematobium', 'B': 'Onchocerca volvulus', 'C': 'Vibrio cholerae', 'D': 'Schistosoma japonicum', 'E': 'Schistosoma mansoni'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Asymptomatic | Q:A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department for fever and altered mental status. The patient was found by his wife in his chair at home. She noticed he responded incoherently to her questions. He has a past medical history of pancreatitis and alcohol abuse and is currently in a rehabilitation program. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below.
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 29 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL
Ca2+: 5.2 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol: 50 nmol/L
Physical exam notes a diffusely distended and tender abdomen. Which of the following is the most likely symptom this patient is experiencing secondary to his laboratory abnormalities??
{'A': 'Asymptomatic', 'B': 'Laryngospasm', 'C': 'Paresthesias', 'D': 'QT prolongation', 'E': 'Tetany'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Anion gap < 10 | Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with his family because of abdominal pain, excessive urination and drowsiness since the day before. He has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 2 years. He ran out of insulin 2 days ago. His vital signs at admission include a temperature of 36.8°C (98.24°F), a blood pressure of 102/69 mmHg, and a pulse of 121/min. On physical examination, he is lethargic and his breathing is rapid and deep. There is a mild generalized abdominal tenderness without rebound tenderness or guarding. His serum glucose is 480 mg/dL. The patient is admitted to the intensive care unit and management is started. Which of the following is considered a resolution criterion for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Anion gap < 10', 'B': 'Bicarbonate < 10 mEq/L', 'C': 'Hyperkalemia', 'D': 'Increased blood urea nitrogen', 'E': 'Disappearance of serum acetone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Tyrosine | Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening pain in his lower back, knees, and shoulders over the past few years. He used to be able to touch his fingers to his toes while standing; now he has difficulty touching his shins. He is wearing a shirt with dark brown stains around the armpits. Physical examination shows bluish-brown sclerae and thickening of the external ear. The range of motion of the affected joints is decreased. X-rays of the spine show calcification of multiple lumbar intervertebral discs. The patient's condition is most likely caused by impaired metabolism of which of the following??
{'A': 'Homocysteine', 'B': 'Tryptophan', 'C': 'Hypoxanthine', 'D': 'Tyrosine', 'E': 'Ornithine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Thenar atrophy | Q:A 31-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 28 weeks' gestation comes to the obstetrician for a prenatal visit. She has had a tingling pain in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of her right hand for the past 6 weeks. Physical examination shows decreased sensation to pinprick touch on the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral half of the ring finger of the right hand. The pain is reproduced when the dorsal side of each hand is pressed against each other. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Palmar nodule', 'B': 'Thenar atrophy', 'C': 'Interosseus wasting', 'D': 'Wrist drop', 'E': 'Hypothenar weakness'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Oxygen therapy | Q:A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of a severe headache for 1 hour. Every day of the past week, he has experienced 3–4 episodes of severe pain over his left forehead. Each episode lasts around 30–45 minutes, and he reports pacing around restlessly during these episodes. He has been using acetaminophen for these episodes, but it has provided only minimal relief. He works as a financial analyst and says his job is very stressful. He had experienced similar symptoms 4 months ago but did not seek treatment at that time. He has no history of serious illness and takes no other medications. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 7 years. He appears anxious. Vital signs are within normal limits. There is conjunctival injection and tearing of the left eye. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following measures is most likely to provide acute relief of this patient's headaches??
{'A': 'Amitriptyline', 'B': 'Carbamazepine', 'C': 'Oxycodone', 'D': 'Naproxen', 'E': 'Oxygen therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Extensor pollicis brevis | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for wrist pain. She reports a 4-month history of gradually worsening pain localized to the radial side of her right wrist. The pain is dull, non-radiating, and intermittent. Her past medical history is notable for rheumatoid arthritis and von Willebrand disease. She does not smoke and drinks alcohol socially. She is active in her neighborhood’s local badminton league. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 125/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she has mild tenderness to palpation in her thenar snuffbox. Nodules are located on the proximal interphalangeal joints of both hands. Ulnar deviation of the hand with her thumb clenched in her palm produces pain. Which of the following muscles in most likely affected in this patient??
{'A': 'Abductor pollicis brevis', 'B': 'Adductor pollicis', 'C': 'Extensor pollicis brevis', 'D': 'Flexor pollicis longus', 'E': 'Opponens pollicis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Magnesium sulfate | Q:A 25-year-old primigravida is admitted to the hospital at 36 weeks gestation with a severe frontal headache. The initial assessment shows her vital signs to be as follows: blood pressure, 170/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 85/min; respiratory rate; 15/min; and temperature, 36.9℃ (98.4℉). The fetal heart rate is 159/min. The patient’s physical examination is remarkable for pitting edema of the lower extremity. Dipstick urine assessment shows 2+ proteinuria. While being evaluated the patient has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Which of the following pharmacologic agents should be used to control the seizures??
{'A': 'Valproic acid', 'B': 'Diazepam', 'C': 'Phenytoin', 'D': 'Magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Lamotrigine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Study A allows for better control of confounding variables | Q:An investigator studying the effects of dietary salt restriction on atrial fibrillation compares two published studies, A and B. In study A, nursing home patients without atrial fibrillation were randomly assigned to a treatment group receiving a low-salt diet or a control group without dietary salt restriction. When study B began, dietary sodium intake was estimated among elderly outpatients without atrial fibrillation using 24-hour dietary recall. In both studies, patients were reevaluated at the end of one year for atrial fibrillation. Which of the following statements about the two studies is true??
{'A': 'Study B allows for better control over selection bias', 'B': 'Study B is better at inferring causality', 'C': 'Study A allows for better control of confounding variables', 'D': 'Study B results can be analyzed using a chi-square test', 'E': 'Study A results can be analyzed using a t-test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Disseminated intravascular coagulation | Q:A 66-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of fever, chills, and altered mental status for 3 days. According to his daughter, he has had a productive cough during this period. He has type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, peripheral neuropathic pain, and a history of deep vein thromboses. Current medications include insulin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, warfarin, and carbamazepine. He is oriented only to self. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 86/50 mm Hg. Physical examination shows ecchymoses on both lower extremities. Crackles are heard at the right lung base. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.1 g/dL
Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3
Platelet count 45,000/mm3
Prothrombin time 45 sec
Partial thromboplastin time 75 sec
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 5.4 mEq/L
Cl- 98 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 46 mg/dL
Glucose 222 mg/dL
Creatinine 3.3 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's ecchymoses?"?
{'A': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'B': 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome', 'C': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'D': 'Immune thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Adverse effect of warfarin\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Self-inflicted wound contamination with fecal matter | Q:A 40-year-old sexually active woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus is admitted to a hospital 2 weeks after an uncomplicated cholecystectomy for pain, itching, and erythema at the incision site. Labs show a hemoglobin A1c of 6.5%, and wound cultures reveal mixed enteric bacteria. She is treated with appropriate antibiotics and discharged after her symptoms resolve. One week later, she is re-admitted with identical signs and symptoms. While in the hospital, the patient eats very little but is social and enjoys spending time with the staff. She repeatedly checks her own temperature and alerts the nursing staff when it is elevated. One morning, you notice her placing the thermometer in hot tea before doing so. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s recurrent infection and/or poor wound healing??
{'A': 'Colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)', 'B': 'Poor wound healing due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus', 'C': 'Poor wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency', 'D': 'Recurrent infections due to an immune deficiency syndrome', 'E': 'Self-inflicted wound contamination with fecal matter'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Bone marrow hyperplasia | Q:An 8-year-old boy has a known genetic condition in which the substitution of thymine for adenine in the 6th codon of the beta globin gene leads to a single-point substitution mutation that results in the production of the amino acid valine in place of glutamic acid. The patient comes to the clinic regularly for blood transfusions. What is the most likely laboratory finding that can be observed in this patient??
{'A': 'Bone marrow hyperplasia', 'B': 'Elevated lactose dehydrogenase', 'C': 'Hemoglobinuria', 'D': 'Hemosiderin', 'E': 'Increased serum haptoglobin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ropinirole | Q:A 65-year-old woman presents with complaints of difficulty sleeping due to discomfort in her legs for the past 6 months. She is unable to describe the discomfort, but says it is an unpleasant, creeping and crawling feeling that is not painful. She feels an irresistible urge to move her legs to decrease the discomfort. The unpleasant sensation in her legs often occurs at night when she is lying in bed. She is recently divorced and lives alone. She denies any changes in appetite, weight loss, low mood, or suicidal thoughts. The physical examination is unremarkable except for signs of mild pallor. Laboratory test results show microcytic anemia with hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL and decreased serum iron and ferritin levels. Apart from correcting her anemia, which additional drug would you prescribe for her symptoms??
{'A': 'Haloperidol', 'B': 'Lithium', 'C': 'Paroxetine', 'D': 'Propranolol', 'E': 'Ropinirole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Simulating intercourse | Q:A three-year-old girl presents to general pediatrics clinic for a well-child visit. Her mother reports that she has been growing and developing normally but because of new behaviors she has noticed with her child, she is concerned of possible abuse by the child's stepfather. Vital signs are stable and the physical examination is within normal limits. The child has no visual signs of abuse. Which of the following, if reported by the mother would signify potential sexual abuse in the child??
{'A': 'Simulating intercourse', 'B': 'Masturbation', 'C': 'Cross-dressing', 'D': 'Looking at another child\'s body parts while playing "doctor"', 'E': 'Asking questions about reproduction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decrease in arterial compliance | Q:An otherwise healthy 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up visit for elevated blood pressure. Three weeks ago, his blood pressure was 160/80 mmHg. Subsequent home blood pressure measurements at days 5, 10, and 15 found: 165/75 mm Hg, 162/82 mm Hg, and 170/80 mmHg, respectively. He had a cold that was treated with over-the-counter medication 4 weeks ago. Pulse is 72/min and blood pressure is 165/79 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including thyroid function studies, serum electrolytes, and serum creatinine, are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's elevated blood pressure??
{'A': 'Decrease in arterial compliance', 'B': 'Increase in aldosterone production', 'C': 'Increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume', 'D': 'Decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity', 'E': 'Medication-induced vasoconstriction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Binds to subendothelial collagen | Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department from school after falling in gym class. He was unable to stand after the accident and has a painful and swollen knee. On presentation he says that he has never had an incident like this before; however, he does suffer from hard to control nosebleeds and prolonged bleeding after minor cuts. Based on his presentation a panel of bleeding tests is obtained with the following results:
Bleeding time: Prolonged
Prothrombin time: Normal
Partial thromboplastin time: Prolonged
Which of the following describes the function of the component that is defective in the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Binds to a nucleotide derivative', 'B': 'Binds to fibrinogen', 'C': 'Binds to subendothelial collagen', 'D': 'Catalyzes the conversion of factor X', 'E': 'It is a cofactor for an epoxide reductase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Galantamine | Q:An 81-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of worsening forgetfulness and disorientation over the past 2 years. She has to be reminded of her grandchildren's names and frequently forgets her current address. She lives with her son. She has occasional episodes of urinary incontinence. She appears well nourished. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities; her gait is normal. Mental status examination shows mild memory impairment. She is oriented to self and place, but not to time. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy??
{'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'Levodopa and carbidopa', 'C': 'Thiamine', 'D': 'Galantamine', 'E': 'Perphenazine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Deformation | Q:A 2-day-old female infant undergoes a newborn examination by her pediatrician. The physician adducts both of the patient's hips and exerts a posterior force on her knees; this results in an abnormally increased amount of translation of the left lower extremity in comparison to the contralateral side. The physician then abducts both hips and exerts an anterior force on the greater trochanters; this maneuver results in an audible 'clunk' heard and felt over the left hip. Ultrasound reveals decreased concavity of the left acetabulum and confirms the dislocation of the left hip when the above maneuvers are repeated under real-time ultrasound evaluation. Which of the following best characterizes this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Malformation', 'B': 'Deformation', 'C': 'Sequence', 'D': 'Disruption', 'E': 'Mutation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Notify Child Protective Services | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents because of swelling and tenderness of his left upper arm. According to the father, the boy was running in the garden when he fell and injured his arm 2 days ago. His mother had been on a business trip the past week. The boy's father and 18-year-old brother had been taking care of the patient during that time. The mother reports that she noticed her son refusing to use his left arm when she returned from her business trip. Both parents claim there is no history of previous trauma. The boy is at the 60th percentile for height and 40th percentile for weight. The patient clings to his mother when approached by the physician. Physical examination shows swelling and bruising of the medial left upper arm and tenderness along the 8th rib on the left side. An x-ray of the arm and chest shows a nondisplaced spiral fracture of the left proximal humeral shaft and a fracture with callus formation of the left 8th rib. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Notify Child Protective Services', 'B': 'Arrange for surgical treatment', 'C': 'Screen for defective type I collagen', 'D': 'Hospitalize the boy for further evaluation', 'E': 'Contact brother for clarification'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone | Q:A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of lightheadedness, weakness, and abdominal pain for 6 hours. Over the past 3 days, she has also had severe nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. She was diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis 2 years ago. Current medications include prednisone. Her temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 85/50 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a round face with prominent preauricular fat pads. Her fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 48 mg/dL. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following laboratory changes??
{'A': 'Increased cortisol', 'B': 'Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone', 'C': 'Decreased norepinephrine', 'D': 'Decreased aldosterone', 'E': 'Increased adrenocorticotropic hormone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Iron studies | Q:A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for trouble sleeping. The patient states that when she goes to bed at night she has an urge to get up out of bed and walk around. The patient often wakes her husband when she does this which irritates him. She states that there is a perpetual uneasiness and feeling of a need to move at night which is relieved by getting up and walking around. The patient denies symptoms during the day. She works as a mail carrier and is nearing retirement. She has a past medical history of anxiety, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and dysmenorrhea. She is not currently taking any medications. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals 5/5 strength in the upper and lower extremities, 2+ reflexes in the upper and lower extremities, a stable gait pattern, and normal sensation. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal exams are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best initial step in management??
{'A': 'Alprazolam', 'B': 'Ferrous sulfate', 'C': 'Iron studies', 'D': 'Pramipexole', 'E': 'Supportive therapy and an exercise routine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Hepatocytes | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought by his mother to the emergency room for malaise, dizziness, and sleepiness. The mother owns a dry cleaning shop and found her son in the back room with an open canister of carbon tetrachloride, one of their cleaning fluids. The boy reports feeling nauseous and has a mild headache. He has a history of spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy and is seen regularly by a pediatric neurologist. He is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 105/55 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, he appears tired and drowsy but is able to answer questions. He has increased tone in his left upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is most likely to be affected by this patient's exposure to the dry cleaning fluid??
{'A': 'Bone marrow', 'B': 'Gastric mucosa', 'C': 'Hepatocytes', 'D': 'Lung parenchyma', 'E': 'Myocardium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Increased blood lactate | Q:A 73-year-old male is brought into the ED unconscious with cold, clammy skin. His blood pressure is 65 over palpable. There is no signs of blood loss. You recognize the patient is in acute shock and blood is drawn for investigation as resuscitation is initiated. Which of the following might you expect in your laboratory investigation for this patient??
{'A': 'Increased arterial pH', 'B': 'Increased serum bicarbonate', 'C': 'Increased serum ketones', 'D': 'Decreased hemoglobin', 'E': 'Increased blood lactate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Toxic multinodular goiter | Q:A 65-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a routine checkup. She has unintentionally lost 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) in the past month but denies any other complaints. Her pulse rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), and blood pressure is 150/70 mm Hg. An irregularly irregular rhythm is heard on auscultation of the heart. Neck examination shows a markedly enlarged thyroid with no lymphadenopathy or bruit. Laboratory tests show low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level, high T4 level, absent thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, and absent anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody. Nuclear scintigraphy shows patchy uptake with multiple hot and cold areas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Graves’ disease', 'B': 'Hashimoto’s thyroiditis', 'C': 'Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis', 'D': 'Toxic adenoma', 'E': 'Toxic multinodular goiter'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Surgery | Q:A 79-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient describes the pain as severe, tearing, and radiating to the back. His history is significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, intermittent claudication, and a 60 pack-year history of smoking. He also has a previously diagnosed stable abdominal aortic aneurysm followed by ultrasound screening. On exam, the patient's temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), pulse is 113/min, blood pressure is 84/46 mmHg, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient is pale and diaphoretic, and becomes confused as you examine him. Which of the following is most appropriate in the evaluation and treatment of this patient??
{'A': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'B': 'Abdominal CT with contrast', 'C': 'Abdominal CT without contrast', 'D': 'Abdominal MRI', 'E': 'Surgery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: In-laboratory polysomnography | Q:A 66-year old man comes to the physician because of fatigue for 6 months. He says that he wakes up every morning feeling tired. Most days of the week he feels sleepy during the day and often takes an afternoon nap for an hour. His wife says he snores in the middle of the night. He has a history of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. His medications include aspirin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, metoprolol, and warfarin. He drinks 1–2 glasses of wine daily with dinner; he does not smoke. He is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 96 kg (212 lb); BMI is 31.3 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 142/88 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 22/min. Examination of the oral cavity shows a low-lying palate. Cardiac examination shows an irregularly irregular rhythm and no murmurs. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'ENT evaluation', 'B': 'Overnight pulse oximetry', 'C': 'Home sleep apnea testing', 'D': 'In-laboratory polysomnography', 'E': 'Echocardiography'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Sporothrix schenckii | Q:A previously healthy 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of a nonpruritic rash on his right forearm. The rash began as pustules and progressed to form nodules and ulcers. He works as a gardener. Physical examination shows right axillary lymphadenopathy and the findings in the photograph. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism??
{'A': 'Pasteurella multocida', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Bartonella henselae', 'D': 'Blastomyces dermatitidis', 'E': 'Sporothrix schenckii'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Type 1 collagen defect
" | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of arm pain following a fall that took place 5 hours ago. According to his mother, the boy was running in the yard when he fell and injured his right arm. The boy is crying and clutching his arm. During the past year, he has been brought in 4 other times for extremity pain following falls, all of which have been diagnosed as long bone fractures. He is at the 10th percentile for height and 25th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 95/min, respirations are 21/min, and blood pressure is 97/68 mm Hg. His right forearm is diffusely erythematous. The patient withdraws and yells when his forearm is touched. His left arm has two small ecchymotic regions overlying the elbow and wrist. A photograph of his face is shown. An x-ray of the right forearm shows a transverse mid-ulnar fracture with diffusely decreased bone density. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Non-accidental injury', 'B': 'Type 2 collagen defect', 'C': 'Type 3 collagen defect', 'D': 'Type 4 collagen defect', 'E': 'Type 1 collagen defect\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Nasal mucosal ulcerations and hematuria | Q:An investigator is studying the immunologic response to a Staphylococcus aureus toxin in a mouse model. Fourteen days after injecting mice with this toxin, he isolates antibodies against neutrophil proteinase 3 in their sera. A patient with high concentrations of these antibodies would most likely present with which of the following clinical features??
{'A': 'Polyneuropathy and melena', 'B': 'Visual impairment and jaw claudication', 'C': 'Nasal mucosal ulcerations and hematuria', 'D': 'Migratory thrombophlebitis and digital ulcers', 'E': 'Genital ulcers and anterior uveitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Ultrasound of the pelvis | Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist’s office complaining of increasing fatigue. She mentions that she has been feeling this way over the past few months especially since her menstrual periods started becoming heavier than usual. She denies any abdominal pain, except for cramps during menstruation which are sometimes severe. She has never required medical care in the past except for occasional bouts of flu. She mentions that she is very tired even after a good night's sleep and is unable to do anything around the house once she returns from work in the evening. There are no significant findings other than conjunctival pallor. Her blood test results show a hemoglobin level of 10.3 g/dL, hematocrit of 24%, ferritin of 10 ng/mL and a red cell distribution width of 16.5%. Her peripheral blood smear is shown in the picture. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Blood transfusion', 'B': 'Ultrasound of the pelvis', 'C': 'Vitamin B12 levels', 'D': 'Endoscopy', 'E': 'Iron supplementation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Defect of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter at the thick ascending loop of Henle | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the clinic for recurrent bedwetting. The child has an intellectual disability; thus, the mother is providing most of the history. She states that the child constantly drinks fluids and has a difficult time making it to the bathroom as often as he needs. Therefore, he sometimes wets himself during the day and at night. She has tried bedwetting alarms with no success. Review of systems is negative. His past medical history is unremarkable expect for moderate growth retardation. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 80/54 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 20/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Routine laboratory tests and a 24 hour urine test are shown below.
Serum:
Na+: 138 mEq/L
Cl-: 90 mEq/L
K+: 2.5 mEq/L
HCO3-: 35 mEq/L
BUN: 9 mg/dL
Glucose: 98 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 1.2 µU/mL
Ca2+: 9.1 mg/dL
AST: 13 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L
pH: 7.49
Urine:
Epithelial cells: 5 cells
Glucose: Negative
WBC: 0/hpf
Bacterial: None
Protein: 60 mg/24h (Normal: < 150 mg/24h)
Calcium: 370 mg/24h (Normal: 100-300 mg/24h)
Osmolality 1600 mOsmol/kg H2O (Normal: 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O)
What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s findings??
{'A': 'Defect of NaCl reabsorption at the distal collecting tube', 'B': 'Defect of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter at the thick ascending loop of Henle', 'C': 'Generalized reabsorptive defect in the proximal collecting tube', 'D': 'Hereditary deficiency of 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase', 'E': 'Increased sodium reabsorption at the collecting tubules'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Upper gastrointestinal contrast series | Q:A 3-week-old newborn is brought to the emergency department by his parents because of 4 episodes of vomiting that occurred that morning. The parents report that the vomit was yellowish-green with no blood in it. The patient was born at 38 weeks' gestation via vaginal delivery and has generally been healthy. He has passed normal stools each day. There is no family history of serious illness. He appears irritable and pale. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 146/min, and blood pressure is 90/55 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, mildly distended abdomen with no masses or organomegaly. A nasogastric tube is inserted and intravenous fluid resuscitation is initiated. An x-ray shows no gas distal to the duodenum. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Laparoscopy', 'B': 'Upper gastrointestinal contrast series', 'C': 'Emergent exploratory laparotomy', 'D': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'E': 'Flexible sigmoidoscopy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Repeated wrist extension | Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of progressively worsening pain on the outer side of her left elbow. She does not recall any trauma to the area. The patient plays badminton recreationally. Examination shows tenderness over the lateral surface of the left distal humerus. The pain is reproduced by supinating the forearm against resistance. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's pain??
{'A': 'Excessive stress to bone', 'B': 'Nerve compression at the elbow', 'C': 'Bursal inflammation', 'D': 'Repeated wrist extension', 'E': 'Repeated wrist flexion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cyclin-dependent activation of CDK1 (CDC2) takes place upon the entry of a cell into M phase of the cell cycle. | Q:A 12-year-old girl is brought to an oncologist, as she was recently diagnosed with a rare form of cancer. Cytogenetic studies reveal that the tumor is responsive to vinblastine, which is a cell-cycle specific anticancer agent. It acts on the M phase of the cell cycle and inhibits the growth of cells. Which of the following statements best describes the regulation of the cell cycle??
{'A': 'Cyclin-dependent activation of CDK1 (CDC2) takes place upon the entry of a cell into M phase of the cell cycle.', 'B': 'EGF from a blood clot stimulates the growth and proliferation of cells in the healing process.', 'C': 'The G0 phase is the checkpoint before G1.', 'D': 'Inhibitors of DNA synthesis act in the M phase of the cell cycle.', 'E': 'Replication of the genome occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Reversal of left-to-right shunting | Q:A 12-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician for a routine checkup. He and his family immigrated from Pakistan to the United States when he was 9 years of age. Per his mother, he had measles when he was 4 years of age and a high fever following a sore throat at the age 7. He received all appropriate vaccinations when he arrived in the United States. He takes no medications. He does well academically and plays soccer in a recreational league. He was born at 38 weeks gestation. His temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is a healthy boy in no apparent distress. Breath sounds are equal bilaterally with good aeration. Fixed splitting of the second heart sound is noted on auscultation. Without adequate treatment, this patient will be at increased risk for developing which of the following??
{'A': 'Acute endocarditis', 'B': 'Extra-cardiac left-to-right shunting', 'C': 'Mitral regurgitation', 'D': 'Mitral stenosis', 'E': 'Reversal of left-to-right shunting'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Amiodarone | Q:A 68-year-old man seeks evaluation at an office with a complaint of breathlessness of several months duration. He is able to do his daily tasks, but says that he is not as efficient as before. His breathlessness has been progressive with the recent onset of a dry cough. The past medical history is significant for a cardiac arrhythmia that is being treated with an anti-arrhythmic. He has never smoked cigarettes and is a social drinker. His pulse is 87/min and regular and the blood pressure is 135/88 mm Hg. Bilateral basal inspiratory crackles are present on auscultation of the chest from the back. A chest X-ray image shows peripheral reticular opacities with a coarse reticular pattern. A high-resolution CT scan of the chest reveals patchy bibasilar reticular opacities. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Digoxin', 'B': 'Amiodarone', 'C': 'Lidocaine', 'D': 'Sotalol', 'E': 'Verapamil'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cystic fibrosis | Q:A child with which of the following diseases would have the highest morbidity from being outside during a hot summer day??
{'A': 'Tay-Sachs disease', 'B': 'Cystic fibrosis', 'C': 'Cerebral palsy', 'D': 'Down syndrome', 'E': 'Asthma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Expression of RANK ligand | Q:An investigator is studying bone metabolism and compares the serum studies and bone biopsy findings of a cohort of women 25–35 years of age with those from a cohort of women 55–65 years of age. Which of the following processes is most likely to be increased in the cohort of older women??
{'A': 'Expression of RANK ligand', 'B': 'Demineralization of bone with normal osteoid matrix', 'C': 'Urinary excretion of cyclic AMP', 'D': 'Activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3', 'E': 'Urinary excretion of osteocalcin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Finasteride | Q:An 82-year-old man comes to the physician complaining of frequent urination, especially at night, and difficulty initiating urination. However, he points out that his symptoms have improved slightly since he started terazosin 2 months ago. He has a history of stable angina. Other medications include nitroglycerin, metoprolol, and aspirin. His blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg and pulse is 72/min. On examination, the urinary bladder is not palpable. He has a normal anal sphincter tone and a bulbocavernosus muscle reflex. Digital rectal exam shows a prostate size equivalent to three finger pads without fluctuance or tenderness. The 24-hour urinary volume is 2.5 liters. Laboratory studies show:
Urine
Protein negative
RBC none
WBC 1–2/hpf
Hemoglobin negative
Bacteria none
Ultrasonography shows an estimated prostate size of 50 grams, a post-void residual volume of 120 mL, and urinary bladder wall trabeculation without any hydronephrosis. In addition to controlled fluid intake, which of the following is the most appropriate additional pharmacotherapy at this time??
{'A': 'Finasteride', 'B': 'Oxybutynin', 'C': 'Tadalafil', 'D': 'Tamsulosin', 'E': 'No additional pharmacotherapy at this time'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Anemia of chronic disease | Q:A 53-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination one week after being discharged from the hospital. While she was in the hospital, she received acetaminophen and erythropoietin. This patient most likely has which of the following additional conditions??
{'A': 'Factor VIII deficiency', 'B': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'C': 'Agranulocytosis', 'D': 'Anemia of chronic disease', 'E': 'Immune thrombocytopenic purpura'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Exploratory laparotomy | Q:A 24-year-old man presents to the emergency department after an altercation at a local bar. The patient was stabbed in the abdomen with a 6 inch kitchen knife in the epigastric region. His temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 97/68 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the knife in the patient’s abdomen in the location where he was initially stabbed. The patient is started on blood products and IV fluids. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'CT scan of the abdomen', 'B': 'Diagnostic peritoneal lavage', 'C': 'Exploratory laparoscopy', 'D': 'Exploratory laparotomy', 'E': 'Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) exam'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Olfactory | Q:A 68-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after collapsing on the street. On arrival, he is obtunded. His pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 250/120 mm Hg. A CT scan of the head shows an intracerebral hemorrhage involving bilateral thalamic nuclei and the third ventricle. Cortical detection of which of the following types of stimuli is most likely to remain unaffected in this patient??
{'A': 'Facial fine touch', 'B': 'Gustatory', 'C': 'Visual', 'D': 'Olfactory', 'E': 'Proprioception'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Isotype switching | Q:Which of the following events is likely to occur in the germinal center??
{'A': 'Development of early pro-B cells', 'B': 'Development of immature B cells', 'C': 'T-cell negative selection', 'D': 'Isotype switching', 'E': 'Formation of double-positive T cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Reassurance | Q:A 2-week-old infant is brought to the physician by her father because of a 1-week history of vaginal discharge. The discharge was initially clear, but now he notices that it is tinged with blood. The father is also concerned about “bruises” on his daughter's back and buttocks. Both parents work so that the infant spends most of her time in daycare or with her aunt. She was born at term following a pregnancy complicated by maternal gonococcal infection that was treated with antibiotics. She appears well. Physical examination shows mild acne across her cheeks and forehead. There are multiple large flat gray-blue patches on her back and buttocks. An image of one of the lesions is shown. Firm breast buds are present. Genitourinary examination shows erythema and swelling of the vulva and vagina with an odorless, blood-stained white discharge. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Reassurance', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone and doxycycline therapy', 'C': 'Leuprolide therapy', 'D': 'Fluconazole therapy', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Optic glioma | Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has been having difficulties with his schoolwork over the past 4 years. He has a seizure disorder treated with valproic acid. He was able to walk independently at the age of 3 years and was able to use a fork and spoon at the age of 4 years. He is at the 40th percentile for height and 60th percentile for weight. Vitals signs are within normal limits. Examination shows multiple freckles in the axillary and groin skin folds as well as scoliosis. There are 14 hyperpigmented macules over the back and chest. There are multiple soft, painless nodules over the extremities and the trunk. Ophthalmic examination shows hyperpigmented iris nodules bilaterally. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Optic glioma', 'B': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma', 'C': 'Glaucoma', 'D': 'Renal cell carcinoma', 'E': 'Giant cell astrocytoma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Methylmalonyl-CoA | Q:A 54-year-old woman presents with increasing shortness of breath on exertion for the past few months. She also complains of associated fatigue and some balance issues. The patient denies swelling of her feet and difficulty breathing at night or while lying down. Physical examination is significant for conjunctival pallor. A peripheral blood smear reveals macrocytosis and hypersegmented granulocytes. Which of the following substances, if elevated in this patient’s blood, would support the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency??
{'A': 'Methionine', 'B': 'Cysteine', 'C': 'Succinyl-CoA', 'D': 'Homocysteine', 'E': 'Methylmalonyl-CoA'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Bronchogenic carcinoma | Q:A 41-year-old construction worker presents to the office complaining of a progressively worsening breathlessness for the last 2 months. He has no other complaints. His medical history is significant for hypertension being treated with lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide and gastroesophageal reflux disease being treated with pantoprazole. He has a 30-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol on the weekends. He works mainly with insulation and drywall placing. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 144/78 mm Hg, the pulse is 72/min, and the respirations are 10/min. Upon further questioning about his employment, the patient admits that he does not regularly use a mask or other protective devices at work. Which of the following malignancies is this patient most likely at risk for?
?
{'A': 'Mesothelioma', 'B': 'Bronchogenic carcinoma', 'C': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'D': 'Adenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Aortic aneurysm'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase | Q:A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her friends. She is naked except for a blanket and speaking rapidly and incoherently. Her friends say that she was found watering her garden naked and refused to put on any clothes when they tried to make her do so, saying that she has accepted how beautiful she is inside and out. Her friends say she has also purchased a new car she can not afford. They are concerned about her, as they have never seen her behave this way before. For the past week, she has not shown up at work and has been acting ‘strangely’. They say she was extremely excited and has been calling them at odd hours of the night to tell them about her future plans. Which of the following drug mechanisms will help with the long-term management this patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Inhibit the reuptake norepinephrine and serotonin from the presynaptic cleft', 'B': 'Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase', 'C': 'Increase the concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine at the synaptic cleft', 'D': 'Modulate the activity of Ƴ-aminobutyric acid receptors', 'E': 'Acts as an antagonist at the dopamine, serotonin and adrenergic receptors'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Oral fluconazole for the patient alone | Q:A 25-year-old woman presents with intense vaginal pruritus and pain for the past week. She says the pain is worse when she urinates. Her last menstrual period was 4 weeks ago. She is sexually active, has a single partner, and uses condoms infrequently. She denies any recent history of fevers, chills, abdominal or flank pain, or menstrual irregularities. Her past medical history is significant for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diagnosed 5 years ago and managed medically. Her current medications include prednisone and oral contraceptives. The patient is afebrile and her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is significant for a small amount of discharge from the vagina, along with severe inflammation and scarring. The discharge is thick, white, and has the consistency of cottage cheese. The vaginal pH is 4.1. The microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount of the vaginal discharge reveals pseudohyphae. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following would be the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Oral metronidazole for the patient alone', 'B': 'Oral fluconazole for the patient alone', 'C': 'Oral fluconazole for the patient and her sexual partner', 'D': 'Oral metronidazole for the patient and her sexual partner', 'E': 'A single dose of azithromycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Lemierre syndrome | Q:A 28-year-old man presents to the office complaining of a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty opening his mouth for the past 5 days. He states that he had symptoms like this before and "was given some antibiotics that made him feel better". He is up to date on his immunizations. On examination, his temperature is 39.5°C (103.2°F) and he has bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. An oropharyngeal exam is difficult, because the patient finds it painful to fully open his mouth. However, you are able to view an erythematous pharynx as well as a large, unilateral lesion superior to the left tonsil. A rapid antigen detection test is negative. Which of the following is a serious complication of the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Acute rheumatic fever', 'B': 'Lemierre syndrome', 'C': 'Infectious mononucleosis', 'D': 'Whooping cough', 'E': 'Diphtheria'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Have you had a reaction to aspirin in the past? | Q:A healthy 48-year-old presents for a well-patient visit. He has no symptoms and feels well. Past medical history is significant for asthma, chronic sinusitis, and nasal polyps. He occasionally takes diphenhydramine for allergies. Both of his parents and an elder brother are in good health. Today, his blood pressure is 119/81 mm Hg, heart rate is 101/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature 37°C (98.6°F). Routine screening blood work reveals elevated total cholesterol. The patient asks if he should take low-dose aspirin to reduce his risk of stroke and heart attack. Of the following, which is the best response??
{'A': 'Yes, aspirin therapy is recommended.', 'B': 'Yes, but only every other day.', 'C': 'No, because all chronic sinusitis carries aspirin-complications.', 'D': 'Have you had a reaction to aspirin in the past?', 'E': 'No, because aspirin does not help reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Dura layer | Q:A 24-day-old neonate is brought to the emergency department by his parents with high-grade fever, inability to feed, and lethargy. Since his birth, he was active and energetic, feeding every 2-3 hours and making 6-8 wet diapers every day until 2 days ago when he vomited twice, developed diarrhea, and slowly became lethargic. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. He has not been in contact with any sick people lately. Today, his temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F). He looks floppy and is unresponsive and difficult to rouse. Physical exam reveals a bulging anterior fontanelle. He is admitted to the NICU with the suspicion of neonatal meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid analysis is ordered, and empiric antibiotics are started. Which of the following structures will be punctured during the lumbar puncture procedure??
{'A': 'Denticulate ligament', 'B': 'Nucleus pulposus', 'C': 'Dura layer', 'D': 'Pia layer', 'E': 'Anterior Longitudinal Ligament'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ischemic colitis | Q:Five days after undergoing an open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, a 68-year-old woman has crampy abdominal pain. During this period, she has also had two episodes of loose, bloody stools. Her surgery was complicated by severe blood loss requiring the administration of vasopressors and multiple transfusions. Cefazolin was administered as a perioperative antibiotic. The patient has hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and coronary artery disease. The patient has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 50 years and drinks 3–4 glasses of wine every week. Her current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, amlodipine, aspirin, and metoprolol. She appears ill. Her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 96/58 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a distended abdomen with absent bowel sounds. The abdomen is exquisitely tender to palpation in all quadrants. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows an S4 gallop. An x-ray of the abdomen shows air-filled distended bowel. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Abdominal compartment syndrome', 'B': 'Postoperative ileus', 'C': 'Pseudomembranous colitis', 'D': 'Ischemic colitis', 'E': 'Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Diltiazem
" | Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the emergency room 30 minutes after the sudden onset of chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. Prior to the onset of her symptoms, she was lying in bed because of a migraine headache. Episodes of similar chest pain usually resolved after a couple of minutes. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. Her only medication is sumatriptan. An ECG shows ST-segment elevations in the anterior leads. Serum troponins are negative on two successive blood draws and ECG shows no abnormalities 30 minutes later. Administration of which of the following is most likely to prevent further episodes of chest pain in this patient??
{'A': 'Ramipril', 'B': 'Clopidogrel', 'C': 'Aspirin', 'D': 'Propranolol', 'E': 'Diltiazem\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Mitral annular dilatation | Q:A 34-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, is admitted to the hospital because of shortness of breath and fatigue 2 weeks after delivery of a full-term female newborn. She has no history of major medical illness. Cardiac examination on admission shows an S3 gallop and a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex. Treatment is initiated with intravenous furosemide and captopril. Her symptoms resolve, and 3 weeks later, cardiac examination shows no murmur. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the initial auscultation findings??
{'A': 'Mitral annular dilatation', 'B': 'Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration', 'C': 'Perivalvular abscess', 'D': 'Mitral valve leaflet fibrosis', 'E': 'Mitral annular calcification'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty | Q:A 31-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She feels well and has no current complaints. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. The vital signs include: blood pressure 185/110 mm Hg, pulse 75/min, and respiration rate 12/min. Her high blood pressure is confirmed during a 2nd visit. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. Careful auscultation of the abdomen reveals bruits in both upper quadrants near the midline. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. The results of a complete blood count (CBC), renal function panel, and urinalysis showed no abnormalities. Conventional angiography confirms bilateral disease involvement. To control this patient’s hypertension, it is most appropriate to recommend which of the following??
{'A': 'Dietary salt restriction', 'B': 'Long-term captopril', 'C': 'Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty', 'D': 'Surgical endarterectomy', 'E': 'Calorie restriction and weight loss'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Percutaneous coronary intervention | Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after having chest pain for the last hour. He rates his pain as 8/10, dull in character, and says it is associated with sweating and shortness of breath. He has a history of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. His current medication list includes amlodipine, aspirin, atorvastatin, insulin, and esomeprazole. He has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day for the past 25 years. His blood pressure is 98/66 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, oxygen saturation is 94% on room air, and BMI is 31.8 kg/m2. His lungs are clear to auscultation. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown below. The patient is given 325 mg of oral aspirin and sublingual nitroglycerin. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this condition??
{'A': 'Echocardiography', 'B': 'Enoxaparin', 'C': 'Metoprolol', 'D': 'Observation', 'E': 'Percutaneous coronary intervention'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Dietary aflatoxin exposure | Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of fatigue and weight loss. Physical examination shows jaundice. The liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin. Serum studies show an elevated alpha-fetoprotein and a prolonged prothrombin time. Genetic analysis of a liver biopsy specimen shows a G:C to T:A transversion in codon 249 of the gene coding for the TP53 protein in affected cells. Which of the following risk factors is most specific to the patient's condition??
{'A': 'Alcoholism', 'B': 'Hepatitis C infection', 'C': 'Dietary aflatoxin exposure', 'D': 'Schistosomiasis', 'E': 'Hemochromatosis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Thromboplastin in maternal circulation | Q:The patient declines the use of oxytocin or any other further testing and decides to await a spontaneous delivery. Five weeks later, she comes to the emergency department complaining of vaginal bleeding for 1 hour. Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 112/76 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 97%. Pelvic examination shows active vaginal bleeding. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.8 g/dL
Leukocyte count 10,300/mm3
Platelet count 105,000/mm3
Prothrombin time 26 seconds (INR=1.8)
Serum
Na+ 139 mEq/L
K+ 4.1 mEq/L
Cl- 101 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 42 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.8 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms?"?
{'A': 'Infection with gram-negative bacteria', 'B': 'Decreased synthesis of coagulation factors', 'C': 'Separation of the placenta from the uterus', 'D': 'Thromboplastin in maternal circulation', 'E': 'Amniotic fluid in maternal circulation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Aortic stenosis | Q:An 81-year-old man comes to the physician because of increased exertional dyspnea and dizziness over the past 8 weeks. He has hypertension for which he takes lisinopril. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 50 years. Physical examination shows weak peripheral pulses. Cardiac examination is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Mitral regurgitation', 'B': 'Aortic stenosis', 'C': 'Pulmonary regurgitation', 'D': 'Tricuspid stenosis', 'E': 'Aortic regurgitation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Increase fiber and fluid intake | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department concerned about a large amount of blood in his recent bowel movement. He states he was at home when he noticed a large amount of red blood in his stool. He is not experiencing any pain and otherwise feels well. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes and obesity. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 147/88 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals a non-distressed man. His abdomen is non-tender, and he has normoactive bowel sounds. Stool guaiac test is positive for blood. The patient is started on IV fluids and kept nil per os. His next bowel movement 4 hours later appears grossly normal. Which of the following interventions will most likely reduce future complications in this patient??
{'A': 'Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole', 'B': 'Increase fiber and fluid intake', 'C': 'Reduce red meat consumption', 'D': 'Sigmoid colon resection', 'E': 'Sitz baths'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Decreased cerebral blood flow | Q:A 31-year-old female with a history of anxiety has a panic attack marked by dizziness, weakness, and blurred vision. Which of the following most likely accounts for the patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Oxygen toxicity', 'B': 'Increased arterial CO2', 'C': 'Decreased cerebral blood flow', 'D': 'Decreased respiratory rate', 'E': 'Carotid artery obstruction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Aspirin | Q:A 24-year-old woman is brought into the emergency department by an ambulance after swallowing a bottle of pain medication in a suicide attempt. According to her parents, she recently had a fight with her boyfriend and was acting very depressed. She claims to not remember what she had taken. Further inquiry reveals she is experiencing nausea and feeling quite dizzy. She also repeatedly asks if anyone else can hear a ringing sound. Her pulse is 105/min, respirations are 24/min, and temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Examination reveals mild abdominal tenderness. The patient is visibly agitated and slightly confused. The following lab values are obtained:
Arterial blood gas analysis
pH 7.35
Po2 100 mm Hg
Pco2 20 mm Hg
HCO3- 12 mEq/L
Which of the following pain medications did this patient most likely take??
{'A': 'Acetaminophen', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Codeine', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Gabapentin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Nerve conduction studies | Q:A 44-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician’s office with episodes of pain in her right hand. She says that the pain is most significant at night and awakens her from sleep numerous times. When she experiences this pain, she immediately puts her hand under warm running water or shakes her hand. She has also experienced episodes of numbness in the affected hand. Driving and extending the right arm also provoke her symptoms. She denies any trauma to the hand or associated weakness. Medical history is notable for hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine. She works as a secretary for a law firm. On physical exam, when the patient hyperflexes her wrist, pain and paresthesia affect the first 3 digits of the right hand. Which of the following is the confirmatory diagnostic test for this patient??
{'A': 'Magnetic resonance imaging', 'B': 'Needle electromyography', 'C': 'Nerve conduction studies', 'D': 'Nerve biopsy', 'E': 'Tinel test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Triazolam | Q:A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of poor sleep for the past 8 months. She has been gradually sleeping less because of difficulty initiating sleep at night. She does not have trouble maintaining sleep. On average, she sleeps 4–5 hours each night. She feels tired throughout the day but does not take naps. She was recently diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and attends weekly psychotherapy sessions. Mental status examination shows an anxious mood. The patient asks for a sleeping aid but does not want to feel drowsy in the morning because she has to drive her daughter to kindergarten. Short-term treatment with which of the following drugs is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Doxepin', 'B': 'Triazolam', 'C': 'Flurazepam', 'D': 'Suvorexant', 'E': 'Phenobarbital'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Topical miconazole | Q:A previously healthy 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a pruritic rash on the chest that has become progressively larger over the past 10 days. It is not painful. He is sexually active with two female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He works part-time as a lifeguard. He has no family history of serious illness. He does not smoke. He drinks 5–6 beers on weekends. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 66/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. A photograph of the rash is shown below. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Topical erythromycin', 'B': 'Phototherapy', 'C': 'Topical miconazole', 'D': 'Topical hydrocortisone', 'E': 'Reassurance\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decreased rate of phase 0 depolarization and increased action potential duration | Q:A 56-year-old man was brought to the emergency department by his wife when he passed out for 5 seconds after dinner at home. He says that he recalls feeling lightheaded moments prior to passing out and also had some palpitations. Otherwise, he has been feeling fatigued recently and has had some shortness of breath. His previous medical history is significant for diabetes that is well controlled on metformin. An EKG is obtained showing fast sawtooth waves at 200/min. He is administered a medication but soon develops ringing in his ears, headache, flushed skin, and a spinning sensation. The medication that was most likely administered in this case has which of the following properties??
{'A': 'Decreased rate of phase 0 depolarization and increased action potential duration', 'B': 'Decreased rate of phase 0 depolarization and normal action potential duration', 'C': 'Normal rate of phase 0 depolarization and decreased action potential duration', 'D': 'Normal rate of phase 0 depolarization and increased action potential duration', 'E': 'Normal rate of phase 0 depolarization and normal action potential duration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Clumping of red blood cells after the patient’s blood is drawn and transferred into a chilled EDTA-containing vial | Q:A 20-year-old female presents complaining of a persistent nonproductive cough and headache that has gradually developed over the past week. Chest radiograph demonstrates bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrates. No pathologic organisms are noted on Gram stain of the patient’s sputum. Which of the following findings is most likely to be found upon laboratory evaluation??
{'A': 'Clumping of red blood cells after the patient’s blood is drawn and transferred into a chilled EDTA-containing vial', 'B': 'Elevated pH of urine noted on standard urinalysis', 'C': 'Alpha hemolysis and optochin sensitivity noted with colonies of the causative organism visualized on blood agar', 'D': 'Clumping of red blood cells after the patient’s blood is drawn and transferred into a tube containing Proteus antigens', 'E': 'Causative organism is visualized with India ink stain and elicits a positive latex agglutination test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Hyperkalemia | Q:A 45-year-old male is brought into the emergency department by emergency medical services. The patient has a history of substance abuse and was found down in his apartment lying on his right arm. He was last seen 24 hours earlier by his mother who lives in the same building. He is disoriented and unable to answer any questions. His vitals are HR 48, T 97.6, RR 18, BP 100/75. You decide to obtain an EKG as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this patient's EKG results??
{'A': 'Hypocalcemia', 'B': 'Hypercalcemia', 'C': 'Hyperkalemia', 'D': 'Hypokalemia', 'E': 'Hypomagnesemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Elongation of viral DNA | Q:A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 38 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department in active labor. She has not had regular prenatal care. She has a history of HIV infection but is not currently on antiretroviral therapy. Her previous viral load is unknown. Treatment with intravenous zidovudine is begun to reduce perinatal transmission of the virus. Which of the following processes is most likely affected by this drug??
{'A': 'Integration of viral genome', 'B': 'Action of viral RNA polymerase', 'C': 'Cleavage of viral polypeptides', 'D': 'Elongation of viral DNA', 'E': 'Fusion of virus with T cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Tell the patient that a mistake was made and explain why it happened | Q:You are the attending physician on duty on an inpatient hospitalist team. A 48-year-old patient with a history of COPD and atrial fibrillation on warfarin is admitted to your service for management of a COPD exacerbation. Four days into her admission, routine daily lab testing shows that patient has an INR of 5. She is complaining of blood in her stool. The bleeding self-resolves and the patient does not require a transfusion. Review of the medical chart shows that the patient's nurse accidentally gave the patient three times the dose of warfarin that was ordered. What is the correct next step??
{'A': 'Tell the patient that a mistake was made and explain why it happened', 'B': 'Tell the patient that the blood in her stool was likely a side effect of the warfarin', 'C': 'Do not tell the patient about the mistake as no harm was done', 'D': 'Do not tell the patient about the mistake because she is likely to sue for malpractice', 'E': 'Do not tell the patient about the mistake because you did not make the mistake'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Neglect | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by a neighbor who saw him struck by a car. The man reports that the boy is intellectually disabled, and his parents frequently leave him unattended at home for most of the day. He walks around the neighborhood and sometimes has difficulty finding his way home. Today he was struck by a car that sped off. The man called the boy’s mother by phone, but she said that she was too busy to leave her job and asked the man to take the boy to the emergency department for her. A quick review of the boy's electronic medical record reveals that he has not been seen by a physician in several years and has missed several vaccines. On physical exam, the vital signs are normal. He appears dirty, thin, and small for his age with a large bruise forming on his right hip. Which of the following is the most appropriate term for this type of child abuse??
{'A': 'Physical abuse', 'B': 'Sexual abuse', 'C': 'Psychological abuse', 'D': 'Factitious disorder', 'E': 'Neglect'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Giardiasis | Q:A 29-year-old man presents to the clinic with several days of flatulence and greasy, foul-smelling diarrhea. He says that he was on a camping trip last week after which his symptoms started. When asked further about his camping activities, he reports collecting water from a stream but did not boil or chemically treat the water. The patient also reports nausea, weight loss, and abdominal cramps followed by sudden diarrhea. He denies tenesmus, urgency, and bloody diarrhea. His temperature is 37°C (98.6° F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 89/58 mm Hg. A physical examination is performed where nothing significant was found except for dry mucous membranes. Intravenous fluids are started and a stool sample is sent to the lab, which reveals motile protozoa on microscopy, negative for any ova, no blood cells, and pus cells. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Giardiasis', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Irritable bowel syndrome', 'D': 'Traveler’s diarrhea due to Norovirus', 'E': 'Traveler’s diarrhea due to ETEC'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: An organ donor network | Q:A 34-year-old woman, otherwise healthy, is brought into the emergency department after being struck by a motor vehicle. She experienced heavy bleeding and eventually expires due to her injuries. She does not have a past medical history and was not taking any medications. She appears to be a good candidate for organ donation. Which of the following should talk to the deceased patient’s family to get consent for harvesting her organs??
{'A': 'The physician', 'B': 'An organ donor network', 'C': 'A hospital representative', 'D': 'The morgue', 'E': 'The organ recipient'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: No further renal tests are required | Q:A 55-year-old Caucasian woman visits her family physician for a checkup and to discuss her laboratory results from a previous visit. The medical history is significant for obesity, hypothyroidism, and chronic venous insufficiency. The medications include thyroxine and a multivitamin. In her previous visit, she complained about being hungry all the time, urinating multiple times a day, and craving water for most of the day. Blood and urine samples were obtained. Today her blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, the pulse is 80/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, and the body temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F). The physical examination reveals clear lungs with regular heart sounds and no abdominal tenderness. There is mild pitting edema of the bilateral lower extremities. The laboratory results are as follows:
Elevated SCr for an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m²
Spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 250 mg/g
Urinalysis
Specific gravity 1.070
Proteins (++)
Glucose (+++)
Nitrites (-)
Microscopy
Red blood cells none
White blood cells none
Hyaline casts few
A bedside renal ultrasound revealed enlarged kidneys bilaterally without hydronephrosis. Which of the following kidney-related test should be ordered next??
{'A': 'Renal arteriography', 'B': 'Renal biopsy', 'C': 'Urine protein electrophoresis', 'D': 'Renal computed tomography', 'E': 'No further renal tests are required'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Quantiferon testing | Q:A 40-year-old man presents to a community health center for a routine check-up. The medical history is significant for a major depressive disorder that began around the time he arrived in the United States from India, his native country. For the last few months, he has been living in the local homeless shelter and also reports being incarcerated for an extended period of time. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. The vital signs include the following: the heart rate is 68/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, the temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), and the blood pressure is 130/88 mm Hg. He appears unkempt and speaks in a monotone. Coarse breath sounds are auscultated in the lung bases bilaterally. Which of the following is recommended for this patient??
{'A': 'Tuberculin skin test', 'B': 'Chest X-ray', 'C': 'Low-dose computerized tomography (CT) Scan', 'D': 'Pulmonary function test', 'E': 'Quantiferon testing'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Barium esophagram | Q:A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 8-month history of worsening difficulties swallowing food and retrosternal chest discomfort. She reports that she sometimes has a feeling of “food getting stuck” in her throat and hears a “gurgling sound” from her throat while eating. She says that she occasionally coughs up pieces of undigested food. She has noticed a bad taste in her mouth and bad breath. She has not had fever or weight loss. She has been visiting Mexico every year for the past 7 years. She has Raynaud disease treated with nifedipine. Her father died because of gastric cancer. She had smoked one-half pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years but stopped 25 years ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Her hemoglobin concentration is 14 g/dL, leukocyte count is 9800/mm3, and platelet count is 215,000/mm3. An ECG shows sinus rhythm with no evidence of ischemia. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis??
{'A': 'Barium esophagram', 'B': 'Serology and PCR', 'C': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'D': 'Esophageal pH monitoring', 'E': 'Endoscopic ultrasound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Fibromuscular dysplasia | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of frequent episodes of headaches and tinnitus over the past 3 months. One week ago, she had a brief episode of left arm weakness and numbness that lasted for 2 minutes before spontaneously resolving. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She has smoked one-half pack of cigarettes daily for 22 years. Her pulse is 84/min and blood pressure is 155/105 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows no masses or tenderness. A bruit is heard on auscultation of the abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonography shows a small right kidney. CT angiography shows stenosis of the distal right renal artery. Which of the following is the most underlying cause of the patient's condition??
{'A': 'Fibromuscular dysplasia', 'B': 'Polyarteritis nodosa', 'C': 'Atherosclerotic plaques', 'D': 'Congenital renal hypoplasia', 'E': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ventricular fibrillation | Q:A 78-year-old male with a 35-pack-year smoking history, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease is at home eating dinner with his wife when he suddenly has acute onset, crushing chest pain. He lives in a remote rural area, and, by the time the paramedics arrive 30 minutes later, he is pronounced dead. What is the most likely cause of this patient's death??
{'A': 'Ventricular septum rupture', 'B': 'Chordae tendineae rupture', 'C': 'Cardiac tamponade', 'D': 'Heart block', 'E': 'Ventricular fibrillation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: C-reactive protein (CRP) | Q:A 29-year-old woman presents for an annual flu shot. She has no symptoms. Past medical history is significant for mild rheumatoid arthritis, diagnosed 3 years ago and managed with celecoxib and methotrexate. Current medications also include a daily folate-containing multivitamin. She also had 2 elective cesarean sections during her early 20s and an appendectomy in her teens. Her family history is insignificant. The patient does not consume alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or take recreational drugs. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Recent laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin (Hb) 14.2 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 103 fL
Since she is asymptomatic, the patient asks if her medications can be discontinued. Which of the following diagnostic tests is the most useful for monitoring this patient’s condition and detecting the overall inflammatory state of the patient at this time??
{'A': 'C-reactive protein (CRP)', 'B': 'Rheumatoid factor (RF)', 'C': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)', 'D': 'Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)', 'E': 'Complete blood count'}, |