instruction
stringclasses 1
value | output
stringlengths 4
233
| input
stringlengths 209
4.2k
|
|---|---|---|
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Phagolysosome formation by neutrophils | Q:A 9-year-old girl comes to the clinic with a chief complaint of a swollen eye and sinus infection for 4 days. She complained of left nasal pain prior to these symptoms. The patient noticed that the swelling and redness of her left eye has progressively worsened. It has been difficult to open her eyelids, and she complains of diplopia and pain during ocular movement. The visual acuity is 20/20 in both eyes. Intraocular pressure measurement shows values of 23 and 14 mm Hg in the right and left eyes, respectively. The test results for the complete blood count, ESR, and CRP are as follows (on admission):
CBC results
Leukocytes 18,000 cells/mm3
Neutrophils 80%
Lymphocytes 14%
Eosinophils 1%
Basophils 0%
Monocytes 5%
Hemoglobin 12 g/dL
ESR 65
CRP 4.6
The organism causing the above condition is destroyed by which one of the following immunological processes??
{'A': 'Release of cytotoxic granules by cytotoxic T cells', 'B': 'Activation of cytosolic caspases', 'C': 'Perforins and granzymes by natural killer cells', 'D': 'Opsonization', 'E': 'Phagolysosome formation by neutrophils'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Presence of hyphae when KOH added to skin scrapings | Q:A 16-year-old Caucasian boy presents to your family practice office complaining of itchiness. He denies other symptoms. He also denies tobacco, alcohol, or other illicit drug use and is not sexually active. He has no other significant past medical or surgical history aside from a meniscal repair from a wrestling injury sustained two years ago from which he has recovered fully. Vitals are T 98.3, HR 67, BP 110/70. On exam you note several pruritic, erythematous, slightly raised annular patches with central clearing on his back.
Which of the following additional tests or features are sufficient to make the diagnosis of this boy's skin lesion??
{'A': 'Acid-fast bacilli on smear from skin scrapings', 'B': 'History of recent herald patch and lesions along skin cleavage lines', 'C': 'Presence of hyphae when KOH added to skin scrapings', 'D': 'Symmetrical distribution on bilaterial extremities progressing proximally', 'E': 'History of time spent in a Lyme-endemic region'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Fat malabsorption | Q:A 55-year-old female with a history of poorly controlled hyperlipidemia and obesity presents to her primary care physician for a follow-up visit. She reports that she feels well and has no complaints. She currently takes atorvastatin. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. Her BMI is 31 kg/m2. Her total cholesterol is 290 mg/dl, triglycerides are 120 mg/dl, and LDL cholesterol is 215 mg/dl. Her physician considers starting her on a medication that forces the liver to consume cholesterol to make more bile salts. Which of the following adverse effects is this patient at highest risk of developing following initiation of the medication??
{'A': 'Gallstones', 'B': 'Pruritis', 'C': 'Acanthosis nigricans', 'D': 'Facial flushing', 'E': 'Fat malabsorption'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Bone marrow biopsy | Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a mild fever for the past week. He has also had generalized weakness and fatigue for the past month. He has been complaining of diffuse pain in his legs and arms. He has a history of Down syndrome with surgical repair of a congenital atrial septal defect as an infant. His temperature is 38.0° C (100.4° F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. He has enlarged cervical lymph nodes bilaterally that are nontender to palpation. He is uncooperative for the rest of the examination. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL
Hematocrit 30.0%
Leukocyte count 50,000/mm3
Platelet count 20,000/mm3
Serum
Sodium 136 mEq/L
Potassium 4.7 mEq/L
Chloride 102 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 25 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 0.9 mg/dL
AST 30 U/L
ALT 46 U/L
Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Monospot test', 'B': 'Blood culture', 'C': 'Echocardiography', 'D': 'Bone marrow biopsy', 'E': 'Serum protein electrophoresis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cystic cavitation | Q:An 83-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation, multiple ischemic strokes, and early dementia is found unresponsive in her apartment at her retirement community. She is believed to have not refilled any of her medications for a month, and it is determined that she passed away from a stroke nearly 2 weeks ago. The family is adamant that she receive an autopsy. Which of the following findings are most likely on brain histology??
{'A': 'Cellular debris and lymphocytes', 'B': 'Cellular debris and neutrophils', 'C': 'Cystic cavitation', 'D': 'Fat saponification', 'E': 'Increased binding of acidophilic dyes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Positive hydrogen breath test | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician for the first time by her mother. Her mother states that her family just emigrated from China and her daughter has seemed to have difficulty adjusting to the American diet. Specifically, she seems to have abdominal discomfort and increased flatulence whenever she eats milk or cheese. The pediatrician orders a test to diagnose the patient. Which of the following results is most likely to be observed in this patient??
{'A': 'Negative hydrogen breath test', 'B': 'Abnormal small bowel biopsy', 'C': 'Positive hydrogen breath test', 'D': 'Positive technetium 99 scan', 'E': 'Abnormal abdominal ultrasound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ampicillin and gentamicin therapy | Q:A 5-day-old, 2200 g (4 lb 14 oz) male newborn is brought to the physician because of poor feeding and irritability. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation after the pregnancy was complicated by premature rupture of membranes. His APGAR scores at delivery were 5 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 170/min, and respirations are 63/min. Examination shows scleral icterus. Subcostal retractions and nasal flaring are present. Capillary refill time is 4 seconds. Laboratory studies are ordered and an x-ray of the chest is scheduled. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Phototherapy', 'B': 'Methimazole therapy', 'C': 'Surfactant therapy', 'D': 'Ampicillin and gentamicin therapy', 'E': 'Endotracheal intubation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: 900 / (900 + 300) | Q:You are tasked with analyzing the negative predictive value of an experimental serum marker for ovarian cancer. You choose to enroll 2,000 patients across multiple clinical sites, including both 1,000 patients with ovarian cancer and 1,000 age-matched controls. From the disease and control subgroups, 700 and 100 are found positive for this novel serum marker, respectively. Which of the following represents the NPV for this test??
{'A': '900 / (900 + 100)', 'B': '700 / (300 + 900)', 'C': '900 / (900 + 300)', 'D': '700 / (700 + 100)', 'E': '700 / (700 + 300)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Fibroadenoma | Q:A 24-year-old woman recently noticed a mass in her left breast. The examination shows a 4-cm mass in the left upper quadrant. The mass is firm, mobile, and has well-defined margins. She complains of occasional tenderness. There is no lymphatic involvement. Mammography showed a dense lesion. What is the most likely cause??
{'A': 'Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)', 'B': 'Fibroadenoma', 'C': 'Phyllodes tumor', 'D': 'Inflammatory carcinoma', 'E': 'Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Formation of free radicals | Q:A 36-year-old woman with no significant medical history presents with a four-week history of epigastric pain. The pain tends to occur two hours after meals. She has lost 4 pounds over the last four weeks. She is allergic to azithromycin and clarithromycin. A urea breath test detects radiolabeled carbon dioxide in exhaled breath. Two days after starting definitive treatment, she returns to the hospital with flushing, headaches, nausea and vomiting after having a few beers that night. What is the mechanism of the drug involved in the adverse reaction??
{'A': 'Formation of free radicals', 'B': 'Inhibition of H+/K+ ATPase in parietal cells', 'C': 'Binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome', 'D': 'Binding to the 30S subunit of the ribosome', 'E': 'Coating of the gastric lining'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ventricular septal defect | Q:A 1-day-old male infant is evaluated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for dyspnea. He was born at 34 weeks gestation. Apgar scores were 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. His mother is a healthy 33-year-old G1P1 woman who received adequate prenatal care. The nurse in the NICU noted increased oral secretions and intermittent desaturations. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 100/55 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 28/min. On exam, the child appears to be in respiratory distress. Intercostal retractions are noted. Auscultation of the lungs reveals rales bilaterally. The patient’s abdomen is moderately distended. A chest radiograph is performed and demonstrates coiling of the nasogastric (NG) tube in the esophagus. This patient should be evaluated for which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Cryptorchidism', 'B': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'C': 'Meconium ileus', 'D': 'Pyloric stenosis', 'E': 'Ventricular septal defect'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cimetidine | Q:A 24-year-old man presents with a history of intermittent fever for the last 2 days. He says his episodes of fever are accompanied by shaking and chills. He mentions that his father has been recently recovered from chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria, which was treated successfully with quinine. On physical examination, his temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), pulse rate is 110/min, blood pressure is 116/80 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 18/min. Examination of his abdomen reveals splenomegaly. His blood sample is sent for the examination of the peripheral smear, which confirms the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient is placed on treatment with oral quinine. After 5 days, the patient returns with improved symptoms of malaria but with complaints of a headache, tinnitus, nausea, and dizziness. The patient mentions that he has been taking a drug for the last 3 months to control his dyspepsia symptoms. Which of the following drugs is most likely to have caused the above-mentioned symptoms in this patient??
{'A': 'Sucralfate', 'B': 'Famotidine', 'C': 'Cimetidine', 'D': 'Ranitidine', 'E': 'Pantoprazole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Afferent arteriole | Q:A 30-year-old man presents to his physician for a follow-up appointment for a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg during his last visit. He was advised to record his blood pressure at home with an automated device twice every day. He recorded a wide range of blood pressure values in the past week, ranging from 110/70 mm Hg to 135/84 mm Hg. The medical history is unremarkable and he takes no medications. He occasionally drinks alcohol after work, but denies smoking and illicit drug use. Which of the following factors is responsible for maintaining a near-normal renal blood flow over a wide range of systemic blood pressures??
{'A': 'Afferent arteriole', 'B': 'Aldosterone', 'C': 'Efferent arteriole', 'D': 'Glomerular filtration', 'E': 'Sympathetic nervous system'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Liver abscess | Q:A 40-year-old man visits the office with complaints of fever and abdominal pain for the past 6 days. He is also concerned about his weight loss as he weighs 3.6 kg (8 lb) less, today, than he did 2 months ago. He has a previous history of being admitted to the hospital for recurrent cholangitis. The vital signs include: heart rate 97/min, respiratory rate 17/min, temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), and blood pressure 114/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is tenderness on palpation of the right upper quadrant. The laboratory results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 16 g/dL
Hematocrit 44%
Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3
Neutrophils 60%
Bands 4%
Eosinophils 2%
Basophils 1%
Lymphocytes 27%
Monocytes 6%
Platelet count 345,000/mm3
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 57 IU/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 70 IU/L
Alkaline phosphatase 140 U/L
Total bilirubin 8 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin 5 mg/dL
An ultrasound is also done to the patient which is shown in the picture. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Hepatocarcinoma', 'B': 'Liver abscess', 'C': 'Hepatitis B', 'D': 'Acute cholecystitis', 'E': 'Cholangitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Bone mineral density | Q:A 1-year-old Caucasian male is on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) to maintain a healthy body mass index. Sweat chloride test is 68 mmol/L (< 29 mmol/L = normal). The patient has a relative who was also on PERT but passed away in his mid-20s due to respiratory failure, and was unable to have children. Which of the following would be most improved by PERT??
{'A': 'Bone mineral density', 'B': 'Expression of the autosomal dominant deletion of CFTR gene', 'C': 'Nasal polyps', 'D': 'Hypoglycemia', 'E': 'A lack of respiratory infections'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Group B Streptococcus | Q:A 24-hour-old newborn presents to the emergency department after a home birth because of fever, irritability alternating with lethargy, and poor feeding. The patient’s mother says symptoms acutely onset 12 hours ago and have not improved. No significant past medical history. His mother did not receive any prenatal care, and she had rupture of membranes 20 hours prior to delivery. His vital signs include: heart rate 150/min, respiratory rate 65/min, temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), and blood pressure 60/40 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient has delayed capillary refill. Laboratory studies show a pleocytosis and a low glucose level in the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Cryptococcus neoformans', 'B': 'Enterovirus', 'C': 'Group A Streptococcus', 'D': 'Group B Streptococcus', 'E': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Start IV fluids | Q:A 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department after being rescued from his home. He was working at home alone on some renovations when 1 of his house's walls collapsed on him. His legs were trapped under the debris for about 30 hours before a neighbor came by, found him, and called an ambulance. He is very mildly confused and reports pain throughout both legs. The physical examination is notable for dry mucous membranes and tenderness to palpation throughout both legs with many superficial abrasions, but no active hemorrhage. The full-body computed tomography (CT) scan shows small fractures in both tibias, but no hematomas. He is admitted to the trauma service for observation. On hospital day 1, his urine appears very dark. Urine output over the preceding 24 hours is 200 mL. The laboratory studies show a creatinine of 2.7 mg/dL and serum creatine kinase (CK) of 29,700 IU/L. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Order anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titers', 'B': 'Order anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) titers', 'C': 'Order anti-streptolysin O titers', 'D': 'Start dialysis', 'E': 'Start IV fluids'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cohort study | Q:A researcher wants to study the carcinogenic effects of a food additive. From the literature, he finds that 7 different types of cancers have been linked to the consumption of this food additive. He wants to study all 7 possible outcomes. He conducts interviews with people who consume food containing these additives and people who do not. He then follows both groups for several years to see if they develop any of these 7 cancers or any other health outcomes. Which of the following study models best represents this study??
{'A': 'Case-control study ', 'B': 'Cohort study ', 'C': 'Randomized clinical trial ', 'D': 'Crossover study', 'E': 'Cross-sectional study'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Helicobacter pylori fecal antigen | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents for a follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia 3 months ago, for which she was prescribed ferrous sulfate twice daily. She says the medication has not helped, and she still is suffering from fatigue and shortness of breath when she exerts herself. Past medical history is remarkable for chronic dyspepsia. The patient denies smoking, drinking alcohol, or use of illicit drugs. She immigrated from Egypt 4 years ago. No significant family history. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
3 month ago Current
Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL 10.3 g/dL
Erythrocyte count 3.2 million/mm3 3.3 million/mm3
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 72 μm3 74 μm3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 20.1 pg/cell 20.3 pg/cell
Red cell distribution width (RDW) 17.2% 17.1%
Serum ferritin 10.1 ng/mL 10.3 ng/mL
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) 475 µg/dL 470 µg/dL
Transferrin saturation 11% 12%
Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient’s most likely condition??
{'A': 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis', 'B': 'Fecal occult blood tests', 'C': 'Gastrointestinal endoscopy', 'D': 'Bone marrow biopsy', 'E': 'Helicobacter pylori fecal antigen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cholecalciferol (D3) | Q:The human body obtains vitamin D either from diet or from sun exposure. Darker-skinned individuals require more sunlight to create adequate vitamin D stores as the increased melanin in their skin acts like sunscreen; thus, it blocks the necessary UV required for vitamin D synthesis. Therefore, if these individuals spend inadequate time in the light, dietary sources of vitamin D are necessary. Which of the following requires sunlight for its formation??
{'A': '7-dehydrocholestrol', 'B': 'Cholecalciferol (D3)', 'C': '25-hydroxyvitamin D', 'D': '1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D', 'E': 'Ergocalciferol (D2)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Splitting | Q:A 21-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room 1 hour after she ingested 12 pills of acetaminophen. She had a fight with her boyfriend immediately prior to the ingestion, during which she threatened to kill herself if he broke up with her. She has been hospitalized 4 times for overdoses in the past 3 years following breakups with her partners. On the way to the hospital, she screamed and then assaulted the paramedic who attempted to take her temperature. Physical examination shows multiple rows of well-healed scars bilaterally on the wrists. This patient is most likely to display which of the following defense mechanisms??
{'A': 'Fantasy', 'B': 'Sublimation', 'C': 'Displacement', 'D': 'Splitting', 'E': 'Controlling'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Measure serum beta-hCG levels | Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician for evaluation of severe acne on her face, chest, and back for the past 2 years. She has no itching or scaling associated with the lesions. She has been treated in the past with a combination of oral cephalexin and topical benzoyl peroxide without clinical improvement. She is sexually active with 1 male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows mild facial scarring and numerous open comedones and sebaceous skin lesions on her face, chest, and back. Which of the following is indicated prior to initiating the next most appropriate step in treatment??
{'A': 'Administer oral contraceptives', 'B': 'Measure creatinine kinase levels', 'C': 'Measure serum beta-hCG levels', 'D': 'Screen for depression with a questionnaire', 'E': 'Switch cephalexin to doxycycline'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Scarlet fever | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for a rash. The patient had a sore throat a few days ago with symptoms initially well-controlled with lozenges. However, today he had a rash covering his body, which prompted his presentation. The mother states that she did smear an herbal remedy on the rash with no alleviation in symptoms and also gave him a single dose of amoxicillin left over from a previous infection. The patient is up to date on his vaccinations and has no past medical conditions. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 102/68 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the findings in Figures A and B. The rash seen in Figure B is very coarse. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Infectious mononucleosis', 'B': 'Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Rheumatic fever', 'D': 'Scarlet fever', 'E': 'Urticaria'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Wheezing | Q:A 2-year-old male is brought to your office by his mother for evaluation. The patient develops a skin presentation similar to Image A on his cheeks and chin when exposed to certain food products. This patient is most likely predisposed to develop which of the following??
{'A': 'Fingernail pitting', 'B': 'Arthralgias', 'C': 'Wheezing', 'D': 'Gluten hypersensitivity', 'E': 'Cyanosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Slowly progressive hepatitis | Q:A 27-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use comes to the physician because of anorexia, nausea, dark urine, and abdominal pain for 2 weeks. Physical examination shows scleral icterus and right upper quadrant tenderness. Serum studies show:
Alanine aminotransferase 1248 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase 980 U/L
Hepatitis B surface antigen negative
Anti-hepatitis B surface antibody positive
Anti-hepatitis C antibody negative
Further evaluation shows hepatitis C virus RNA detected by PCR. Without appropriate treatment, which of the following is the most likely outcome of this patient's current condition?"?
{'A': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'B': 'Slowly progressive hepatitis', 'C': 'Liver cirrhosis', 'D': 'Transient infection', 'E': 'Fulminant hepatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Effect modification
" | Q:An investigator has conducted a prospective study to evaluate the relationship between asthma and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). She stratifies her analyses by biological sex and observed that among female patients, asthma was a significant predictor of MI risk (hazard ratio = 1.32, p < 0.001). However, among male patients, no relationship was found between asthma and MI risk (p = 0.23). Which of the following best explains the difference observed between male and female patients??
{'A': 'Confounding', 'B': 'Measurement bias', 'C': 'Stratified sampling', 'D': 'Random error', 'E': 'Effect modification\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Social anxiety disorder | Q:An 11-year-old girl is brought to her primary care physician by her mother with complaints of constant lower abdominal pain and foul-smelling urine for the past 2 days. The patient has had several previous episodes of simple urinary tract infections in the past. Her vitals signs show mild tachycardia without fever. Physical examination reveals suprapubic tenderness without costovertebral angle tenderness on percussion. Urinalysis reveals positive leukocyte esterase and nitrite. Further questioning reveals that the patient does not use the school toilets and holds her urine all day until she gets home. When pressed further, she gets teary-eyed and starts to cry and complains that other girls will make fun of her if she uses the bathroom and will spread rumors to the teachers and her friends. She reports that though this has never happened in the past it concerns her a great deal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient??
{'A': 'Social anxiety disorder', 'B': 'Social phobia performance only', 'C': 'Panic disorder', 'D': 'Specific phobia', 'E': 'Agoraphobia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Radiography of the lumbosacral spine | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with back pain. The patient states that he has back pain that has been steadily worsening over the past month. He states that his pain is worse in the morning but feels better after he finishes at work for the day. He rates his current pain as a 7/10 and says that he feels short of breath. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, you note a young man who does not appear to be in any distress. Cardiac exam is within normal limits. Pulmonary exam is notable only for a minor decrease in air movement bilaterally at the lung bases. Musculoskeletal exam reveals a decrease in mobility of the back in all four directions. Which of the following is the best initial step in management of this patient??
{'A': 'Pulmonary function tests', 'B': 'Radiography of the lumbosacral spine', 'C': 'MRI of the sacroiliac joint', 'D': 'CT scan of the chest', 'E': 'Ultrasound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Colonoscopy | Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Over the past six months, he has had an increase in the frequency of his bowel movements and occasional bloody stools. He has hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. His current medications include aspirin, lisinopril, and salmeterol. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 128/75 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The abdomen is soft with no organomegaly. Digital rectal examination shows a large internal hemorrhoid. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Rubber band ligation', 'B': 'Barium enema', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'Capsule endoscopy', 'E': 'Hemorrhoidectomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies with keratin | Q:A 52-year-old man, with a history of alcoholism, presents with loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever for the past 24 hours. He says he consumed 12 beers and a bottle of vodka 2 days ago. He reports a 19-year history of alcoholism. His blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Sodium 137 mEq/L
Potassium 3.4 mEq/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 230 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 470 U/L
Which of the following histopathologic findings would most likely be found on a liver biopsy of this patient??
{'A': 'T-lymphocyte infiltration', 'B': 'Macronodular cirrhosis', 'C': 'Positive periodic acid-Schiff stain', 'D': 'Periportal necrosis', 'E': 'Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies with keratin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Increased pulmonary capillary pressure | Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of epigastric pain, sweating, and breathlessness for 45 minutes. She has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years and drinks 1 glass of wine daily. Her pulse is 105/min and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows:
pH 7.49
pCO2 32 mm Hg
pO2 57 mm Hg
Which of the following is the most likely cause of hypoxemia in this patient?"?
{'A': 'Decreased transpulmonary pressure', 'B': 'Decreased minute ventilation', 'C': 'Increased pulmonary capillary pressure', 'D': 'Decreased total body hemoglobin', 'E': 'Increased pulmonary capillary permeability\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Lactase deficiency | Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of nonbloody diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. When the symptoms began, several of his coworkers had similar symptoms but only for about 3 days. Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness with no guarding or rebound. Stool sampling reveals a decreased stool pH. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's prolonged symptoms??
{'A': 'Intestinal type 1 helper T cells', 'B': 'Anti-endomysial antibodies', 'C': 'Heat-labile toxin', 'D': 'Bacterial superinfection', 'E': 'Lactase deficiency'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intravenous immunoglobulin | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of fever and mild abdominal pain for 7 days. His parents report that he developed a rash 2 days ago. He has had no diarrhea or vomiting. Four weeks ago, he returned from a camping trip to Colorado with his family. His immunization records are unavailable. His temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F), pulse is 111/min, respirations are 27/min, and blood pressure is 96/65 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral conjunctival injections and fissures on his lower lips. The pharynx is erythematous. There is tender cervical lymphadenopathy. The hands and feet appear edematous. A macular morbilliform rash is present over the trunk. Bilateral knee joints are swollen and tender; range of motion is limited by pain. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Oral doxycycline', 'B': 'Oral ibuprofen', 'C': 'Supportive treatment only', 'D': 'Oral penicillin', 'E': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Alternative splicing | Q:Expression of an mRNA encoding for a soluble form of the Fas protein prevents a cell from undergoing programmed cell death. However, after inclusion of a certain exon, this same Fas pre-mRNA eventually leads to the translation of a protein that is membrane bound, subsequently promoting the cell to undergo apoptosis. Which of the following best explains this finding??
{'A': 'Base excision repair', 'B': 'Histone deacetylation', 'C': 'DNA missense mutation', 'D': 'Post-translational modifications', 'E': 'Alternative splicing'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Proper sleep hygiene | Q:A 36-year-old woman complains of difficulty falling asleep over the past 4 months. On detailed history taking, she says that she drinks her last cup of tea at 8:30 p.m. before retiring at 10:30 p.m. She then watches the time on her cell phone on and off for an hour before falling asleep. In the morning, she is tired and makes mistakes at work. Her husband has not noticed excessive snoring or abnormal breathing during sleep. Medical history is unremarkable. She has smoked 5–7 cigarettes daily for 7 years and denies excess alcohol consumption. Her physical examination is normal. Which of the following is the best initial step in the management of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Proper sleep hygiene', 'B': 'Modafinil', 'C': 'Paroxetine', 'D': 'Continuous positive airway pressure', 'E': 'Ropinirole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: ↑ peripheral vascular resistance | Q:A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with upper abdominal pain. He reports vomiting blood 2 times at home. He has smoked 30–40 cigarettes daily for 15 years. He is otherwise well, takes no medications, and abstains from the use of alcohol. While in the emergency department, he vomits bright red blood into a bedside basin and becomes light-headed. Blood pressure is 86/40 mm Hg, pulse 120/min, and respiratory rate 24/min. His skin is cool to touch, pale, and mottled. Which of the following is a feature of this patient’s condition??
{'A': '↑ pulmonary capillary wedge pressure', 'B': '↑ peripheral vascular resistance', 'C': '↓ peripheral vascular resistance ', 'D': 'Initial ↓ of hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration', 'E': 'Inspiratory ↑ of jugular venous pressure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Small black colonies on tellurite agar | Q:An 11-year-old boy presents with a sore throat, fever, chills, and difficulty swallowing for the past 3 days. The patient’s mother says that last night he was short of breath and had a headache. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient has not been vaccinated as his mother thinks it is "unnecessary". His temperature is 38.3°C (101.0°F), blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respiratory rate is 18/min. On physical examination, the patient is ill-appearing and dehydrated. A grayish-white membrane and pharyngeal erythema are present in the oropharynx. Significant cervical lymphadenopathy is also present. A throat swab is taken and gram staining shows gram-positive club-shaped bacilli along with few neutrophils. Which of the following would most likely be the result of the bacterial culture of the throat swab in this patient??
{'A': 'Small black colonies on tellurite agar', 'B': 'Hemolytic black colonies on blood agar', 'C': 'Bluish green colonies on Loeffler’s serum', 'D': 'Metallic green colonies on eosin-methylene blue agar', 'E': 'Greyish-white colonies on Thayer-Martin agar'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Fine needle aspiration with cytology | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his physician for new-onset palpitations and tremors in his right hand. He also feels more active than usual, but with that, he is increasingly feeling fatigued. He lost about 3 kg (6.6 lb) in the last 2 months and feels very anxious about his symptoms. He survived neuroblastoma 15 years ago and is aware of the potential complications. On examination, a nodule around the size of 2 cm is palpated in the right thyroid lobule; the gland is firm and nontender. There is no lymphadenopathy. His blood pressure is 118/75 mm Hg, respirations are 17/min, pulse is 87/min, and temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F). Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Ultrasound examination', 'B': 'Radionuclide thyroid scan', 'C': 'Fine needle aspiration with cytology', 'D': 'Life-long monitoring', 'E': 'Thyroid hormone replacement therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: IgE | Q:A 27-year old male who works on an organic farm is diagnosed with infection by N. americanus, a helminthic parasite. Eosinophils require which antibody isotype to destroy these parasites via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity??
{'A': 'IgA', 'B': 'IgE', 'C': 'IgM', 'D': 'IgD', 'E': 'IgG'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: MacConkey agar | Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being found down outside of a bar. He does not have any identifying information and is difficult to arouse. On presentation, his temperature is 101.2°F (38.4°C), blood pressure is 109/72 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical exam reveals an ill-appearing and disheveled man with labored breathing and coughing productive of viscous red sputum. Lung auscultation demonstrates consolidation of the left upper lobe of the patient. Given these findings, cultures are obtained and broad spectrum antibiotics are administered. Which of the following agar types should be used to culture the most likely organism in this case??
{'A': 'Blood agar', 'B': 'Charcoal yeast extract agar', 'C': 'Eaton agar', 'D': 'Löwenstein-Jensen agar', 'E': 'MacConkey agar'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Autosomal recessive | Q:A 6-year-old girl comes with her parents to the physician’s office to initiate care with a new physician. The patient was recently adopted and her parents do not know her birth history; however, she has had some issues with fatigue. They were told by the adoption agency that the patient has required blood transfusions for “low blood count” in the past but they are not aware of the reason for these transfusions. Her temperature is 37.8°C (99.8°F), blood pressure is 110/84 mmHg, and pulse is 95/min. Physical examination is notable for conjunctival pallor, pale skin, and mild splenomegaly. A complete blood count is taken in the office with the following results:
Hemoglobin: 6.8 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm^3
Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3
Peripheral smear shows echinocytes and further analysis reveals rigid red blood cells. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms has which of the following modes of inheritance??
{'A': 'Autosomal recessive', 'B': 'Autosomal dominant', 'C': 'X-linked dominant', 'D': 'X-linked recessive', 'E': 'Mitochondrial inheritance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cancel the surgery | Q:A 63-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of severe abdominal pain and vomiting for the past 3 hours. She reports previous episodes of abdominal pain that lasted for 10–15 minutes and resolved with antacids. She lives with her daughter and grandchildren. She divorced her husband last year. She is alert and oriented. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), the pulse is 134/min, and the blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg. The abdomen is rigid and diffusely tender. Guarding and rebound tenderness is present. The rectal examination shows a collapsed rectum. Infusion of 0.9% saline is begun, and a CT of the abdomen shows intestinal perforation. The surgeon discusses with the patient the need for emergent exploratory laparotomy and she agrees to the surgery. Written informed consent is obtained. While in the holding area awaiting emergent transport to the operating room, she calls for the surgeon and informs him that she no longer wants the surgery. He explains to her the risks of not performing the surgery and she indicates that she understands, but is adamant about not proceeding with surgery. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Cancel the surgery', 'B': 'Consult the hospital’s ethics committee', 'C': 'Continue with the emergency life-saving surgery', 'D': "Obtain consent from the patient's daughter", 'E': 'Wait until the patient is unconscious, then proceed with surgery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Avoid meat | Q:A 5-year-old boy with developmental delays presents to his pediatrician’s office with an ‘itchy rash’ on the flexor surfaces of his knees, elbows, and around his eyelids. The patient’s mother notes that the rashes have had a relapsing-remitting course since the child was an infant. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows hypopigmentation of the patient’s skin and hair, as well as a musty odor in his sweat and urine. Based on the patient’s symptoms and history, which of the following is the most appropriate dietary recommendation??
{'A': 'Avoid fresh fruits', 'B': 'Avoid meat', 'C': 'Increase intake of bread', 'D': 'Increase intake of dairy products', 'E': 'Switch to diet soda'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Pseudomonas keratitis | Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of progressive pain and blurry vision of his right eye. He has difficulties opening the eye because of pain. His left eye is asymptomatic. He wears contact lenses. He has bronchial asthma treated with inhaled salbutamol. He works as a kindergarten teacher. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 135/75 mm Hg. Examination shows a visual acuity in the left eye of 20/25 and the ability to count fingers at 3 feet in the right eye. A photograph of the right eye is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus keratitis', 'B': 'Pseudomonas keratitis', 'C': 'Angle-closure glaucoma', 'D': 'Herpes simplex keratitis', 'E': 'Herpes zoster keratitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Chvostek sign, QT prolongation, decreased PTH, decreased serum calcium, increased serum phosphate | Q:A 44-year-old caucasian male complains of carpopedal spasms, peri-oral numbness, and paresthesias of the hands and feet. His wife also mentions that he had a seizure not too long ago. His past surgical history is significant for total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid carcinoma. They then realized all of the symptoms occurred after the surgery. Which of the following would be present in this patient??
{'A': 'Chvostek sign, QT prolongation, increased PTH, decreased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphate', 'B': 'Chvostek sign, QT prolongation, decreased PTH, increased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphate', 'C': 'Chvostek sign, QT shortening, increased PTH, increased serum calcium, increased serum phosphate', 'D': 'Chvostek sign, QT prolongation, decreased PTH, decreased serum calcium, increased serum phosphate', 'E': 'Chvostek sign, QT shortening, decreased PTH, decreased serum calcium, increased serum phosphate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis | Q:A previously healthy 11-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of fever, cough, and a runny nose. During this period, he has also had pink, itchy eyes. The patient emigrated from Syria 2 weeks ago. His parents died 6 months ago. He has not yet received any routine childhood vaccinations. He lives at a foster home with ten other refugees; two have similar symptoms. He appears anxious and is sweating. His temperature is 39.2°C (102.5°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctivitis of both eyes. There are multiple bluish-gray lesions on an erythematous background on the buccal mucosa and the soft palate. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications??
{'A': 'Aplastic crisis', 'B': 'Coronary artery aneurysm', 'C': 'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis', 'D': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma', 'E': 'Immune thrombocytopenic purpura'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Synaptophysin | Q:A 31-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 4-week history of worsening headache, nausea, and vomiting. The headache is worse at night. Fundoscopic examination shows swelling of the optic discs. A CT scan of the brain shows a heterogeneous, hyperintense, intraventricular mass. The patient undergoes surgical excision of the mass. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimen confirms that the tumor is of neuronal origin. The cells in this specimen are most likely to stain positive for which of the following immunohistochemical markers??
{'A': 'S-100', 'B': 'Desmin', 'C': 'Synaptophysin', 'D': 'Glial fibrillary acidic protein', 'E': 'Cytokeratin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Herpes simplex infection | Q:A 27-year-old dental radiographer presented to a clinic with red lesions on his palate, right lower and mid-upper lip, as well as one of his fingers. These lesions were accompanied by slight pain, and the patient had a low-grade fever 1 week before the appearance of the lesions. The patient touched the affected area repeatedly, which resulted in bleeding. Two days prior to his visit, he observed a small vesicular eruption on his right index finger, which merged with other eruptions and became cloudy on the day of the visit. He has not had similar symptoms previously. He did not report drug usage. A Tzanck smear was prepared from scrapings of the aforementioned lesions by the attending physician, and multinucleated epithelial giant cells were observed microscopically. According to the clinical presentation and histologic finding, which viral infection should be suspected in this case??
{'A': 'Herpangina', 'B': 'Herpes simplex infection', 'C': 'Hand-foot-and-mouth disease', 'D': 'Varicella-zoster infection', 'E': 'Measles'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Type 1 - anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction | Q:A 7-year-old boy presents to the urgent care from a friends birthday party with trouble breathing. He is immediately placed on supplemental oxygen therapy. His father explains that peanut butter treats were served at the event but he didn’t see his son actually eat one. During the party, his son approached him with facial flushing and some difficulty breathing while itching his face and neck. He was born at 40 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He has met all developmental milestones and is fully vaccinated. Past medical history is significant for peanut allergy and asthma. He carries an emergency inhaler. Family history is noncontributory. His blood pressure is 110/85 mm Hg, the heart rate is 110/min, the respiratory rate is 25/min, and the temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F). On physical examination, he has severe edema over his face and severe audible stridor in both lungs. Of the following, which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this patient experiencing?
?
{'A': 'Type 1 - anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2 - cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3 - immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction ', 'D': 'Type 4 - cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Both A & B'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Haloperidol | Q:A 23-year-old primigravid woman at 8 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of increasing confusion and high-grade fever over the past 16 hours. Three days ago, she was prescribed metoclopramide by her physician for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. She has a history of depression. Current medications include fluoxetine. She is confused and not oriented to time, place, or person. Her temperature is 39.8°C (103.6°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 168/96 mm Hg. Examination shows profuse diaphoresis and flushed skin. Muscle rigidity is present. Her deep tendon reflexes are decreased bilaterally. Mental status examination shows psychomotor agitation. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.2 g/dL
Leukocyte count 17,500/mm3
Serum
Creatinine 1.4 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 45 U/L
AST 122 U/L
ALT 138 U/L
Creatine kinase 1070 U/L
Which of the following drugs is most likely to also cause the condition that is responsible for this patient’s current symptoms?"?
{'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'Succinylcholine', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Dextroamphetamine', 'E': 'Amitriptyline\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Nitric oxide | Q:Which of the following compounds is most responsible for the maintenance of appropriate coronary blood flow??
{'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Norepinephrine', 'C': 'Histamine', 'D': 'Nitric oxide', 'E': 'VEGF'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decreased sensation over the cheekbone, nasolabial fold, and the upper lip | Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of progressively worsening headaches and fatigue. She has also had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss in the same time period. MRI of the head shows a hyperintense mass with extension into the right foramen rotundum. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Decreased sensation over the cheekbone, nasolabial fold, and the upper lip', 'B': 'Hemiatrophy of the tongue with right-sided deviation when protruded', 'C': 'Abnormal taste of the distal tongue and decreased sensation behind the ear', 'D': 'Absent corneal reflex and decreased sensation of the forehead', 'E': 'Masseter and temporalis muscle wasting with jaw deviation to the right'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hypertension | Q:A 38-year-old male presents to his primary care doctor with 8 months of uncontrollable anxiety. He states that he experiences overwhelming anxiety and worry in peforming just ordinary tasks of daily living. He is started on venlafaxine for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following is a potential side effect of this medication??
{'A': 'Priapism', 'B': 'Seizures', 'C': 'Weight gain', 'D': 'Hypertension', 'E': 'Increased urination'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ectopic pregnancy | Q:A 27-year-old woman seeks an evaluation from her gynecologist complaining of vaginal discharge. She has been sexually active with 3 partners for the past year. Recently, she has been having pain during intercourse. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99.1°F), the blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, and the pulse is 78/min. The genital examination is positive for cervical motion tenderness. Even with treatment, which of the following complications is most likely to occur later in this patient's life??
{'A': 'Small bowel obstruction', 'B': 'Spontaneous abortion', 'C': 'Leiomyoma', 'D': 'Ectopic pregnancy', 'E': 'Condyloma acuminatum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Periosteum | Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of progressive left leg pain for the past 2 months. The pain is worse while running and at night. Examination of the left leg shows swelling and tenderness proximal to the knee. Laboratory studies show an alkaline phosphatase level of 200 U/L. An x-ray of the left leg shows sclerosis, cortical destruction, and new bone formation in the soft tissues around the distal femur. There are multiple spiculae radiating perpendicular to the bone. This patient's malignancy is most likely derived from cells in which of the following structures??
{'A': 'Periosteum', 'B': 'Bone marrow', 'C': 'Cartilage', 'D': 'Epiphyseal plate', 'E': 'Neural crest\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Antagonist at bradykinin receptor | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of progressive shortness of breath, difficulty speaking, and diffuse, colicky abdominal pain for the past 3 hours. Yesterday he underwent a tooth extraction. His father and a paternal uncle have a history of repeated hospitalizations for upper airway and orofacial swelling. The patient takes no medications. His blood pressure is 112/62 mm Hg. Examination shows edematous swelling of the lips, tongue, arms, and legs; there is no rash. Administration of a drug targeting which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate for this patient??
{'A': 'Antagonist at histamine receptor', 'B': 'Agonist at androgen receptor', 'C': 'Antagonist at bradykinin receptor', 'D': 'Inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme', 'E': 'Agonist at glucocorticoid receptor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Propylthiouracil | Q:A 25-year-old female with a history of childhood asthma presents to clinic complaining of a three month history of frequent, loose stools. She currently has three to four bowel movements per day, and she believes that these episodes have been getting worse and are associated with mild abdominal pain. She also endorses seeing red blood on the toilet tissue. On further questioning, she also endorses occasional palpitations over the past few months. She denies fevers, chills, headache, blurry vision, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, nausea, or vomiting. She describes her mood as slightly irritable and she has been sleeping poorly. A review of her medical chart reveals a six pound weight loss since her visit six months ago, but she says her appetite has been normal. The patient denies any recent illness or travel. She is a non-smoker. Her only current medication is an oral contraceptive pill.
Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 104/min, blood pressure is 95/65 mmHg, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, the physician notes that her thyroid gland appears symmetrically enlarged but is non-tender to palpation. Upon auscultation there is an audible thyroid bruit. Her cranial nerve is normal and ocular exam reveals exophthalmos. Her abdomen is soft and non-tender to palpation. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ throughout. Lab results are as follows:
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
K+: 4.1 mEq/L
Cl-: 104 mEq/L
HCO3-: 26 mEql/L
BUN: 18 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL
Hemoglobin: 14.0 g/dL
Leukocyte count: 7,400/mm^3
Platelet count 450,000/mm^3
TSH & Free T4: pending
A pregnancy test is negative. The patient is started on propranolol for symptomatic relief. What is the most likely best next step in management for this patient??
{'A': 'IV hydrocortisone', 'B': 'Propylthiouracil', 'C': 'Adalimumab', 'D': 'Thyroid scintigraphy with I-123', 'E': 'Surgical thyroidectomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: ATP-binding cassette transporter dysfunction | Q:A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing visual loss and deterioration of his hearing and speech over the past 2 months. During this period, he has had difficulty walking, using the stairs, and feeding himself. His teachers have noticed that he has had difficulty concentrating. His grades have worsened and his handwriting has become illegible. His maternal male cousin had similar complaints and died at the age of 6 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows hyperpigmented skin and nails and an ataxic gait. His speech is dysarthric. Neurologic examination shows spasticity and decreased muscle strength in all extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 4+ bilaterally. Plantar reflex shows an extensor response bilaterally. Sensation is decreased in the lower extremities. Fundoscopy shows optic atrophy. There is sensorineural hearing loss bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'β-Glucocerebrosidase deficiency', 'B': 'ATP-binding cassette transporter dysfunction', 'C': 'Arylsulfatase A deficiency', 'D': 'Lysosomal galactocerebrosidase deficiency', 'E': 'α-Galactosidase A deficiency'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Sepsis | Q:A 30-year-old male gang member is brought to the emergency room with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. The patient was intubated and taken for an exploratory laparotomy, which found peritoneal hemorrhage and injury to the small bowel. He required 5 units of blood during this procedure. Following the operation, the patient was sedated and remained on a ventilator in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). The next day, a central line is placed and the patient is started on total parenteral nutrition. Which of the following complications is most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Cholelithiasis', 'B': 'Hypocalcemia', 'C': 'Mesenteric ischemia', 'D': 'Refeeding syndrome', 'E': 'Sepsis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Binds to a nuclear receptor | Q:A 34-year-old woman presents to the office with weight gain despite her dietary modifications. She also says she has associated constipation and feels she has no energy. She says she often feels the ambient temperature is too cold these days. Her past medical history is insignificant. Her blood pressure is 140/85 mm Hg, the pulse is 60/min, the temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F), and the respirations are 22/min. On physical examination, deep tendon reflexes are 1+ at the right ankle, which has a delayed relaxation phase. A hormone deficiency disorder is suspected and blood samples are sent to the lab for investigation. The laboratory report confirms the suspicion, and the patient is prescribed a synthetic hormone. How does this hormone most likely act to produce its cellular effects??
{'A': 'Increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)', 'B': 'Increases intake of iodine by thyroid cells', 'C': 'Binds to a nuclear receptor', 'D': 'Activates tyrosine kinase', 'E': 'Increases activity of phospholipase C'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Have the baby sleep in supine position | Q:A 4-month-old African-American infant is brought to the pediatrician for a well-baby check up. He was born at term through a normal vaginal delivery and has been well since. His 4-year old brother has sickle-cell disease. He is exclusively breastfed and receives vitamin D supplements. His immunizations are up-to-date. He appears healthy. His length is at the 70th percentile and weight is at the 75th percentile. Cardiopulmonary examination is normal. His mother has heard reports of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) being common in his age group and would like to hear more information about it. Which of the following is the most important recommendation to prevent this condition??
{'A': 'Have the baby sleep with the parent', 'B': 'Have the baby sleep in supine position', 'C': 'Make sure that no one smokes around the baby', 'D': 'Use soft bedding and pillows for the baby', 'E': 'Cardiorespiratory monitoring of the baby at home\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Para-amino hippuric acid | Q:Renal clearance of substance Y is experimentally studied. At a constant glomerular filtration rate, it is found that the amount of substance Y excreted is greater than the amount filtered. This holds true across all physiologic values on the titration curve. Substance Y is most similar to which of the following??
{'A': 'Albumin', 'B': 'Magnesium', 'C': 'Bicarbonate', 'D': 'Para-amino hippuric acid', 'E': 'Glucose'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Macrophages | Q:A 14-year-old Caucasian female commits suicide by drug overdose. Her family decides to donate her organs, and her heart is removed for donation. After removing the heart, the cardiothoracic surgeon notices flat yellow spots on the inside of her aorta. Which of the following cell types predominate in these yellow spots??
{'A': 'Fibroblasts', 'B': 'Macrophages', 'C': 'Endothelium', 'D': 'T-cells', 'E': 'Neutrophils'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Fatty casts | Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician by her mother because of puffiness under both eyes in the morning. The mother reports that the child has just recovered from a seasonal influenza infection a few days ago. Vital signs include: temperature 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 100/67 mm Hg, and pulse 95/min. On examination, there is facial edema and bilateral 2+ pitting edema over the legs. Laboratory results are shown:
Serum albumin 2.1 g/dL
Serum triglycerides 200 mg/dL
Serum cholesterol 250 mg/dL
Urine dipstick 4+ protein
Which of the following casts are more likely to be present in this patient’s urine??
{'A': 'Fatty casts', 'B': 'Red cell casts', 'C': 'White cell casts', 'D': 'Granular casts', 'E': 'Waxy casts'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Intranasal naloxone | Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her son for altered mental status. She recently had a right knee arthroplasty and was discharged 2 days ago. Her medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, for which she takes metformin and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. She also had left cataract surgery 1 year ago. Her temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 99/70 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 8/min. Her exam is notable for anisocoria with an irregularly shaped left pupil and a 1 mm in diameter right pupil. She opens her eyes and withdraws all of her limbs to loud voice and painful stimulation. Her fingerstick glucose level is 79. The patient does not have any intravenous access at this time. What is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Computed tomography of head without contrast', 'B': 'Forced air warmer', 'C': 'Intranasal naloxone', 'D': 'Intubate', 'E': 'Orange juice by mouth'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cautery of an arteriovenous malformation | Q:A 71-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of blood in his stool. The patient states that he is not experiencing any pain during defecation and is without pain currently. The patient recently returned from a camping trip where he consumed meats cooked over a fire pit and drank water from local streams. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, diabetes, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis that is in remission, and a 70 pack-year smoking history. The patient has a family history of breast cancer in his mother and prostate cancer in his father. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 160/87 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an obese man in no current distress. Abdominal exam reveals a non-tender and non-distended abdomen with normal bowel sounds. An abdominal radiograph and barium swallow are within normal limits. Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Cautery of an arteriovenous malformation', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'C': 'Mesalamine enema', 'D': 'Surgical removal of malignant tissue', 'E': 'Surgical resection of a portion of the colon'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Myeloperoxidase | Q:A 61-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with fatigue, weight loss, and muscle aches. He has experienced these symptoms for the past year but initially attributed them to stress at his work as an attorney. However, over the past month, he has developed intermittent fevers associated with a skin rash that prompted him to seek medical evaluation. He denies any recent history of asthma, rhinitis, hematuria, or difficulty breathing. He is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. He has a distant history of cocaine abuse but has not used any drugs in 30 years. His family history is notable for pancreatic cancer in his father and inflammatory bowel disease in his sister. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, rales are heard at the bilateral lung bases. S1 and S2 are normal. Strength is 5/5 in the bilateral upper and lower extremities and his gait is normal. Palpable purpura are noted on his trunk and bilateral upper and lower extremities. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein are both elevated. This patient’s condition is associated with antibodies directed against which of the following enzymes??
{'A': 'Complement component 1q', 'B': 'Myeloperoxidase', 'C': 'Tissue transglutaminase', 'D': 'Topoisomerase-1', 'E': 'Type IV collagen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Clarify the daughter's reasons for the request | Q:A 62-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter for the evaluation of weight loss and a bloody cough that began 3 weeks ago. Twenty years ago, she had a major depressive episode and a suicide attempt. Since then, her mental status has been stable. She lives alone and takes care of all her activities of daily living. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. She does not take any medications. An x-ray of the chest shows a central solitary nodule in the right lung; bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy shows a small cell lung cancer. A CT scan of the abdomen shows multiple metastatic lesions within the liver. The patient previously designated her daughter as her healthcare decision-maker. As the physician goes to reveal the diagnosis to the patient, the patient's daughter is waiting outside her room. The daughter asks the physician not to tell her mother the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the physician??
{'A': 'Ask the patient if she wants to know the truth', 'B': 'Disclose the diagnosis to the patient', 'C': 'Withhold the diagnosis from the patient', 'D': 'Encourage the daughter to disclose the diagnosis to her mother', 'E': "Clarify the daughter's reasons for the request"}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Skin | Q:A 61-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office complaining of morning headaches of 6 weeks duration. A head MRI reveals a likely metastasis of unknown origin in the supratentorial region of the brain. On biopsy, the neoplastic mass is shown to have a mutation in BRAF, a protein kinase, in which a glutamic acid is substituted for valine at position 600 of the protein. Where did this metastasis most likely originate??
{'A': 'Stomach', 'B': 'Breast', 'C': 'Bone', 'D': 'Skin', 'E': 'Brain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: CT angiography of the head | Q:A 53-year-old man presents with a 2-year-history of dull, nonspecific flank pain that subsides with rest. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has no allergies and takes no medications. His father died of kidney disease at the age of 51, and his mother has been treated for ovarian cancer. On presentation, his blood pressure is 168/98 mm Hg, and his heart rate is 102/min. Abdominal examination is significant for palpable bilateral renal masses. His laboratory tests are significant for creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL and a BUN of 22 mg/dL. Which of the following tests is most recommended in this patient??
{'A': 'Stress echocardiography', 'B': 'Coronary angiography', 'C': 'CT angiography of the head', 'D': 'Chest X-ray', 'E': 'Serum measurement of alpha-fetoprotein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: IP3 | Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to her physician's office for a postpartum check-up. She gave birth to a 38-week-old boy via an uncomplicated vaginal delivery 3 weeks ago and has been exclusively breastfeeding her son. The hormone most responsible for promoting milk let-down during lactation in this new mother would lead to the greatest change in the level of which of the following factors??
{'A': 'cAMP', 'B': 'cGMP', 'C': 'IP3', 'D': 'Ras', 'E': 'Phospholipase A'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hypoalbuminemia | Q:A 51-year-old man presents to the office with complaints of a gradual swelling of his face and frothy urine, which was first noticed by his wife 4 days ago. He also noticed that his limbs appear swollen. His past medical history include diabetes mellitus for the past 10 years. He is currently on metformin and has well-controlled blood sugar and HbA1c levels. He does not smoke and drinks alcohol occasionally. His laboratory results during his last visit 6 months ago were normal. On physical examination, there is pitting edema in the lower extremities and on his face. His vital signs include: blood pressure 121/78 mm Hg, pulse 77/min, temperature 36.7°C (98.1°F), and respiratory rate 10/min.
The urinalysis shows:
pH 6.2
Color light yellow
RBC none
WBC 3–4/HPF
Protein 4+
Cast fat globules
Glucose absent
Crystal none
Ketone absent
Nitrite absent
24-hour urine protein excretion 5.1 g
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the generalized edema in this patient??
{'A': 'Hypoalbuminemia', 'B': 'Hypertension', 'C': 'Hyperlipidemia', 'D': 'Loss of antithrombin III in the urine', 'E': 'Loss of globulin in the urine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased total lung capacity (TLC) | Q:A 47-year-old man presents to a physician with a chronic cough and recurrent episodes of dyspnea for the last 3 years. He has visited multiple physicians but gained only temporary and partial relief. He has been hospitalized 3 times for severe exacerbations of his symptoms over the last 3 years. He has been a smoker for the last 17 years. He has a family history of allergic disorders in his father and brother. He is a farmer by profession. His past medical records do not suggest any specific diagnosis and his recent chest radiographs also show nonspecific findings. After a detailed physical examination, the physician orders a spirometric evaluation. The flow-volume loop obtained during the test is given. Which of the following findings is most likely to be present in the report of his pulmonary function test??
{'A': 'Normal FEV1', 'B': 'Normal FEV1/FVC', 'C': 'Increased FEF25-75', 'D': 'Increased total lung capacity (TLC)', 'E': 'Decreased functional residual capacity (FRC)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Administer desmopressin | Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency department for fatigue and feeling off for the past week. He has not had any sick contacts and states that he can’t think of any potential preceding symptoms or occurrence to explain his presentation. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. His temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 125/65 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below.
Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 197,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 147 mEq/L
Cl-: 105 mEq/L
K+: 4.1 mEq/L
HCO3-: 26 mEq/L
BUN: 21 mg/dL
Glucose: 100 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L
Urine:
Appearance: clear
Specific gravity: 1.003
The patient is admitted to the floor, a water deprivation test is performed, and his urine studies are repeated yet unchanged. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Administer demeclocycline', 'B': 'Administer desmopressin', 'C': 'Administer hypotonic fluids', 'D': 'Obtain a serum renin:aldosterone ratio', 'E': 'Perform a head CT'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio | Q:A 45-year-old male with a 15-year history of diabetes mellitus presents to his primary care provider for a routine checkup. His doctor is concerned about his renal function and would like to order a test to detect renal impairment. Which of the following is the most sensitive test for detecting renal impairment in diabetic patients??
{'A': 'Cystatin C levels', 'B': 'Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio', 'C': 'Hemoglobin A1C', 'D': 'Urine protein dipstick', 'E': 'Urinalysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Acetaminophen | Q:After receiving a positive newborn screening result, a 2-week-old male infant is brought to the pediatrician for a diagnostic sweat test. The results demonstrated chloride levels of 65 mmol/L (nl < 29 mmol/L). Subsequent DNA sequencing revealed a 3 base pair deletion in a transmembrane cAMP-activated ion channel known to result in protein instability and early degradation. The physician discusses with the parents that the infant will develop respiratory infections due to improper mucus clearance and reviews various mucolytic agents, such as one that cleaves disulfide bonds between mucus glycoproteins thereby loosening the mucus plug. This mucolytic can also be used as a treatment for which of the following overdoses??
{'A': 'Opioids', 'B': 'Acetaminophen', 'C': 'Cyanide', 'D': 'Benzodiazepines', 'E': 'Salicylates'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Homogentisic acid oxidase | Q:A 25-year-old man comes to the office because of pain in his left shoulder. He says that this pain started 3 years ago and has progressively worsened. He denies joint trauma, fever, dysuria, or morning stiffness. He says that his urine turns black after it is exposed to air and has done so since childhood. He has one sexual partner and they regularly use condoms. His pulse is 72/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows bilateral scleral darkening and point tenderness upon palpation of his right elbow, left knee, and shoulder. Leukocyte count is 6,000/mm3. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient??
{'A': 'Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase', 'B': 'Cystathionine synthase deficiency', 'C': 'Homogentisic acid oxidase', 'D': 'Phenylalanine hydroxylase', 'E': 'Propionyl-CoA carboxylase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Partial molar pregnancy | Q:A 26-year-old primigravid woman comes to the emergency department because of a 10-hour history of vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. She also had nausea and fatigue for the past 4 weeks. Her last menstrual period was 9 weeks ago. There is no history of medical illness. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 9-week gestation. A urine pregnancy test is positive. β-HCG level is 108,000 mIU/mL (N < 5 mIU/mL). Transvaginal ultrasonography shows unclear, amorphous fetal parts and a large placenta with multiple cystic spaces. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Complete molar pregnancy', 'B': 'Inevitable abortion', 'C': 'Choriocarcinoma', 'D': 'Partial molar pregnancy', 'E': 'Placental abruption'}, |