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A very rare U.S. instance of German Expressionist architecture has been discovered in an old German neighborhood in Chicago. Expressionist buildings are not common even in their native land. Most of them were designed by the group of architects associated with Bruno Taut and the Arbeitstrat für die Kunst. The Weimar Republic period was the most fertile for the movement, when the mostly leftist architects hoped a socialist revolution was imminent yet felt powerless to help it along or even build much--hence their buildings' free-flowing lines at cross-purposes with each other. On the near northwest side of Chicago, there is an apartment building which has a unique feature in its brickwork that Larry Zgoda speculates may be a connection to the German Expressionist architecture of the early 20th Century. The multi-unit apartment building is on the 1800 block of West Patterson and has several elements of romantic architecture including barley twist downspouts, ornamental iron, and carved stone shields. On one corner of the entry there a treatment in the brickwork that is reminiscent of the vertically dramatic compositions of German Expressionist architecture, especially the Chilehaus-Spitze, in Hamburg.

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On a hot summer's day, you can't beat a tall glass of ice water to cool things off. In the far northern regions of Canada, the people of Nunavut are hoping that a glass of iceberg water might be even better. The plan is to harvest icebergs that have calved off nearby glaciers, melt them, bottle the water, and market it as clean drinking water to those who crave a taste of the Arctic. The project, which was put together by the Qikiqtaaluk Corp. and Pure Berg of Canada, would in part benefit the indigenous Inuit people who have inhabited the region for thousands of years. Matthew Spence, the development manager, explains that iceberg water is free of any modern pollutants because it was frozen 10,000 years ago, at least in some cases. Although Spence himself does not care for the distinctive taste of the ancient water, he reports that he has had a positive response from several Asian nations, and particularly from the health food sector. The corporation will pay $200 a ton for icebergs, which break off the glaciers by the thousands during the summer and float into Cumberland Sound and Davis Strait. The ice will be hauled onto ships, stored in waterproof containers, and transported to bottling plants. If iceberg water catches on somewhere - anywhere - Spence predicts that a bottling plant could be built locally providing a year-round flow of iceberg water and needed jobs to local people.

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You should not correct your child until you know for sure that he or she is old enough to understand what constitutes misbehavior. This means the child is capable of learning rules, remembering them, and applying them to guide his or her own behavior. Children Under Age 3 Most children under the age of three cannot understand these rules yet. Patient, persistent, and positive instruction is the order of the day, showing preverbal children how to behave with playful demonstration, making it a game of imitation. Games of imitation are very powerful ways to teach a preverbal child who naturally wants to copy what his parents can do. If your child grows tired and loses interest or resists what you want to teach, redirect her attention to something else. Bring the child back to the task at a later time to continue learning. The formula for much disciplinary training in early childhood is: PLAY + PATIENCE + PRACTICE + POSITIVE ATTENTION = PRODUCTIVE INSTRUCTION When you need to correct your young child to discourage unwanted behavior (such as hitting) or unsafe behavior (throwing things), use the headshake “No.” Gently clasp the child's hands, look him in the eye, and with a serious (not angry) expression, shake your head three times, and softly but clearly repeat the word “no.” Wait a few seconds for understanding to sink in, then normalize the relationship by giving him a smile and a hug. When the child safely avoids doing what you have corrected, or has done what you wanted, be sure to reward that performance with approval and praise. You must be especially sensitive when you correct your very young child. Expressing disapproval of actions you do not like before the child is old enough to know better only frightens and confuses the little boy or girl. For example, suppose your son spills a large glass of juice because he tried to lift it with just one hand, and now there is a mess to clean up when you were ready to relax. It's easy for you to feel angry because this event seems like something that could have been avoided. Once angered, you may be tempted to make a corrective response. Remember: Children will want to learn if their efforts are encouraged and rewarded, but they will be reluctant to learn if their efforts are criticized and punished. What is really called for, however, is an instructional response: re-education. “Next time when you lift a glass so big, use two hands instead of one, like this. Now let's get two towels from the kitchen and you and I can clean up the spill.” Afterward, thank him for helping to clean up. You may also want to practice carrying the glass with two hands so actions can reinforce his understanding. Children Over Age 3 With older children who have learned language skills, you can explain things because they now can understand from being specifically told. What you tell them must be specific and operational, not general and abstract. Tell your five-year-old to “clean up” her room, and you may get toys pushed out of sight under the bed, which is not what you meant by “clean up.” To say what you mean, specify the actions you want your son or daughter to take, give them one at a time, and sequence them until the whole job is done. “First, I want you to pick your toys up off the floor and put them in the toy chest.” When this part of the task has been accomplished, reward it with your appreciation, and then move on to the next task in the sequence. “Now I want you to take the dirty clothes on your bed and put them in the laundry basket in the hall.” If you don't give enough specific information about what you ask her to do, your child's performance will not match up with your intent. For very young children, positive responses, playful gaming, redirection, re-education, and an occasional use of the headshake “No” for correction should be all the discipline a parent needs to provide. If you have a willful child who has a hard time accepting “No,” then choose not to say the word at all. Offer the child alternative choices instead. Rather than declare, “You can't use that tool,” say, “Here are some other tools I have that I can show you how to play with instead.” You are teaching her that even when her first choice isn't allowed, other desirable choices are still available. What willful children want in particular, more than any specific object or activity, is the power of choice. So rather than just forbid what they want, offer them a number of other choices that are interesting to them and acceptable to you.

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The Democratic convention had met at Charleston, S. C., in the preceding month (23 April 1860) hopelessly divided. Douglas held a decided preponderance over all opponents but not a two-thirds majority as required by the party usage. He had offended the South beyond forgiveness by his course in the debates with Lincoln hardly less than by his contumacy on the Kansas issue. The North refused to yield and the convention split into two angry factions without nomination by either. Eventu ally two Democratic candidates were presented, Douglas being named by the Northern wing and John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky by the Southern minority. A fourth ticket, headed by John Bell of Tennessee, appealed to the neutral element and proved stronger than was expected; it prevailed in three of the slave holding States whose electoral votes aggre gated 39. While division in the dominant party lent encouragement and vigor to the Republican campaign it can hardly be doubted that the pro-slavery element would have failed in any event. Lincoln received 180 electoral votes, all from the North, and Breckenridge 72, all from the South. Douglas carried Missouri only, but through a fusion agreement obtained three elec toral votes from New Jersey, a total of 15. The popular vote, however, varied remark ably, that of Breckenridge being but a trifle more than that accorded to Bell. Douglas out stripped the former by more than half a mil lion and fell behind Lincoln by a slightly lower number. The combined opposition polled nearly a million more votes than were cast for the candidate whose majority in the electoral col lege was 57 over all. Lincoln never forgot that he was a minority President, nor that his nomination had come from a convention was two-thirds for the other fellow' To his analytical mind these circumstances evinced a confused state of public feeling and opinion calling for caution no less than firmness in the exec n of is official t he in erva w t e e ection and inau guration day (4 March 1861) was utilized by the southernmost States in perfecting measures of secession. Though it was well known that the incoming administration intended no inter ference with slavery where it already existed, its protagonists were stung to the quick by the decision of the country to confine the sys tem to a limited area, and that upon tilt avowed ground that it was both politically and morally a wrong. Such a decision they regarded as insulting, but more than that, they perceived that it placed their cherished institution, as Lincoln had phrased it, °in the course of ulti mate extinction.* Their resentment and their fears led to speedy action. Pretexts for dis solving the Union were not wanting; the thought was not new. Buchanan, confused and terrified by the situation, interposed no obstac les.. In his message to the new Congress (3 Dec. 1860) he easily demonstrated the utter illegality of all attempts to secede, but with astonishing want of logic maintained that the Federal government possessed no lawful right to resist secession. In a word, that a nation ordained to be perpetual could not defend its perpetuity without breaking the law of its being. The result was that when the President elect arose to repeat the inaugural oath, with its specific obligations to protect and defend the national Constitution and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, the forms of secession were already accomplished and a new nation, call slave," was asserting its separate existence. The inaugural address, as tactfully as the case would admit, but without the slightest hint of uncertainty, declared that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union was un broken; that all resolves and ordinances of attempted secession were legally void; and that so far as the means were provided the Presi dent would execute the laws in all the States alike. The rest was a calm review of the grounds of dissension and a moving appeal to the minds and hearts of all lovers of the Union for a peaceable settlement and a resumption of healing friendships. The address made no im pression in the South except as its moderation was construed as a sign of weakness. The North indeed failed to grasp its real signifi cance. As a declaration of policy it never stood in need of revision or enlargement. Doc trine, duty, purpose and method are all clearly defined; only the wisdom, perseverance, re sourcefulness and will of the speaker were as yet unknown. With sagacity which seemed to border on rashness he summoned to his Cabinet the four principal leaders who had contested his nomination, Seward, Chase, Bates and. Cameron. At least two of these deemed them selves vastly superior to their chief in all the qualities of statesmanship. Their great abil ities served the country well, but the President's mastery was not long in doubt. Carefully avoiding acts of aggression, and with equal care declining to recognize by word or deed the claims of the so-called Confederate government, he waited for the crystallization of Union senti ment. It came with the assault upon Fort Sumter and its enforced surrender, 14 April. 1861. The following day he proclaimed a state of insurrection, called forth the militia to the number of 75,000 and summoned Congress to• assemble on the ensuing 4th of July. Four days later a blockade of some of the Southern ports was announced. Other measures of de • fense were taken, including calls for volunteers to re-enforce the regular army and navy, sus- pension of the writ of habeas corpus in dis affected quarters, extension of the blockade, and the like, all in harmony with the declared purpose to protect the Union and execute its laws. Pending the meeting of Congress loyal sentiment gradually strengthened. In a mes sage of great power the case for the govern ment was explained and enforced. All sug gested legislation was promptly enacted. The South, more firmly united and not less deter mined, plunged into a military struggle and four years of bloody warfare ensued. The story of battles and campaigns must here be omitted; neither can the civil history of that troubled period he narrated except in barest outline. There were many in the loyal whose resentment of Southern domination led them to favor separation as a fortunate rid dance. Others accepted the extreme view of State rights, including the right of secession. Many shrank from civil war and would con sent to disunion rather than fight. The aboli tionists would make the war a means of de stroying slavery forthwith, while the President and a vast majority of his party were com mitted to the doctrine that abolition could not lawfully be enforced. These must unite, if at all, upon the single purpose of saving the Union. The avowal of any other aim within the first year inevitably would have the national cause. Lincoln almost alone per ceived that the one unifying appeal must be, kept in the foreground, and with undying patience, disregarding ridicule, distrust and ob loquy, he restrained rashness, encouraged the timid, reassured the doubtful, persuaded the hostile. At bottom his title to enduring fame. rests upon his unerring comprehension of the great task before him and his matchless in putting into timely and convincing the fundamental truths to which the minds of honest men at last must yield. Slavery which had invoked the sword perished by the sword. Emancipation came (1 Jan. 1863) not of set purpose but as a by-product of national self preservation. Neither side expected it. °Each," as stated in the second inaugural, . . . a result less fundamental and as tounding." But Lincoln's credit for the event is no less because he waited for an occasion to strike lawfully and with assured effect. It must have given him intense satisfaction. °I am naturally anti-slavery," he wrote to A. C. Hodges, 4 April 1864. aIf slavery is not wrong nothing is wrong. I cannot remember I did not so think and feel. Yet I have never understood that the presidency conferred upon: me an right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling." Emancipation; when it came, was purely a military expedient, a blow at the economic resources of • a public enemy. °I felt," he stated in the same letter, *that measures otherwise unconstitutional might become lawful by becoming indispensable to the preservation of the Constitution the preservation of the nation. Right or wrong I assumed that ground and now avow it. I could not feel that, to the best of my ability, I had even tried to preserve the' if, to save slavery or any minor matter, I should: permit the wreck of the government, country and Constitution all together." He had pre-, pared well for the finishing stroke by proposing and urging a settlement on the basis of pensated emancipation. Logically, enemy prop erty, especially that which the owner refused to sell, might be seized for military purposes.. But only such as could be captured fell within that rule, hence a doubt as to the legal effect of a mere announcement of freedom to slaves not within military reach. This doubt was practically solved by the President's emphatic: declaration that he would never retract or modify the edict of emancipation nor return to slavery any person freed by its terms. This was repeated in his last annual message (6 Dec. 1864), this final assurance being added: °If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re-enslave such persons another and not I must be their instrument to perform it." Negro regiments helped to extend the military lines which ulti mately carried the reality no less than the promise of freedom to every slave. The 13th amendment to the Constitution was but the mal recognition of a fact already accomplished.

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Cloth and Clothing in Early Anglo-Saxon England by Penelope Walton Rogers This archaeological study of textiles and costume considers all aspects of Early Anglo-Saxon clothing - how textiles were made in the Early Anglo-Saxon settlements, how the cloth was fashioned into garments, and the nature of the clasps and jewellery with which the clothes were worn. It is both a practical guide to the manufacture of clothing and a review of the significance of textiles and costume within Anglo-Saxon society. Info: ISBN 1 902771 54 0, 150 ills including colour reconstruction drawings, 350pp Sorry, out of print | online archive Penelope Walton Rogers - Support Us

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- Early Childhood - Adult Literacy Collaborative Center for Literacy Development Literacy Resources Clearinghouse The clearinghouse includes books, journals, aritcles, research reports, organizations and more for enhancing the instructional practices of Kentucky's educators. Use the search field below to find resources according to Author, titles, year published, type or keywords. You can also browse resouces through the filter option which provides a broader search interface. All resouces can be exported in a variety of formats including Rich Text Format (RTF), XML, BibTex and Google Scholar. Filters: First Letter Of Title is W [Clear All Filters] Writing to Learn across the Curriculum: Tools for Comprehension in Content Area Classes. Reading Teacher. 59(5),(2006). Whole-to-parts phonics instruction: Building on what children know to help them know more.. The Reading Teacher. 52(5),(1999). What research says about parent involvement in children’s education in relation to academic achievement. . Michigan Department of Education Decision Making Yardstick.(2002). What Makes Professional Development Effective: Results from a National Sample of Teachers. American Educational Research Journal. 38(4),(2001). What every teacher needs to know about comprehension. The Reading Teacher. 58(3),(2004).

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Color is objective; color is subjective. A color that is perfect in one instance is useless in another. Color is complexity personified. The use of color implies a knowledge, or at least an awareness, not only of the mechanics of color, but also of the formal, psychological, and cultural problems involved. Color cannot be separated from its physical environment without changing. It is imposible to define cold without contrasting it with heat. It is imposible to comprehend life if death is ignored. Black IS the color of death, but by virtue of this same psychological fact it is also the color of life - it defines, contrasts, and enhances life, light, and color. It is through the artist's awareness of black as a polar element and consequently of its paradoxical nature that the color black can be appreciated and effectively used. And the artist must not forget that its neutrality makes black the common denominator of a multicolored world. The following are but a few instances of our everyday experiences in which the magical, almost hypnotic, effects of repetition operate: the exciting spectacle of marching soldiers in the same dress, same step and same attitude; the fascination of neatly arranged flower beds of like color, structure, and texture; the impressive sight of crowds at football games, theaters, public demonstrations; the satisfaction we derive from the geometric patterns created by ballet dancers and chorus girls with identical costumes and movements; the feeling of order evoked by rows of methodically placed packages on the grocer's shelf; the comforting effect of the regularity of repeating patterns in textiles and wallpapers; the excitement we experience at the sight of plane formations or migrating flocks of birds. A trademark is a picture. It is a symbol a sign an emblem an escutcheon ...an image. There are good symbols... like the cross. There are others... like the swastika. Their meanings are taken from reality. Symbols are a duality. They take on meaning from causes ...good or bad. And they give meaning to causes... good or bad. The flag is a symbol of a country. The cross is a symbol of religion. The swastika was a symbol of good luck until its meaning was changed. The vitality of a symbol comes from effective dissemination... by the state by the community by the church by the corporation. It needs attending to get attention. The trademark is a symbol of a corporation. It is not a sign of quality, it is a sign of THE quality. The trademark for Chanel smells as good as the perfume it stands for. This is the blending of form and content. Trademarks are animate inanimate organic geometric. They are letters ideograms monograms colors things. Ideally they do not illustrate they indicate... not represent but suggest... and are stated with brevity and wit. A trademark is created by a designer and made by a corporation. A trademark is a picture an image... the image of a corporation.

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Sea and Land Breezes During the day, land gets heated by the Sun much quicker than does water. As the land becomes warmer, it heats the air in the atmosphere above it. This causes the air to expand, becoming less dense, and thus creating a low pressure. Because water heats up much less quickly, air above the ocean also takes longer to increase in temperature. The result is that a higher pressure is maintained. With a high pressure above the water and a lower pressure above the land, conditions are perfect for a small breeze to develop. Wind blows from the sea towards the land along the pressure gradient in an attempt to equalize pressure. This is known as a sea breeze. In the night, land cools down much quicker than does the waters of the ocean. As the land becomes cooler, so does the air above it. This results in air becoming more dense, forming a high pressure, causing winds to blow outward towards the sea. This is known as a land breeze. Thus, in the day we often see sea breezes, while in the evening we see land breezes in coastal regions.

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In China, the peach is a special symbol for longevity. Native to China, peaches have been in cultivation there for thousands of years. Records indicate orcharding practices from 1600 B.C. and ornamental garden usage since about 500 A.D. Easy to grow from seed, they traveled the Silk Road to Persia and on into Europe by about 300 A.D. The peach tree was first introduced by settlers in Florida or on the Gulf Coast in the middle of the 16th century. They were so fast-growing and popular with Native Americans that they were spread throughout the South and naturalized to the point that early botanists thought they were native to America. The peach became a very important crop in early American colonies. Thomas Jefferson was particularly fond of peaches and grew more than three dozen varieties at Monticello. Colonial Americans from Pennsylvania to Florida used peaches for a beverage called mobby, a cider-like juice product, and distilled it into brandy. Even the wood was used for cooking and heating. Clearly, the peach was queen in early American farms and gardens. Growing peaches in Missouri is not for the faint of heart. The first thing that scares off novices is the need for specialty pruning. Peaches are heavy and soft, so fruiting peach trees are trained for an open vase shape to provide the strong structural support to hold the crop without breaking the branches and to keep them low to the ground for ease of harvest. The primary pruning happens the first couple of years and continues for the life of the tree. It is not hard, just different from most other pruning styles. Plant your peaches on a hill and not on the valley floor or in other low places. They do not like wet feet or the frost pools that slip down the slopes and settle at the bottom in winter. We are near the northern limit for peaches anyway, and these stresses reduce their vigor. Water young trees well for the first few years to help them establish, and irrigate during fruit-ripening if drought conditions occur. Low moisture during fruit production can lead to reduced yield. As young trees become established, any fruit set during the first three years must be removed when tiny so the trees can concentrate energy on root growth and not fruit development. After the trees begin production, serious thinning may still be needed to allow large fruits to develop. The Missouri Extension Service also recommends limiting the number of trees for home gardens since one healthy prime-of-life tree may produce three bushels (120 to 150 pounds) of fruit in a short seven- to 10-day harvest. If you want more than one tree, choose cultivars with staggered ripening dates so fruit doesn’t go to waste. Other factors include suitability for our growing conditions and disease resistance. Whether you grow your own crop or buy peaches, several fruit characteristics will help you select the best varieties for your purposes. Clingstones are the earliest to ripen. With a pit that sticks to the flesh, slices must be cut away from the seed with a knife. Most clings have non-melting flesh, which is best for canning because the slices maintain their integrity through processing. Great for storing, they do not make the best juice-dripping dishes we dream of in the off-season. Melting peaches, in clingstone or freestone fruits, will tend to soften and disintegrate more and are best for luscious fresh peach shortcake where the juices can soak into the biscuit for a delectable July dessert. Eckert’s is Open For those of us who are fans of fresh, sun-warmed, tree-ripened peaches, those picked green and shipped in from California just don’t make the grade. Really ripe peaches do not ship well and are best appreciated from local sources. We are lucky to have a major grower in our area, and Eckert’s peaches are now available from the market or pickyour- own at their farm in Belleville. First of the season of freestones is Red Haven. It is followed by Jim Dandee, Loring, Crest Haven, Encore and the white peaches in an overlapping series ending in August. On an occasional lucky year they will last until Labor Day. This year, with the very warm winter and early spring, Angie Eckert says they harvested their first ever May peaches this year, opened for public picking in June (not the usual mid-July), and expect the harvest to finish much sooner than normal. So don’t delay! Grab your sun hat, lightweight long-sleeved shirt, water bottle and sunscreen to head out to Belleville for a fresh peach fix. Julie only let one peach into our former residence garden—a lovely, very dwarf, red-leaved, heavy flowering, deep-rose-pink form given to me by my friend Phil. It is a pass-around plant, and I can only guess what cultivar it might be. Think of this one as a bush more than a tree, but one with rich, elegant red foliage following the stunning April bloom. Peaches have a simple beauty with the blossoms held tightly to the branches. Some years, the flowers are so thick that the trees look as if they are quilted with thick layers of pink silk. There are many choices of flowering peaches for ornamental use in the home garden. Michael Dirr in the Manual of Woody Landscape Plants states, “The genetics of peach reproduction are unique for I know of double-flowering and weeping types that reproduce true-to-type from seed.” Add to that list Phil’s unnamed dwarf red. Garden varieties include ‘Alba Plena,’ a large-flowered white double; ‘Bonanza,’ a natural dwarf; ‘Early Double’ in pink, red or white; ‘Helen Borchers’ a late, large-flowered pink; ‘Weeping Double’ in pink, red or white; and ‘Royal Red Leaf’ with maroon foliage and deep pink flowers. This last one could be Phil’s mystery red peach, but who knows? Most peaches, under the best of conditions, rarely last more than 20 years. Treat them as garden ephemerals and revel in the peach blow as the petals flutter in the breeze and delight in the succulence of their fruit. If you want a special treat, visit Belleville when the whole orchards are in bloom. In spite of their lack of permanence in our gardens, we shall share ripe peaches to celebrate our own longevity. Patricia Raven, Ph.D., has a doctorate in ornamental horticulture and Julie Hess is senior horticulturist at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

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Salmon is a delicacy and a favourite food of many people, whether in the form of salmon steaks and fillets, smoked salmon or grilled salmon. Salmon is also healthy because it contains protein, omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin D. Therefore demand for salmon is high. However numbers of salmon in the wild are fast decreasing due to overfishing, environmental pollution and habitat loss. Salmon farming, a multimillion dollar industry has been seen as a solution to this problem. Salmon fish farms help meet the demand for salmon, alleviate food shortages and also reduce pressure upon wild fish populations. Salmon farming also provides employment to the local population and helps in the economic development of rural areas. Salmon exports also bring much revenue to the regions where fish are farmed. Salmon fish farms generally take two forms. The first form is a land based salmon farm, where salmon are reared in inland tanks and enclosures. The other form of salmon farming is an ocean farm, where salmon are reared in enclosures such as cages or net pens in the ocean close to the coast. The most common type of salmon raised in fish farms is the Atlantic salmon. Even though the salmon farming industry serves many useful functions, many issues have been raised by environmentalists against the farming of salmon. These include the contamination of sea water due to excess feed, spread of parasites such as sea lice from farm raised salmon to wild populations, overcrowding of salmon in fish farms, the problems to the natural ecosystem caused by escape of farm raised salmon into streams and rivers, and lastly the higher levels of toxins such as mercury and PCB’s often seen in farm raised salmon. Stricter regulations, control and monitoring by the salmon farming industry and salmon farmers working together with environmental organizations and researchers has alleviated many of these problems. Much progress has been made in the field of sustainable salmon farming that aims to have minimal negative impact on the environment.

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by Robin K. McGuire This monograph is intended as a general introduction to methods of seismic hazard and risk analysis. Over the past 35 years, great progress has been made in the acceptance and use of probability methods in earthquake problems. A well-informed, if approximate, analysis benefits the decision making process in determining what percentage of resources to put into reducing earthquake dangers, as compared with reducing other types of possible dangers. Potentially large losses justify the significant effort involved in a seismic risk assessment, and a formal assessment allows the disciplines of seismology, geology, strong-motion geophysics, and earthquake engineering to communicate through a common language of best estimates and uncertainties. This book is a compilation of how these disciplines contribute to the evaluation of seismic risk. McGuire fully describes the connection between probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) and seismic risk in a quantitative format. He begins by defining key terms and presents an overview of probabilistic seismic hazard and risk computations to show how all the elements fit together. Then he examines the elements in more detail — how to describe earthquake source characteristics, estimate seismic ground shaking, perform seismic hazard analyses, and estimate seismic risk. While the probability theory in this monograph is not very complex, the reader should (1) know the elements of such theory, (2) be comfortable with probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, and conditional distributions, and (3) be familiar with seismology, magnitude definitions, and representations of strong ground motion. 2004, 240 pages. To purchase at the EERI website, click here.

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Knee Ligament Injury & Football The knee ligament on the inner side of the knee is the Medial Collateral Ligament or the MCL. This ligament links the thigh and the shin bone. MCL injury happens when the knee is subjected to a force or when the ligament is twisted. The Medial Collateral Ligament is the connection between the thigh bone and the shin bone. Damage to the MCL is called a sprain. This is classified according to the extent of damage on the ligament. This includes: The injury is often caused by damage to the Medial ligament when a force is applied to the outside part of the leg, just above the knee. A stud caught in a turf also cause damage to the medial ligament when the player will try to turn to his side away from the trapped leg. How Do We Know its MCL Knee Ligament Injury? A 1st degree sprain will show signs of pain at the area of damage. Slightly bending the knee is somewhat painful and is aggravated when the person stands up from sitting. A 2nd degree sprain presents a more severe pain when the knee is touched or when the ligament is stressed. Swelling of the knee joint will take 24 hours to appear. A 3rd degree sprain presents an unstable knee and activities are usually not tolerated. Bleeding may also happen but this may not be evident. We Treat MCL Knee Ligament Injury? Protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation are the immediate intervention done for this kind of injury. Medications prescribed by the doctor are necessary for pain relief. Resting the knee and elevating its position is a must. A cohesive bandage aids in compressing the area and preventing 1st degree sprains require 3 weeks of rest. 2nd degree sprains need 6-8 weeks of rehabilitation under In 3rd degree sprains, the doctor will usually advise a reconstructive surgery which depends on the location of the injury and the Knee braces are very useful for people suffering from this kind of injury. This supports the knee at the early stages of the injury and protects the ligament in later stages of the injury. An ideal method to maintain fitness while on rehabilitation is running in the pool with the help of a buoyancy here to view buoyancy jackets for water therapy How Do We Prevent MCL Knee Joint Injury? The best advice that can be given for rugby and football players is to throw the ball earlier. A knee brace provides an increased knee stability and reassurance. Compliance of the rehabilitation programme under a physiotherapist will speed up healing. Treatment should include more proprioception exercises. In continuing proprioception exercises at Football Injury Home, the use of a wobble board Football Rescue Recommends medial and lateral support ideal for footballers. Multi-tiered, plush-lined elastic body with wraparound design. Knee sport strap is designed to simulate knee joint strapping techniques used to support the collateral knee ligaments and restrict joint rotation but still enable running

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Order of Operations Study Guide Introduction to Order of Operations The chief forms of beauty are order and symmetry and definiteness, which the mathematical sciences demonstrate in a specific degree. —ARISTOTLE (384–322 B.C.) Please excuse my dear aunt Sally, and you'll breeze through this lesson about the order of operations. Think PEMDAS is overrated? Think again! When you get a messy mathematical expression that involves every operation under the sun, you must remember to perform the operations in the correct order. This order, often referred to as PEMDAS, is: Parentheses → Exponents → Multiplication and Division (from left to right) → Addition and Subtraction (from left to right) First, perform any math operations located inside parentheses. Tip:Often, in expressions, there are grouping symbols—usually shown as parentheses—which are used to make a mathematical statement clear. Then, calculate any exponents. Tip:An exponent is a number that tells you how many times a number is multiplied by itself: 23 = 2 × 2 × 2. For more on exponents. Next, solve the multiplication and division from left to right. Finally, complete any addition or subtraction from left to right. PEMDAS is often remembered with the phrase Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. You may want to create your own personal sentence to remember the order of operations. You may be wondering why you really need to follow the order of operations. Does it really matter? Let's look at what happens when you ignore PEMDAS and attack a problem in order of appearance: - 9 + 8 × 2 – 3 × 2 - 17 × 2 – 3 × 2 - 34 – 3 × 2 - 31 × 2 Is this answer correct? Because you ignored PEMDAS, this is not the right answer. No worries—now proceed in the correct order. There are no parentheses or exponents, so we need to do any multiplication or division first from left to right. - 9 + 8 × 2 – 3 × 2 - 9 + 16 – 3 × 2 - 9 + 16 – 6 Now, complete the addition and subtraction from left to right. - 9 + 16 – 6 - 25 – 6 Wow—without using the order of operations, the answer wasn't even close to the actual value! Remember, take your time and carry out each operation in the correct order. Let's look at another example. 22 + (6 – 5) – (3 + 3) × 3 = Begin by completing any work inside the parentheses. (6 – 5) = 1 and (3 + 3) = 6 The original problem is now as follows: 22 + 1 – 6 × 3 = Calculate the exponent: 22 = 4. Now, you can further simplify the problem. 4 + 1 – 6 × 3 = The next stage of PEMDAS, the MD, indicates that you should do all the multiplication and division from left to right. There is no division to worry about, but there is multiplication: 6 × 3. This equals 18. So, your problem is now: 4 + 1 – 18 You're almost there! Perform all addition and subtraction. Remember to do this from left to right. 4 + 1 = 5 and 5 – 18 = –13 So, 22+ (6 – 5) – (3 + 3) × 3 = –13. Add your own comment Today on Education.com WORKBOOKSMay Workbooks are Here! WE'VE GOT A GREAT ROUND-UP OF ACTIVITIES PERFECT FOR LONG WEEKENDS, STAYCATIONS, VACATIONS ... OR JUST SOME GOOD OLD-FASHIONED FUN!Get Outside! 10 Playful Activities Local SAT & ACT Classes - Kindergarten Sight Words List - The Five Warning Signs of Asperger's Syndrome - What Makes a School Effective? - Child Development Theories - Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development - 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism - Test Problems: Seven Reasons Why Standardized Tests Are Not Working - Bullying in Schools - A Teacher's Guide to Differentiating Instruction - First Grade Sight Words List

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- n. an international alliance involving many different countries “The international organization GAIA Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives lays out nine core components of Zero Waste programs, which can be tailored and added to for different settings, from schools to neighborhoods to whole states or countries: 1. Reducing consumption and discards 2. Reusing discards 3. Extended producer responsibility 4. Comprehensive recycling 5. Comprehensive composting or biodigestion of organic materials 6. Citizen participation 7. A ban on waste incineration 8. Improving product design upstream to eliminate toxics and instead design for durability and repair 9. Effective policies, regulations, incentives, and financing structures to support these systems135” “Are you familiar with Dress for Success, an international organization that collects and distributes your no-longer-needed business suits to lower-income women reentering the workforce?” “The GATT was a complicated treaty set up to reduce national barriers to trade; in 1995 it was replaced by the international organization known as the World Trade Organization WTO, which has even broader-reaching powers.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘international organization’. Looking for tweets for international organization.

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The structure of a person’s brain predicts core qualities of his or her early personality, new research suggests. Researchers led by Nick Allen, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Melbourne, Australia, tested 153 12- and 13-year-olds in two ways. First they asked the volunteers to answer a questionnaire that explores four traits thought to be integral to an individual’s personality: frustration when interrupted or blocked from completing a task, ability to voluntarily regulate their behavior and attention, strong interest in novel or intense activities, and desire for intimate relationships. The researchers then used magnetic resonance imaging to take detailed pictures of each subject’s brain. Comparing the two measures, Allen’s team found that the size of specific brain regions correlated with some aspects of temperament based on the questionnaire. For example, those who had a larger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex tended to have better control of their behavior regulation and attention and less tendency for frustration. The data suggest that some aspect of personality is encoded in the brain structure, Allen said, though much of it will be generated by an individual’s environment and experiences. “The fact these differences in people are observable in the brain fairly early in life … suggests that this is one of the ways in which personality is inherited,” he said. Additionally, scientists know that the brains of people with mental illnesses are often different from those who are healthy. By following these volunteers through adolescence and into young adulthood, Allen’s team hopes to learn whether the brain structure differences precede mental illness or occur as a consequence of it. Either way, future findings may help guide treatment and prevention.

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Piecing It: The Mother-Quilter as Artist and Historian in Teresa Palma Acosta's "My Mother Pieced Quilts" Angeline Godwin Dvorak The quilt as a historical art form clearly provides a history of its individual creator, usually a woman, but more importantly, the specific details of each quilt's visual narrative link the universal experiences of women, otherwise detached by cultural, social, and economic diversity. As though pulling the tension of the needle through the fabric, the tension in the history that is pieced into the quilter's artform is the universal oppressions of women that have forwarded a patriarchal history, and left diminished or neglected the voice, role and impact of women in world societies. Adrienne Rich's poetry, in closely examining women's textile culture, is pregnant with metaphors which link women, the work of their hands, the institution of history, and patriarchal domination. Elaine Hedges, in her essay, "The Needle or the Pen: The Literary Rediscovery of Women's Textile Work," 1 responding to Rich's "When We Dead Awaken," explains these linkages: From a canvas on which women inscribed a male history separate from their own, or onto which they displaced their anger, dividing themselves from themselves, the textile artifact had become woman's own self-habitation, dark with both suffering and her hidden potentials, the skein her very skin. (350) It is women's isolation, oppression and patriarchally unposed duties that have shadowed their "hidden potential." Some women have survived within and because of the "life" in their textile culture. Like Rich, Alice Walker has also explored the relationship of quilting and sewing and women. In "Writing The Color Purple," Walker notes that these household tasks are also artistic activities. Celie's quilting and sewing directly link her to prior generations of black women, who, though enslaved, oppressed or both, found the needle in their hands an agent to "Psychic survival" and of "Physical, emotional, spiritual, and economic liberation" (Hedges 354). This communion among women who suffer oppression encourages the bonding of all women, from the past to the present. This yoking seems especially powerful for women who are double burdened from both the patriarchal shackling of gender and economic deprivation. Thus, an even more solid link exists, then and now, between such women as the "papered7 female owned within the institution of slavery, the migrant working woman bound by intense poverty and debilitating labor, and the welfare mother trapped in a sociopolitical labyrinth of male-centered economics and politics. Teresa Palma Acosta's poem, "My Mother Pieced Quilts," is a first-person testimonial of a Chicano woman who connects her mother's practical art of quilt making with her personal family and cultural histories. As the narrator discovers the significance of the quilts in her understanding of herself, the familiar bed coverings become portraits and sculptures of family and self, of life and death, of labor and love. Each embodies the history of the family's daily existence as the mother linked their experiences piece-by-piece in the quilt. The mother quilter, as artist and historian, ultimately gives a voice to the quilts; they then become the storytellers. Each tells its story. These stories are not insignificant. They are incidental. Women's stories have not been told. And without stories there is not articulation of experience, Without stories a woman is lost when she comes to make the important decisions of her life. She does not learn to value her struggles, to celebrate her strengths, to comprehend her pain. Without stories she cannot understand herself. (1) The daughter-narrator, in "My Mother Pieced Quilts," inherits the stories, their songs and their pictures, in the quilts that her mother pieced, It is through the quilt that several complex relationships unfold, to include the central bond between the narrator and her audience, that is, the daughter and her mother. The mother is a quilter, and it is in this role that she becomes the historian and the artist. Through her stories and through her art, the mother translates and preserves her history as a woman as well as the history of their culture. The matrix of roles and relationships further meshes as the mother-quilter embraces them and gives them a voice within the quilt that may "sing on7 for her daughter. So, if we can entertain Tillie Olsen's conclusion that "[m]ost of what has been, is, between mothers, daughters, and in motherhood, in daughterhood, has never been recorded,"(275) then Acosta's poem captures a rare moment. Just as a mother bears a child, the quilter brings life into the form of the quilt-random remnants, shaped and arranged into a solid, functional object. The mother-quilter goes far beyond physically arranging and selecting the pieces of her quilt. She strategically constructs a defense against the elements that threaten her family. As adamantly, she fortresses against the loss of individual culture, as she captures her family's history, designs and shapes an artform, and ultimately, orders lives. As militant protector, maternal nurturer, inspired artist, and family historian, the mother-quilter transforms chaos and preserves culture for her family. Interwoven in this seemingly "natural" task of giving life and throughout all of these roles are the mother-quilter's salvaging, resurrecting and preserving the historical culture of her family and community. In the body of the quilt, the common is married to the individual, the familiar with the unique. The narrator wakes up each day, experiencing this consummation of purpose and aesthetics. Acosta personifies the quilts as living things, perhaps even beings, as the "october ripened canvases" with 'cloth faces" (393) spark the narrator's curiosity. The quilts have matured after long periods of use. The narrator's curiosity also ripens and matures as she begins to wonder how her mother pieced an array of fabrics together, each linked to a place, a time or special event-"gentle communion cotton and ... wedding organdies" (393). This act of piecing things together extends beyond the physical connection of thread to cloth. The mother's piecing involves linking the past, present and future, reconciling the irregular shapes and the clashing patterns and colors, ordering the chaotic, unmatched aspects of everyday life, and synchronizing the emotional revelation of a woman coming to understand and see her mother differently. The narrator observes how she 'shaped patterns square and oblong and round/positioned/ balanced" (393). The mother becomes a creator and a restorer as she, with God-like powers, shapes, positions, balances and forces the fragments of their lives together. Created through Acostas imagery as a militant protector, the mother pieces quilts that "were just meant as cover/in winter/as weapons/against pounding january winds" (393). The narrator describes her mother's tools for quilting as hard and cold which function militantly: "cemented them [the pieces]/with your thread/a steel needle/a thimble ... you were the caravan master at the reins/driving your threaded needle artillery across the mosaic/ cloth bridges" (394). The quilts, like each stitch that creates them, are the mother's means of waging war against the poverty which threatens the well-being of her family. The quilts themselves, she describes, as "armed/ready" (395). The practical purposes of the quilts, "just meant as covers," allows the mother-quilter to function in a traditional role within the family and community structure, fulfilling her mission as nurturer, comforter and provider. Unlike writing a novel, sculpting a statue or composing a song, quilting compliments the patriarchal requisites of the mother-woman. The utilitarian aspect of piecing a quilt overshadows the workings of the quilter's artistic imagination and creativity. The product of utility-a sturdy, warm bedcovering-satisfies any expectations of her duty as mother and caretaker. It is the textile artifact of beauty and expression, however, that replenishes her spirit and rewards "her hidden potential." The narrator compares her mother's careful handling of the quilt pieces to her tucking the children into bed at night: "how the thread darted in and out/galloping along the frayed edges, tucking them in / as you did us at night"(394). The frayed edges of the scraps of materials, saved and salvaged from garments and mill goods, the quilter trims and arranges, neatly joining the smooth edges. Likewise, she soothes her children's fears and prepares them for the sounds and the silence which follow the chaos and the struggle of everyday life for the poor children of migrant workers. In the inevitable insecurities of their temporal lifestyle, with no longterm or permanent residence, the mother's quilts become "security blankets" which are familiar and lasting, almost synonymous with traditional concepts of home, regardless of where people may be. As long as the mother-quilter adequately fulfills the domestic needs of her family, she reduces the risk of interference or criticism as her practical skill poses as a front for her artistic imagination and creativity as they manifest themselves in piecing quilts. Realizing that she is watching an act of creation take place, the narrator compares her mother's quilting to that of an artist preparing to execute her art on the canvas: in the evening you sat at your canvas —our cracked linoleum floor the drawing board me lounging on your arm and you staking out the plan: whether to put the lilac purple of easter against the red plaid of whether to mix a yellow with blue and white and corpus christi noon when my father held your hand whether to shape a five-point star from the somber black silk you wore to grandmother's The quilt becomes the canvas; the floor, the drawing board. Here the mother-quilter plans, mixes, matches and blends. The history of the family is concurrently created and artistically drawn for the daughter-narrator, as the tightly stitched scraps of material tie people and places together. The quilts are touchable, living stores of individuals, as the fabrics of Easter dresses and wedding gowns touch each other, forming their lives within a given period of time, within a span of experiences. Glenda Neel Pender, in her poem, "My Grandmother's Gift," reflecting on the role of the quilt as story and the quilter as historian, writes: "My grandmother wrote necessary chore in her role as caretaker and nurturer, and an "allowed" leisure time, a moment of creativity. While the migrant woman shares the oppression of a chapter/of her autobiography/with every squarelof every quilt she ever made" (184). The mother-quilter, too, in "My Mother Pieced Quilts," opens herself up for others to see. It is her daughter's choice to see: ". . . delivering yourself in separate testimonies/oh mother you plunged me sobbing and laughing/into our past" (394). History, by the nature of the discipline, links people, places, times and events. The work of the mother-quilter serves as a historical document of the family, its experiences and its culture. The quilts tell the story of the narrator's cultural milieu as part of a migrant worker family. Acosta weaves the migrant experience throughout the careful inventory of individual pieces. The references to the seasons and the various areas of the country clarify this connection to the regional movements of seasonal crop gathering. Michigan to Santa Fe to Corpus Christi ultimately link to the "crossing at five" of a river at the border. The family's coming across the border initiates a life of hard work and poverty, constantly being uprooted as the harvest of the crops forced the family's following. Their work takes them from the "spinach fields" to the "plainview cotton rows" which suggests that they migrated from produce farms, probably in California and also the Midwest, to the flat lands of Mississippi Delta area where the family picked cotton. Hard labor and hard life offer little comfort to migrant children. Acosta notes the hardships in referring to the "tuberculosis wards" and the "thrashings." The fabrics, their textures and colors, are intricately linked with the seasons which, in turn, reflect the temporary home: "your michigan spring faded curtain pieces / my father's santa fe work shirt / the summer denims, the tweeds of fall ... the lilac purple of easter" (394). Seasonal labor does not provide a substantial income, for indeed, the curtains are faded, for the "dime store velvets" are cheap substitutes that lose their texture quickly, unlike a rich fabric which would hold its beauty. In an essay overflowing with references to works which explore the relationship of women's writing and women's textile culture, Hedges notes how the needle and the pen become almost interchangeable, how one serves as the foil of the other.3 Pender's poem, noted earlier, also makes this connection: They told the story of her life just as surely as if her needle had been threaded with ink and her beautiful evenly spaced stitche had become words. (184) Sewing was very much a part of woman's work, and her cultural sphere clearly evidenced her daily connection with the work of her hands (Hedges 34041). Doing her needlework was an acceptable part of a woman's domestic role. However, for the migrant mother who works the fruit orchards, the produce fields or the cotton patch, quilting represents also a patriarchal society that women in general have experienced; she also endures the oppressions of poverty and the demands of its labor which have ultimately been fostered by a male-directed economy. Like the fingers of the woman-quilter which grow calloused and toughened after the needle's repeated sticking, the migrant mother-woman salvages strength from her impoverished conditions. While her life and her family's lives have not been easy or benevolent, the cloth itself often symbolizes that rare special occasion when there was a reason or an excuse for celebration, a moment that forced or entertained a memory. Strength and material compassion bond with skill and imagination in the quilts that the mother pieces. The same qualities that she stitches into her quilts, in order to make them functional and durable, she gives her daughter-"sewn hard and taut to withstand the thrashings of / twenty-five years" (394. They become tools and weapons; they become shields and songs. Though the narrator is the child of a migrant working family, perhaps now a twenty-five year-old woman, we do not know her fate. We also do not know whether or not she has acquired the tools to survive. Her mother has ordered and preserved them in the quilts that she has made. And the daughter-narrator has become aware of who her mother is and what the quilts mean: "oh mother you plunged me sobbing and laughing into our past ... stretched out they [the quilts] lay armed / ready / shouting / celebrating knotted with love, the quilts sing on" (394-95). Facing the quilt and experiencing the quilt as the offspring of her mother's creative womb, the narrator imagines a sisterhood between herself and the quilt. Ultimately, she undergoes a catharsis through which her life, as it links to the life of her family and its past, comes to fruition. From her recollections of waking every day to discover the quilts and their unique characteristics, the daughter-narrator begins "to wonder how [her mother] pieced all these together" (393). As the "quilts sing on," they seemingly lure the daughter-narrator into the past, into an honest encounter with her mother, with her family's history, and with her mother's role in preserving that culture and past within her own quest for selfhood. The songs of the quilts, "the roaring notes," link back to the ordering effect of the mother-quilter's work in piecing the frayed shapes into patterns, as the differences come to complement each other like the melody and unifying harmony of a song. With the quilts described as "knotted with love," love provides the reinforcement. The daughter embraces the love that the mother has embodied in the quilts like the knots fixed in a rope. She can hold on to her family's historical and cultural past, and to the quilter as her mother and as the woman who sews the stories and scenes. 1 Hedges' essay traces the "negative relationship between women's textile and text making" and then looks at the works of Adrienne Rich and Alice Walker. 2 Carol P. Christ, Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest (Boston: Beacon, 1980). This study focuses on the fiction of Kate Chopin, Doris Lessing, Margaret Atwood, Ntozake Shange, and Adrienne Rich as they explore women's experiences and the spiritual quest for selfhood. 3 Some of the works making this connection that Hedges lists in the notes include Elaine Showalter, "Piecing and Writing," in The Poetics of Gender, ed. Nancy K. Miller (New York: Columbia UP, 1986); Annie Fields, ed., Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989); and Cheryl Walker, The Nightingale's Burden: Women Poets and American Culture before 1900 (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1982). Acosta, Teresa Palma. "My Mother Pieced Quilts." In Women Poets of the World. Eds. Joanna Bankier and Deirdre Lashgari. New York: MacMillan, 1983. 393-95. Bock, Gisela. "Challenging Dichotomies: Perspectives on Women's History." In Writing Women's History: International Perspectives. Eds. Karen Offen, Ruth Roach Pierson, and Jane Rendall. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991. Christ, Carol P. Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest. Boston: Beacon, 1980. Hedges, Elaine. "The Needle and the Pen: The Literary Rediscovery of Women's Textile Work." In Tradition and the Talents of Women. Ed. Florence Howe. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1991. 338-64. Howe, Florence, ed. Traditions and the Talents of Women. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1991. Lerner, Gerna. "New Approaches to the Study of Women in History.- In The Majority Finds Its Past. New York: Oxford UP, 1979. McPherson, Sandra. "Center: Strip and Medallion Quilt, 1890, by Mrs. Longmire, African-American Seamstress for Her Town in Maryland." The Kenyon Review 12.4 (Fall 1990): 71-72. "Suit and Tie." The Kenyon Review. 12.4 (Fall 1990): 72-73. Miller, Jennifer. "QuiltingWomen." In Speaking for Ourselves: Women of the South. Ed. Maxine Alexander. New York: Pantheon, 1984: 186-92. Offen, Karen, Ruth Roach Pierson, and Jane Rendall. Writing Women's History: International Perspectives. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991. Pearlman, Mickey. Mother Puzzles: Daughters and Mothers in Contemporary American Literature. New York: Greenwood, 1989. Pender, Glenda Neel. "My Grandmother's Gift." In Speaking for Ourselves: Women of the South. Ed. Maxine Alexander. New York: Pantheon, 1984: 184-85. Rich, Adrienne. "When We Dead Awaken." In Adrienne Rich's Poetry. Eds. Barbara Charlesworth Gelpi and Albert Gelpi. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975. Showalter, Elaine. "Piecing and Writing." In The Poetics of Gender. Ed. Nancy K Miller. New York: Columbia UP, 1986. Slone, Verna Mae. What My Heart Wants to Tell. Washington: New Republic Books, 1979. Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Garden. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Angeline Godwin Dvorak holds a Ph.D. in English from Florida State University and a J.D. from Thomas M. Cooley Law School. Her work, primarily in women's studies and Southern literature, has been published in such journals as The CEA Critic and Southern Quarterly. She currently serves as the Dean of Arts and Sciences at Jackson State Community College in Jackson, Tennessee. Copyright 1996, The Women in Literature and Life Assembly of the National Council of Teachers of English (ISSN #1065-9080). Permission is given to copy any article provided credit is given and the copies are not intended for resale. Reference Citation: Dvorak, Angeline Godwin. (1996). "Piecing It: The Mother-Quilter as Artist and Historian in Teresa Palma Acosta's "My Mother Pieced Quilts." WILLA, Volume V, pp. 13-17.

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- general moral excellence; right action and thinking; goodness or morality - a specific moral quality regarded as good or meritorious - chastity, esp. in a woman - excellence in general; merit: the virtue in planning ahead - a good quality or feature: the virtues of teaching as a profession - effective power or force; efficacy; esp., the ability to heal or strengthen: the virtue of a medicine - Now Rare manly quality; strength, courage, etc. ME vertue < OFr vertu, virtue, goodness, power < L virtus, manliness, worth < vir, man: see werewolf

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Message of the Tomb Many visitors to Israel become preoccupied with ancient stones and sites, and as a result they often miss the spiritual significance of the events that took place at those sites. At the Garden Tomb the emphasis is on, not just the wonderful visual aid that we have of the Easter story, but on the spiritual meaning of the death and resurrection of Jesus. The place is of historical importance, but it is not as important as the Person who died on that Roman cross and rose from the dead from that Jewish tomb. Skull Hill, also known as Golgotha, might well have been the site for the crucifixion, but here our focus is on the greatest sacrifice the world has ever known, when Jesus voluntarily offered Himself as a substitute for the sins of the world. The empty tomb is considered by many to be the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, but here we point our visitors to the greatest miracle the world has ever witnessed, the resurrection, of Jesus from the dead. The apostle John in his gospel simply mentions that Jesus, carrying his own cross, went out to the The Place of the Skull (which in Aramaic is called Golgotha). Here they crucified him. John 19. 17,18. No details are given as to where the exact location of the Skull was, or of the horrific suffering that explains how crucified victims slowly died. The main concern of the New Testament writers is to explain why Jesus died. The apostle Peter clearly states in his first letter; Christ died for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring you to God. 1 Peter 3.18. Through His sacrifice, Jesus removed for ever the iron curtain of our sin and rebellion that separated us from God, and opened up a new way for us to come into God's presence and to enjoy friendship with Him. The apostle Paul wrote; God made him (Jesus) who had no sin to be a sin offering for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God. 2 Corinthians 5.21 This simply means that, God took the sinless Christ and poured out sins into him. Then in exchange, he poured God's goodness into us. (The Living Bible) All the wrong and evil that is in us was absorbed by the sinless Son of God on the cross. When we turn from our selfish and sinful ways and seek forgiveness from God, Jesus comes to live within us by His Spirit and our lives are transformed and characterised by God's goodness. At the empty tomb, the guides explain some of the important facts about the tomb, and also indicate at least 5 ways in which the tomb fits the details given in the gospel narrative. While this may be interesting, it is not nearly as important as understanding the relevance of the resurrection in the 21st century. As people leave the tomb and climb the steps towards the exit they are confronted with a verse from the bible on a plaque which clearly states; Jesus Christ declared with power to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead. Romans 1.4. Many prophets, priests and kings, leaders and gurus have lived and died, but their bones are still in their burial places. Jesus is unique and His resurrection, that He clearly predicted, proves that He was the Son of God. No one has been able to disprove this historic event which is the foundation of the Christian faith. If Jesus did not rise from the dead, then He was just another roving Galilean preacher. One of the profound statements Jesus made before He died took place outside another tomb in Bethany, the tomb of Lazarus; I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; and whoever believes in me will never die. John 11.25 Because Jesus rose from the dead He is able to impart to all who believe in Him, the precious gift of eternal life, which begins here on earth and continues beyond death. Once we place our lives in His hands, He promises us a new quality of life now and a new inheritance in heaven later. Our lives do not drag on to a meaningless end, with no hope for the future. Instead we are promised, beyond the grave, a new body like His resurrection body, a new character like His beautiful character and a new environment in which to live, where there will be no sickness or suffering, no violence or vandalism, no pain and no more death. Some may say as a result of visiting the Garden Tomb; "I think I have found the place where Jesus died." We hope and pray that they will find forgiveness through the death of Jesus and peace with God. Some may return home saying, "I saw the place where they put the dead body of Jesus." It is far more important that they should discover the new life that Jesus offers now, and that they should share the next life with Him in heaven. Our staff will always be on hand to help our visitors, in a gentle and unobtrusive way, to answer their questions and to explain how they can discover these wonderful gifts of forgiveness and new life.

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But the news isn’t all bad. For the same energy delivered, producing hydrogen from methane dumps about half as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as burning fossil fuels does. That’s largely because hydrogen-based fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engines. In addition, serious research programs are underway to find a way to sequester carbon dioxide, whether it comes from hydrogen production or any other process that burns fossil fuels. One cheap solution could be to bury it in depleted gas and oil wells. My pessimistic bet, though, is that sequestering will be expensive. Politicians will choose to dump carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and pay the hidden price of pollution, rather than ask the public to pay an up-front price at the pump.Still, hydrogen is far from an ideal automobile fuel. Even in its densest form (liquid), hydrogen has only one-third as much energy per liter as gasoline. If stored as compressed gas at 300 atmospheres (a more practical option), it delivers less than one-fifth the energy per volume as gasoline. Such low energy density means that fuel storage would take up lots of room in a hydrogen-powered car-or, alternatively, a modest-sized fuel tank would severely restrict the vehicle’s range between fill-ups. Technology being developed to allow higher pressures would make hydrogen cars more attractive. The known U.S. reserves of natural gas will be gone in a few decades, or sooner if we start using it for automobiles. The key assumption behind the push for a hydrogen economy appears to be the belief that there exist vast, undiscovered reserves of natural gas in the United States and around the world. But even if that belief proves wrong, we can always go back to making hydrogen from coal; we have enough of that for a century, if we don’t mind open pit mines. I believe that the hydrogen economy is inevitable. Apparently so do big investors, who are setting up port facilities for future importation of large quantities of liquefied natural gas. I also believe that the hydrogen will be made by whatever method is cheapest. In the short run, we could revert to electrolysis, powered by electricity from nuclear plants. Right now nuclear energy is expensive, largely, I believe, because of regulations driven by the perceived risk of radioactivity. Yet I think that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere offers a much greater long-term threat to the environment and to health than do nuclear power plants. We experienced the dangers of nuclear power in Chernobyl. For the carbon-based economy, the equivalent of Chernobyl is not just global warming; it is war. We saw that in Iraq. So on balance, I prefer nuclear-produced to methane-produced hydrogen. When solar-generated electricity becomes cheaper than natural gas or coal, we can leave the fossil fuels in the ground, and have the best of all worlds. Cheap solar is inevitable, and we will not have to plaster the state of California with solar cells to enjoy its benefits. In a square kilometer of sunlight there is are 1,000 megawatts of solar power-the equivalent of a large nuclear power plant. Even if only 10 or 20 percent of the sunlight’s energy is extracted as electricity, the area of the solar cells will not be much larger than what we currently devote to nuclear, gas, or coal plants. Energy can be stored at night (and during cloudy days) in hydrogen. The solar future is coming. Creating a hydrogen economy is good goal. But in the near term, barring a nuclear-power revival, the transition to hydrogen will probably mean a growing dependence on imported natural gas, and the continued pollution of the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. Despite President Bush’s optimism, the first cars of today’s children are highly unlikely to be powered by hydrogen that was cleanly produced. But maybe the cars of their children will be. And in the long term, our switch to hydrogen could ease the transition to a solar-powered economy.

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Roles and responsibilities of school councils School councils play a vital role in the educational opportunity and outcomes of all students at the school. In essence, the role of school council is one of setting the long term future for the school and maintaining oversight (not management) of the school's operation. It is not about running the school – that is the job of the principal. Role of school councils Three of the critical roles of school councils are; developing the strategic plan, approving the annual budget, and setting and reviewing policies. Other roles include: - school maintenance - developing, reviewing and monitoring the Student Code of Conduct and the School Dress Code - school community engagement. It is important for school councillors to be aware of their roles and responsibilities. For school councils to operate effectively, school council members need to be able to work as a team, respect the different skills, knowledge and experience that each member brings to council, and share the workload and responsibility. The council president and principal need to work cooperatively and, where necessary, be prepared to acknowledge any personal differences so as to be able to work in partnership for the good of the school. Similarly the school council president and the convenors of the sub-committees need to maintain respectful and cooperative relationships. School councillors also need to be able to listen and ask the school community, and sometimes the wider community, about their views on topics that council might be considering. Role of sub-committees including finance sub-committees Sub-committees are advisory bodies to the school council and assist council in all the work that needs to be done. They report regularly at school council meetings and provide advice and make recommendations to the school council, which has the final responsibility for decisions. Sub-committees are open to non school council members and therefore provide opportunities to involve many people in the school who are not members of school council. School Council Membership Mandated school council positions are: - President – Parent member (non DEECD employee), who is chairperson of school council meetings - Executive officer – the principal Other positions may include: - Vice president - Parent member (non DEECD employee) or community member, who chairs school council meetings in the absence of the president - Convenor of the finance sub-committee – as elected from council members, preferably a non DEECD parent member or a community member - Minute taker - can be filled by a non council member. If this is the case, that person is required to be a silent observer and has no voting rights. Alternatively, the position of minute secretary can be filled by a council member. The school council is responsible for ensuring that the school has a Strategic Plan that sets out the schools’ goals and targets for the next four years and the strategies for achieving those goals and targets. The school council does this through the Annual Implementation Plan (one for each of the four years of the Strategic Plan) and is reported on in the Annual Report. School council can encourage input to the Strategic Plan from parents, carers and students, as well as the wider community. By 2008, all Victorian government schools will be expected to have a Strategic Plan. The Plan replaces the current School Charter. A strategic plan is a three or four page document that tells people what the school wants to achieve in the future and how it plans to get there. The plan lets people know: - Why the school exists (its purpose) - How staff and students are expected to behave (the values) - What is different or special about the school (the context) - What you are going to focus on over the next four years to improve students’ experience at school (the goals and targets) - How the school is going to do this (key improvement strategies). A policy is designed to influence decisions and actions that the school makes. It is usually a written document that outlines a required process or procedure within the school, such as how to deal with bullying, the school’s approach to homework or how complaints are to be managed within the school. A policy should only be established to achieve some purpose which reflects a set of beliefs or values on the issue concerned. For example, a homework policy might reflect the belief that regular homework develops sound study habits. Not all issues require a policy; many routine matters can be dealt with by developing simple procedures. For example, you might have a procedure for “wet” lunch times – this is unlikely to require a detailed policy. Good policies are essential because they demonstrate that the school is being operated in an efficient manner, let everyone know what the approach to certain matters will be, and ensure that there will be uniformity and consistency in decisions and in how the school operates.

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Shams 1 is the largest Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant in the world. Developed, owned and operated by Shams Power Company, a joint venture of Masdar (60%), Total (20%) and Abengoa (20%). Shams 1 extends over an area of 2.5 km², with a capacity of 100MW and a solar field consisting of 768 parabolic trough collectors to generate clean, renewable electricity. Concentrated solar power generates electricity from the heat of the sun rather than sunlight as used by solar photovoltaic technology. Parabolic trough systems use solar thermal collectors in the form of parabolic mirrors with a central tube to concentrate the heat from direct solar irradiation. The heat in turn produces steam to drive a conventional turbine ultimately generating electricity. Shams 1 will directly contribute towards Abu Dhabi’s target of achieving 7 percent renewable energy power generation capacity by the year 2020. The plant will also contribute toward the diversification of the United Arab Emirates’ energy mix and help reduce the country’s carbon footprint. The plant will displace approximately 175,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, equivalent to planting 1.5 million trees or removing 15,000 cars from Abu Dhabi’s roads. Shams 1 CSP Plant Quick Facts

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Most kids before computers would remember getting dizzy watching a spinning top. A top, or spinning top, is a toy that can be spun on an axis, balancing on a point. This motion is produced by holding the axis firmly while pulling a string. An internal weight then rotates, producing an overall circular motion. Typically the top will at first wobble until the shape of the tip and its interaction with the surface force it upright. After spinning upright for an extended period, the angular momentum, and therefore the gyroscopic effect will gradually lessen, leading to ever increasing precession, finally causing the top to topple in a frequently violent last thrash. Tops of the sixties and seventies would often have a mechanism in them to enable the spin to happen due to pushing a gear action in the central column of the top. Many had an additional wind noise harmonising at certain points of the spin. The action of a top relies on the gyroscopic effect for its operation. Spinning tops came in all sorts of sizes and made of all sorts of substances, but for my childhood i love the tin ones that made the harmonising noises and upset everyone around you, wicked boy that I am!

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Ten Great Tips…. to Avoid Saying “No!” Too much reliance on saying “No” in everyday situations can result in an angry child, a frustrated adult and little change in behavior. Happily, there are many positive ways to intervene without saying “No”. Figuring out why your child is misbehaving will help you determine what to do about it. Consider these common triggers for misbehavior – and their Is she having trouble controlling herself? When kids have not yet developed the self control they need, these strategies can help them stay out of trouble: - Create a “Yes! Zone.” Provide a space for active play. Remove precious breakables, clutter and expensive furniture from this play - Stay nearby. Just having an adult close at hand is sometimes all that is needed to help children make good choices. - Provide clear consistent limits. Be specific about what your children may and may not do. State the rules clearly and enforce them consistently. “You may jump on the trampoline but not on the couch,” is much more helpful to your child than “Remember to be good!” - Is he having difficulty coping with his feelings? It takes support and practice for children to learn to cope with feelings of anger, jealousy and frustration. It won’t help to respond with anger and consequences when your child is overwhelmed with his emotions. Instead, try a positive - Provide extra help. Tough homework assignments, a sister’s birthday party, and playing first base in the next game can all create emotional turmoil for your child. Anticipate difficult situations and provide support to help your child manage his emotions. - Help him say how he is feeling. “That math is really frustrating!” “It sure is tough to watch your sister get all the presents!” Statements like these help your child feel understood and show him how to put feelings into words. - Is she acting out because something bad has happened? Slow her down for a moment. Get down on her level, make eye contact, and ask if something has happened to upset - Limit any aggressive or destructive behavior. Reject the behavior, but never the child! - Does he need your attention? When children repeat behaviors that annoy adults, it’s often their way of saying, “I need you to pay attention to me!” Attention is like oxygen for children; they need it in order to be emotionally healthy. Sometimes children can eliminate irritating behaviors simply by being given ample opportunity for positive attention. - Announce opportunities for having your full attention. “I need you to play quietly for a few minutes; then we can read a book together.” Start with small amounts of time, using an egg timer if this visual cue is helpful to you child. Do not provide the promised one-on-one time unless he follows through with the quiet time. Do express appreciation and explain that his playing quietly allowed you to finish your work so that you can read with him. Then make good on your promise promptly, even if it means interrupting your child from quiet activity. - Ignore behavior that is not dangerous or destructive. Withdraw your attention from your child and his behavior until he stops. - Choose a time when your child is behaving well and offer special attention. Play a game, take a walk, or sit and talk. Extra doses of affection make your child feel loved and valued – and that helps him gain both self esteem and self control. Above all, try to remember those things that make each child special. Praise your children often and carry your sense of humor with you! ©2008 Beech Acres Parenting Center; www.beechacres.org

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March 24th, 2011 RADIATION EXPOSURE – STAY INFORMED AND PROTECT YOURSELF! The earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, potential radiation exposure from the damaged nuclear plants and its potential life-threatening effects has been a hot topic on people’s minds. How does this radiation affect our bodies and is there really anything we can do to protect ourselves. Partial understanding of an issue can lead to misinformation, confusion and unwarranted conclusions and fears. So we thought we would help you to get a better understanding of exactly what radiation is, what different kinds of radiation exist that we get exposed to, and the potential of each kind of radiation to cause us harm. What is Radiation? Radiation is basically the outflow of energy from an emitting source. So, anything from the outflow of energy from our bodies in the form of heat, to electrons from a radioactive source like radioactive iodine, or the heat from the sun, to your cellphone signal, to the signal from a radio station is radiation. Because the nature, source and energy of these various radiation sources are so vastly different, certain sources are more likely to cause cancer more quickly than others and some may have little or no definitive cancer risk associated with them. Types of Radiation The types of radiation that can cause the most damage over the shortest periods of time are the high-energy (high frequency) sources like those from radioactive sources and X-ray machines and perhaps even UV exposure from the sun. These sources are known to cause cancer if the dose we are exposed to is high enough over time and data indicates that our exposure is probably cumulative, meaning that if we were exposed to the sources multiple times, our risk is the sum of our total exposures not just the latest exposure period. Lower energy sources like visible light, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency are less likely to cause cancer but it is not known, if constant exposure to even these lower energy sources, is not without risk. Thus the questions about constant cellphone use. How Does Radiation Cause Cancer At least for the higher energy sources of radiation, it is known that they can disrupt the structure of the molecules that make up the cells of our bodies. They do this by removing electrons from the stable, healthy, molecules, thus making them unstable, and threatening the DNA building blocks of our entire bodies. When DNA is disrupted, cells can replicate inappropriately, thus causing cancerous cells, which can lead to organ dysfunction and possibly death. The radiation sources that can cause this kind of damage are called “ionizing” radiation sources because they are strong enough to remove electrons from healthy, stable cells, possibly causing them to change to cancerous cells. The lower energy radiation sources are referred to as “non-ionizing” radiation sources and are much less likely to cause cancer (at least over short periods of time). The risk that radioactive substances in the air, that have made their way from Japan to the western coast of the U.S, would be in high enough doses and last long enough to cause measurable damage that would lead to cancer, are probably, quite low. But in the case where a radioactive accident were to occur in the United States, the closer one is to the accident, obviously, the higher the risk. Then it is very important to know what can be done to protect ourselves from what might be a real risk. So in the event that we become exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation like those the Japanese are now exposed to, it would make a lot of sense, to implement the following regimen: ANTI-RADIATION DIET TIPS: - Consume 2-3 grams a day of vitamin C - Reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption - Decrease meat consumption. Increase fish consumption - Reduce sugar consumption - Eat five servings a day of fruits and vegetables, especially broccoli, broccoli sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower - Increase fiber consumption via whole grains and flax seed fiber - Take one drop a day of Lugol’s Solution or 1 tablet a day of Iodoral, both of which are sources of both iodide and iodine (many conventionally trained physicians think that this level of iodine supplementation can interfere with thyroid function, though we do not see this belief supported in the literature, and in fact, this level of iodine supplementation may be very protective against breast and prostate cancer. Furthermore, these levels are lower than the levels of potassium iodide recommended by the government, so obviously there is some kind of disconnect here) - Take 5000 IU daily of vitamin D-3 Take 1500 mg daily each of curcumin and green tea extract with a minimum of 30% or more of EGCG To the Best of Health, Curt Hendrix, M.S. C.C.N. C.N.S Everyone at MigreLief is deeply saddened by the tragic events in Japan and our thoughts and prayers go out to the people of Japan, their families, friends and all victims of this terrible tragedy. In an effort to help, MigreLief will be contributing a portion of this months sales to assist in the relief and recovery efforts.

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Wattled guan (Aburria aburri) |Also known as:||Wattled piping-guan| |Size||Length: 72.5 – 77.5 cm (2)| |Weight||1195 – 1550 g (2)| Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1). The wattled guan is immediately recognisable by the long, slender, bright yellow and red wattle that hangs from the throat, a feature unique to this species, earning it its common name. The vivid colour of these distinctive wattles stands out against the primarily black plumage of the body. Juveniles are similar to adults, but with a less developed wattle (2). Found from Western Venezuala and North Colombia south through Ecuador to South-central Peru (2) (3). The wattled guan occupies wet mountain forest, forest borders, and tall secondary forest next to primary forest, often on steep mountainous terrain (2). The bird has been recorded at elevations of 500 to 2,500 m (2) (3). The wattled guan forages for fruit mainly between the middle and upper storeys of fruiting trees, usually in pairs or groups of three (2). The breeding season has been recorded from September to March in Peru, with chicks observed in December and February (2). The primary threats facing this distinctive bird are habitat loss, mainly through forest clearance for agriculture, and hunting (3). Deforestation has been particularly rife in the Andes, and the species is now almost certainly extinct in some localities, most notably on the Western slope of the Andes in Peru (2) (3). Hunting for food and sport also poses a serious threat. Its large size makes this bird a prized target for poachers in many parts of its range, while its noisy habits and tendency to stay on branches when spotted make this species particularly vulnerable to hunting (2) (3). Bizarrely, hunting restrictions are enforced by guerrilla groups in parts of Colombia, and the use of land mines in forested areas indirectly provides a certain amount of protection for this bird (3). Some environmental education programmes have been developed to raise awareness of the plight of this species, directed particularly at hunters that may hunt in protected areas (4). For more information on the wattled guan see: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World - New World Vultures To Guineafowl. Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. For more information on this and other bird species please see: - BirdLife International: This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: [email protected] - Wattle: bare fleshy skin that hangs from the bill, throat or eye of birds. IUCN Red List (August, 2006) - del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World - New World Vultures To Guineafowl. Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. BirdLife International (August, 2006) Fundación Empresas Polar (August, 2006)

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The grand ballroom of the boston Marriott had been packed with a standingroom-only crowd of several thousand materials scientists eager to hear Richard Smalley’s evening plenary talk on “new devices and materials from carbon.” Afterward, in a nearly empty meeting room at the hotel, the Rice University chemist looks tired and spent as he fields questions. Then suddenly he’s revitalized; he leans forward and focuses intently. The conversation has swung to one of his favorite subjects: how nanotechnology will help save the world. There are roughly 6 billion people on Earth, Smalley points out on this November night, and research aimed at producing better, cheaper, more efficient materials will be one key to feeding and housing that population as it soars toward an eventual steady state of 10 billion or more. But the limits to how strong, conductive and intricate a material can be “are set at the nanometer scale,” he says. “The dream,” says Smalley, “is to build with that level of finesse, to make it perfect down to the last atom.” This capability, he contends, would bring smaller, more efficient batteries, stronger materials, and vastly improved and cheaper electronics. These are no ravings from the latest trendy “futurist.” Smalley is one of the country’s most respected chemists, a 1996 Nobel laureate in chemistry, and director of a new $33 million Nanoscale Science and Technology Center at Rice. Nor is he alone. A growing number of researchers share Smalley’s conviction that controlling the structure of materials down to a few atoms or molecules will have an immense impact on everything from computing to medicine. The ability to manipulate matter an atom at a time has been the stuff of science fiction for years. But recent development of high-tech tools, especially probes sensitive enough to both image and move individual atoms and molecules, has begun to turn these fantasies into scientific reality. During this past year, two groups of researchers have independently fabricated a transistor out of a single carbon molecule. Scientists have built prototype information storage devices with data bits as small as 50 nanometers across. Other researchers have recently made a molecule that rotates, acting as a nanowheel, as well as a rudimentary abacus with single molecules acting as the sliding beads. These are, admittedly, laboratory novelties. And, in truth, no one really knows what will result from the emerging science. For one thing, while scientists can painstakingly make nanodevices one at a time in the lab, they still must find a rapid-and commercially feasible-way to make millions of them. They also lack reliable methods for integrating nanoscale components. But these first steps provide compelling evidence that it is possible to build working nanodevices-and they have begun to generate considerable hope (along with a fair amount of hype) that Smalley’s dream of building new materials with molecular precision will come true.

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Take your classroom on a virtual exploration around the world and through time with this exciting new digitally driven social studies program. Help students develop a deeper understanding of the content by making personal connections to the people and places they learn about. Take students across the globe—no passport required! With innovative online resources, project-based activities, and unprecedented support for all learners, all students will go beyond the printed page and actively experience the world in which they live. Make sure students aren't just reading content—make sure they "get it"! In addition to the UbD approach woven throughout the program, myWorld Geography provides opportunities for students to demonstrate what they've learned so you can assess for success! Our fully digital programs and ebooks provide cutting-edge online instruction with a seamless transition from the textbook, allowing students to complete assignments, access videos and activities, and take online tests and remediation. Pearson encourages 21st century learning by infusing the core subjects and themes throughout our programs—Life and Career Skills, Learning and Innovation Skills, and Information, Media, and Technology Skills. The ultimate goal—to ensure that every child is prepared for the 21st century with skills like critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, innovation and global competence. With Pearson’s interactive whiteboard-ready resources, students become more active and collaborative classroom learners and teachers are able to deliver memorable lessons, engage all types of learners, and reduce class preparation time. Language-acquisition expert, Dr. Jim Cummins, has worked exclusively with Pearson to embed powerful teaching approaches into Pearson programs, ensuring that English language learners receive the same high quality education as their peers. Dr. Cummins’ expertise in literacy development in multilingual school contexts, as well as the role of technology in promoting language and literacy development, have made Pearson programs the most effective resources for today’s ELLs.

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Print version ISSN 0044-5967 VALENCIA, Wilmer Herrera; SAMPAIO, Paulo de Tarso Barbosa and SOUZA, Luiz Augusto Gomes de. Growth of initial Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) in different environnement of fertility. Acta Amaz. [online]. 2010, vol.40, n.4, pp. 693-698. ISSN 0044-5967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672010000400008. Studies of nutritional requirements are of great importance for identifying the most important nutrients in physiologic development and seedling growth. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted at INPA to evaluate the mineral nutritional demands and the effects of macronutrient omission in the plant growth of Aniba rosaeodora Ducke. The following treatments were used: Complete (fertilization with N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B and Zn), Standard (nature soil), Complete without N, Complete without P, Complete without K, Complete without Ca, Complete without Mg, and Complete without S. An Ultisoil with low nutrient availability was used as a substratum. The following characteristics were evaluated, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), plant height, diameter, dry matter production of the aerial part (DMPAP) and amount of nutrient in the dry matter of leaves. We concluded from the results that: low availability of N, Ca and Mg constraints the growth of the Aniba rosaeodora plants. Seedlings of A. rosaeodora required little P, K and S. The omission of Ca and N harmed the RGR of the species. The most important elements for DMPAP were Ca and Mg; the Mg acting more in the leaf area; on the other hand, the omission of sulfur favored the macronutrient absorption (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). Keywords : Native forest; nutritional state; macronutrients; A. rosaeodora.

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Guest Author - Gayle E. Santana Coffee breath is a distinct phenomenon that most all of us have experienced at some time in our lives. For some of us, our earliest memory of experiencing coffee breath is our teacher leaning close over our desk and we, not listening to a word he or she is saying because we are blown away by the odor of coffee breath. We always notice when someone else has it but are probably unaware when we ourselves are the offending party. What causes bad breath in general? Bad Breath, clinically know as Halitosis, can be caused by a number of things including strong food and drinks, poor dental hygiene, disease, dry mouth and dieting. So what can we do about it? Give up our favorite drink? Heavens no! There are times when bad breath is unavoidable, but letís focus on the things we can do to control the occurrence or severity of it. First off, we must begin with good dental hygiene in general. Here are some generally accepted dental practices that will assist in keeping your mouth fresh whether you drink coffee or not. -Brush 2-3 times daily. -Use toothpaste that controls plaque and tartar -See your dentist twice yearly for a cleaning -Drink plenty of water Most often when we drink coffee, itís not a convenient time to brush. So how do we make sure we are remembered for our winning personalities and gorgeous smiles and not for our atrocious coffee breath? Here are a few tips: -Rinse your mouth with water if you canít brush -Keep sugarless gum and/or candy handy-preferably the strong minty flavors -Use a dissolving strip like the Listerine pocket packs -Avoid close contact with others immediately after your morning cup of java Coffee breath is so common that Starbucks has come out with their own line of After Coffee breath freshening candies and gum in flavors like peppermint, cinnamon, vanilla and spearmint. How convenient is that? So the next time you reach for your favorite cup of java be sure to have your breath freshening strategy ready. You will be able to drink with confidence.

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Project Description and Objectives of Research: There has been much disagreement about how to best measure the benefits of cleanup of hazardous waste sites. In 1980, Congress mandated the EPA to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) required the EPA to establish criteria to prioritize sites based on risks to health, environment, and welfare. Welfare was interpreted to mean impacts associated with health and the environment, not economic and social impacts (Greenberg and Schneider, 1995). Consequently, the real effect of hazardous waste sites on property values has often been neglected in cost-benefit analyses. Incorporating losses in property values in the analyses may yield a different conclusion about the effectiveness of remedial actions. Previous academic studies have attempted to measure benefits from the cleanup of hazardous waste by showing that residential property values become lower as the distance to a hazardous waste site decreases. Extending this argument, if the hazardous waste site is removed, then the discount for being in a location that is close to a former hazardous waste site should be recovered. After environmental contamination is completely cleaned up, ceteris paribus, one would expect residential property values to regain their lost values. The benefits of cleanup are then the difference between what property values would be if the hazardous waste site never existed and what property values are with the hazardous waste site. We argue that this reasoning is faulty because of hysteresis or path dependence. If stigma effects from a site exist, the stigma associated with a hazardous waste site leads to irreversible losses in property values. Past studies have ignored the effects of stigma and, therefore, may have overvalued the benefits of cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The hypothesis to be tested is whether there is a stigma effect from environmental damage on residential property values. If the stigma from environmental damage is significant, then the framework developed in this study can be used to analyze issues of environmental justice. This project augments the existing literature on the environmental contamination and residential property values because property values by analyzing such values over a long period of time. Specifically, existing studies have not looked at property values after cleanup has been completed which we proposed to do in this study. Summary of Findings: We developed a theoretical model that includes both path dependence and expectations in the determination of property values. This research makes an important contribution to the tipping (or residential succession) literature by showing that, with external economies and adjustment costs, both path dependence and expectations can play a role in determining whether there will be a stigma equilibrium. The model was estimated empirically using hedonic price techniques. The pooled data set covered the period 1979 to 1995 and included more than 200,000 observations. The time period included observations before, during, and after cleanup of a contaminated site. We found that only houses located in a very close proximity to the hazardous waste site were stigmatized. A variety of estimation methods were used in this study. The first approach was to estimate a distance model. We found that the coefficient on distance from smelter starts out positive, then turns negative after cleanup. Standing alone, one might conclude from this result that there is no stigma. However, in the first post-cleanup period (1987-90), there were no sales within one mile of the smelter. We hypothesized the price gradient on distance from the hazardous waste site is unlikely to be continuous. We used two approaches to deal with the possible discontinuity of the price gradient. The first approach is using a linear spline function in place of the distance variable in the hedonic price equation. The second approach is to replace the distance variable with discrete distance dummy variables. We conclude from the results of both approaches that the effect of the smelter diminishes rapidly with distance. The smelter?s sphere of influence is no greater than one mile. There is stigma for houses within one mile of the smelter. A repeat sales subset of the data set which consists of houses that were sold more than once was identified, and a repeat sales model was estimated separately for the smelter area and a control area. The hypothesis tested that the rates of return are the same across areas. The repeat sales data set was also used to estimate separate hedonic regressions for houses that were sold both before and after cleanup. The coefficients on the year dummy variables in the years after additional contamination concerns about the RSR smelter site arose (1991-1995) are more negative for the smelter area than the control area. In the period during and initially after cleanup (1981-1990), the return is better in the smelter area. This allows for a non-confounded analysis because the structural characteristics of the house do not usually change over time. However, there may be selection bias because the most stigmatized houses may not have been sold after cleanup. The dynamic effects of the smelter were analyzed by estimating its effect on housing appreciation rates. Using the repeat sales data set, appreciation rates were calculated for each of event-driven time periods. Appreciation rates multiplied by 100 were used as the dependent variable in a regression with housing, neighborhood, and environmental attributes used as the independent variables. In the period in which identification and cleanup occurred, which was also a period of intense media coverage (1981-1986), a location that is farther away from the smelter had a positive and significant effect on the appreciation rate of the house. In the first post-cleanup period (1987-1990), the houses with locations that are in close proximity to the smelter experienced a significantly higher appreciation rate than houses located farther away. Finally, in the period of additional concern about the smelter area (1991-1995), a location that is farther away from the smelter had a positive but insignificant effect on the appreciation rate of the house. In order to compare the smelter area with a control area, models with an indicator variable, which is equal to one when the distance from the smelter is less than a specified number of miles and zero otherwise was estimated. This model was estimated with the smelter area equal to a circle with a radius of one mile and a radius of four miles. There is a discount for being within one mile of the smelter in each period, which can be interpreted that a stigma exists on properties within one mile. The effect of media coverage was also analyzed in this study. The bulk of the coverage occurred in the period in which identification of the site and cleanup occurred (1981-1986). The results indicate that the estimated coefficient on the media variable in this time period was negative and significant for properties sold within four miles of the RSR site, while the estimated media coefficient was positive and significant for properties sold greater than four miles away from the site. Media coverage again increased in the period of new concern after cleanup (1991-1995). The media variable coefficient was again negative and significant for properties sold within the smelter area, while it was positive but insignificant for properties sold greater than four miles from the smelter. We also estimated a dynamic discrete time model in order to analyze the evolution of perceived risk around a hazardous waste site and its effect on property values. Perceived risk is different from scientifically assessed risk because it can be manipulated. We found that media coverage and high prior risk perception increase current perceived risk. Increased perceived risk surrounding the hazardous waste site, in turn, lowers property values. This research is very innovative because it uses a revealed preference approach to estimating perceived risk, while other attempts to estimate perceived risk rely on survey data. Using Generalized Maximum Entropy (GME) estimation techniques, we found that perceived risk, weighted by distance, has the expected negative relationship with housing price. The coefficient on lagged perceived risk is positive and less than one, so that perceived risk does not explode. Finally, the media coefficient is positive. Media coverage increases perceived risk. The theoretical model shows that stigma can be caused by both path dependence and uncertainty, rather than uncertainty alone, which is the accepted explanation in the environmental economics literature. The theoretical model also shows that stigma is not the only outcome after contamination. Recovery is also possible. In our examination of Dallas County, Texas, and the RSR lead smelter site, we found that stigma exists close to the site, but it dissipates rapidly with distance. Before the identification of the site by the EPA, there was already a discount for a buying a house with a smelter location. During the period of smelter identification and cleanup, there was a period of high media coverage, and the discount increased. In the first four years after a court ruled that cleanup was complete, no houses were sold within one mile of the site. Finally, in the subsequent five years, houses were sold within one mile of the site but a discount remained. Media coverage of the site caused property values to decrease in the smelter and increase outside the smelter area. Papers and Manuscripts: McCluskey, Jill J. and Gordon C. Rausser, 1998. "Estimation of Perceived Risk and Its Effect on Property Values," Working Paper, Department of Agricultural Economics, Washington State University. McCluskey, Jill J. and Gordon C. Rausser, 1998. "Stigmatized Asset Value: Is it Temporary or Permanent?" Working Paper, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley. McCluskey, Jill J. and Gordon C. Rausser. "Causes and Compensation for Environmental Inequality," In preparation. "Stigmatized Asset Value: Is it Temporary or Permanent," Presented at: University of California, Berkeley--Real Estate Ph.D. seminar at the Haas School of Business, November 1997; Pennsylvania State University--Department of Energy, Environmental, and Mineral Economics, January 1998; Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics--North Carolina State University, January 1998; School of Public Policy and Management--The Ohio State University, May 1998. "Stigma of Environmental Damage on Residential Property Values," Selected Paper presented at the 1997 American Agricultural Economics Association meetings, Toronto.

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December 1, 2011 Hearing Colors: Is There an Evolutionary Benefit? Ker Than, National Geographic A neural condition that tangles the senses so that people hear colors and taste words could yield important clues to understanding how the brain is organized, according to a new review study. This sensory merger, called synesthesia, was first scientifically documented in 1812 but was widely misunderstood for much of its history, with many experts thinking the condition was a form of mild insanity. TAGGED: creativity, synesthesia

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What is A BRITISH POUND COIN MADE OUT OF? The circulating British one pound (£1) coin is minted from a nickel-brass alloy of approximately 70% copper, 24.5% zinc, and 5.5% nickel. The coin weighs 9.50 grams (0.34 oz) and has a diameter of 22.50 millimetres (0.89 in.). The value of the composition metal in a £1 coin amount to ... Some territories outside the United Kingdom, that use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, ... They will remain in circulation. They will see all of us out, until they die a natural death. So whatever happens, Britannia stays around". Current (1983-present) £1 coins are made of nickel-brass, an alloy containing 70% copper, 24.5% zinc, and 5.5% nickel. There is also a £1 "sovereign" coin which was once ... The commemorative five pound coin is a large coin (38.61 mm in diameter) made out of cupro-nickel. ... 2001 United Kingdom Silver Proof One Pound Coin Facts. Comments. You May Also Like. How to Check for Fake One Pound Coins. What is WHAT METAL IS A POUND COIN MADE OUT OF? ... What metal/metals are English Pound coins made of? 6 years ago; Report Abuse; by Tsumego Member since: June 09, 2007 Total points: 8,490 (Level 5) Add Contact; ... What is WHAT MATERIAL IS A POUND COIN MADE OUT O? ... How many ways are there to make one pound out of British coins? Best Answer: i think it works out to 4563 you can work it out step by step (pennywise) , as below: 1: ... What is the British pound (GBP)? ... For the first few years after 1971, the new type of penny was commonly referred to as a “new penny”. Coins for denominations of ½p, 1p, 2p, 5p, ... only 92 out of several hundred retain the right, ... View the One Pound coin designs that have been issued in the United Kingdom. ... The United Kingdom coinage is kept under constant review. ... the £1 coin is thicker than other coins while the 'yellow' colour allowed it to stand out from the cupro-nickel 'silver' coins already in circulation. What metal/metals are English Pound coins made of? 6 years ago; Report Abuse; by Tsumego Member since: June 09, 2007 Total points: 8,490 (Level 5) Add Contact; ... what is a silver coin made out of? Why are coins made of transition metals? What metal are pound coins made of? Categories. Q&A Related to "When Did the One Pound Coin CoMe Out" When did the pound coin come in to circulation? 1489 is when the first British Sovereign was made. ... The British decimal Two Pound coin was first issued in 1985 as a collectible gold coin. Q&A Related to "What is a 2 pence coin made out of" What are British 2 Pence coins made from? ... and, since the introduction of the Two pounds (British coin)... Top Related Searches. Two Pence Coin Value Nickel Coin Contents Composition Nickel Coin. British Coins. Two Pence Coin. British coins; Bank notes; Exchange rates; Old Money . British Currency . Money Quiz | New coins in circulation. The British currency is the pound sterling. The sign for the pound is. GBP = Great British Pound . ... More about British Currency. Find out more about our old money. Gold coins have a value over and above their weight in gold. You should research the coin itself and find out what the current market price is for you coin.You can find more information The monetary system of Great Britain is decimal based, with the primary unit of currency called the Pound. The names and relative values of the coins depicted above are, from left to right: Best Answer: i think it works out to 4563 you can work it out step by step (pennywise) , as below: 1: only 1 way to get to 1 from 0 => 1 2: 1 way from 1, 1 way from 0 (2p ... In the first situation, the British pound coin would be worth $1.60, while the British 2 pence coin---representing a value of 1/50 of a pound-would be valued at 3.2 U.S. cents. In ... What Are Foreign Coins Made Out Of? The value of a coin used to be determined primarily by its ... The circulating British one pound (£1) coin is minted from a nickel-brass alloy of approximately 70% copper, 24.5% zinc, and 5.5% nickel. The coin weighs 9.50 grams (0.34 oz) ... what are canadian coins made out of (nickels, ... How many ways are there to make one pound out of British coins? Using pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters, fifty-cent pieces, and dollar coins there are 293 What is the british pound coin made from? Welcome New User! ( Create Account | Sign In) Answer Questions and Earn Money! Join Us. How WebAnswers Works|Become an Expert|FAQs|Advanced Search | Leaderboards | Earn Money. Maximize. Start earning today! The United Kingdom; Great Britain. England; Scotland; Wales; Identity; London; Union Flag; Trade; Religion; Multiculture; Population; Weather; A-Z of Britain; Customs & traditions. ... (2 pounds) The design of the 2 pound coin represents technological development. What kid wouldn’t be interested in a machine that made them pound coins? ... In Get Out While You Can I talk repeatedly about starting an internet business for less than £50. ... Most Popular Articles On Entrepreneur.co.uk. Avoiding Life’s Own Goals. The United Kingdom; Great Britain. England; Scotland; Wales; Identity; London; Union Flag; Trade; Religion; ... I don't think there was a five pound coin. I believe the guinea was, still is, just a value and not a coin or note." ... Can you work out how much £4-8-4d (£4/8/4d) was? Click here ... The United Kingdom one-pound coin has been counterfeited almost since it was introduced in 1983. This group of files attempts to give information on the genuine coin and details of some of the various counterfeit coins and counterfeit cases involving the pound coin. Dining Out; Education & Reference; Entertainment & Music; Environment; ... £1 worth of materials can make 25 £1 coins. ... About how much is one pound of various US coins worth? How much was a british pound worth in the 1890's? Categories. All Categories. You are here: Home Categories Other & Miscellaneous What is a british one pound coin made from? What is the british pound coin made from? What is the weight of a british one pound coin? Is a british pound sterling a coin or a note? Is a british five pound coin legal tender? There have been rumours circulating in the UK that the two pound coin where the queen is wearing a necklace is worth a lot (the highest figure quoted to me is £75). ... but because of the rumours they have been picked out of circulation. British five pound coins (quintuple sovereigns) have been issued since 1820, and five pound gold proof commemorative crowns since 1990... Two Pound Coin: Home; Shop. Browse by Event. ... The first base metal £2 coin was issued in the United Kingdom in 1986 to commemorate the Thirteenth Commonwealth Games which that year were held in Scotland. ... Production was placed on hold whilst further tests were carried out and resumed in ... Convert leftover Pound Sterling coins to cash: we will buy your Pound coins and will pay you out in Dollars or Euros. It's quick and easy. All British coins shown below are accepted for exchange on leftovercurrency.com, free of charge. However as soon as this change occured the royal mint now makes them out of copper plated steel. ... I have been unable to find statistics on the British penny, however, John's video is fascinating. ... it costs around three p in materials to make a pound coin. This article discusses the British One Pound circulating coin issued since 1983, only. For earlier coins worth One Pound, please see the articles on the Sovereign, Broad, Laurel, and Unite. In order to provide contrast to the silver proof coins, the British Royal Mint added 24-carat gold plating to each coin from the set, thus enriching them with extra detail. Sets include 14 different one pound coin designs made by five artists . ... (i think from what i can make out) ... How the UK's coins are made - and what they are made of ... Here, we look at what it takes to make a coin in the UK. The five pound coin commemorating the engagement of Prince William and Kate Middleton Photo: Reuters. 8:00AM BST 23 Jul 2011. Carried out poorly, it produces a very unconvincing copy. In the small castings industry, ... A photograph of coin P8, a one-pound counterfeit coin made from an acrylic compound and a metal powder. ... It was bought from the classified advertisements in the British magazine, ... The English pound note is to disappear after more than 150 years. At first notes were handwritten and they were made out to a named person or 'the bearer'. ... Meanwhile the UK gained its first credit card in 1966. Pound coins were introduced in 1983. Pound notes ceased to be legal in 1988. Issued in 1998 (in proof and uncirculated sets only), 2003 and 2008 (UK design). Pound coins of this type dated 2008 have now been seen in circulation, some time after 2008 coins of the new type. Proofs: silver in 1998, 2003 and 2008 ... ... Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, UK, GB, GBR). Pound Sterling is also known as the British Pound, the United Kingdom Pound, UKP, STG, the ... and information on coins and notes; TripAdvisor: United Kingdom Banks & Money - Dealing with ... figures in to figure out ... Another two pound coin is the Euro 96 to mark the UEFA Euro 96 football tournament held in England. ... One of the latest British coins to look out for is again a two pound coin released in the year 2007 to commemorate the bicentennial of the Slave Trade Act. Please note that the United Kingdom still uses the GBP £ Pounds currency and not the euro, while some large companies in the UK accept the euro it is not generally accepted as payment. ... 50 pounds. Front view. Like the UK coins the notes all carry the Queens head. British coins on this page are arranged from the most valuable to the least valuable, and they are also shown in four major groups. ... and some earlier coins, such as 5 pound gold coins from the early 1800s, climb in value to the $10,000 range. Lot Old US Junk Silver Coins 1 Pound LB 16 oz Pre-1965 Full Dates . Time left: $241.00. 0 bids. Free shipping. Estate Coin Collection 1 Pound Old USA W Silver Coins BIGGEST Variety Best Value. ... Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. Free printable worksheets for counting British (UK) coins (in pence) and bills (in pounds). Worksheets are customizable and randomly generated. Brief history of the British pound coin, by Chard. One pound coins were introduced in 1983, but their forerunner was the gold sovereign first struck in 1489. 1984: Quid notes out - pound coins in The English pound note is to disappear after more than 150 years. News of the familiar green £1 note's withdrawal came when Chancellor Nigel Lawson made his autumn statement in parliament on Monday. Question How much does it cost to make a pound coin? Michael, Balham Answer ** Definitive ** Name: Geoffrey, Sydenham Qualification: I’m mint Answer: Each pound coin costs 12p. Stock Photo - Photo of a house made from British Pound, US dollar and Euro banknotes, isolated on white with clipping path. ... Photo of a piggy bank on a circle of Euro banknotes with a 1 Euro coin on the slot, cut out on a white background. Clipping path provided for the circle of notes. The basic unit of British currency (currency of the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies) is the pound, ... Pound coins were not minted before the 19th century – the silver equivalent of the pound circulated in shillings and crowns. As far as fake pound coins go, this isn’t bad. Actually, none of the fakes in this post are particularly poor. They could all be quite easily passed on. ... I probably should of thought out this part a little more, but not to worry! Nicknames: Pound Sterling, Sterling, Quid, Nicker. Coins: Freq Used: £1, £2, 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p Rarely Used: Banknotes: Freq Used: £5, £10, £20, £50 Rarely Used: £100. Central Bank: ... The United Kingdom's central bank is the Bank of England. If you didn't find what you were looking for you can always try Google Search Add this page to your blog, web, or forum. This will help people know what is What is A BRITISH POUND COIN MADE OUT OF

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Gambling and Problem Gambling Across the Lifespan This document presents key findings of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health's Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, which describes gambling activity and gambling problems among Ontario students in 2009. This survey is the longest ongoing school survey of adolescents in Canada and the second longest in North America. Youth Making Choices: A curriculum-based gambling prevention program This article provides background information about a 2009 study on Internet gambling among youth in Quebec. This 2004 Ontario study by the Department of Public Health Services at the University of Toronto, examines how youth view gambling. Conclusions drawn include the need for increased public education given the lack of awareness of gambling and its consequences among youth. Parents as Partners: Quantitative National Findings This 2009 Canadian study, by Decode and Dr. Jeffrey Derevensky (McGill University), explores parental awareness and attitudes toward youth gambling. It was designed to generate fact-based direction for the development of communications, support materials, and services and programs that will effectively engage parents as partners in youth-centered responsible gambling awareness and problem gambling prevention. This review was commissioned to summarize international evidence about children and young people's participation in different types of gambling activities, their motivations to gamble, the prevalence of problem gambling among children, and the harms caused to children by gambling (including in later life). Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Violent Video Games and What Parents Can Do Despite the media hype and political posturing, new, federally funded research on violent video games and teenagers indicates that the politicians and even some health professionals may have it all wrong! In 2004, Drs. Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson, co-founders and directors of the Harvard Medical School Center for Mental Health and Media, began a $1.5 million study funded by the U.S. Department of Justice on the effects of video games on young teenagers. In contrast to previous research, they studied real children and families in real situations. What they found surprised, encouraged, and sometimes disturbed them. Youth Gambling International This comprehensive website contains a vast amount of information on youth and problem gambling, including estimates of youth problem gambling prevalence rates in Canada, risk factors and motives, warning signs, common misconceptions, advice for parents, and a list of recommended publications. Designed specifically for youth to increase awareness of the odds of winning and the potential dangers associated with gambling, this website also includes a definition of problem gambling, information on various types of gambling activities, and a "pick and win" game that demonstrates the unlikely odds of winning. This animated, interactive website includes places to find information on gambling, the benefits of refraining from gambling, a glossary of gambling terminology, and a slot game demonstrating the likelihood of loss. Be Web Aware Developed for Canadian youth, this bilingual, public education program on internet safety includes valuable information on gambling, internet addiction, and tips for parents. Youth and Gambling This website contains information about problem gambling for individuals concerned about their own or someone else’s gambling. It includes a section dedicated to youth, which includes information on prevalence rates, risk factors, barriers to prevention, treatment considerations, and recommendations Wanna Bet? Magazine This magazine for kids concerned about gambling is available in print and online form. It Includes a regular column called "Ask Andy" where kids can ask questions about gambling problems, a call for youth artwork and original songs on gambling, and fun alternative activities to gambling. Yellow Flag Moments Part of Health Promotion and Protection's educational website to help youth recognize the "yellow flags" associated with a potential gambling problem, this webpage includes tips on how to take steps to prevent problem gambling and how to talk to a friend or family member about their gambling. Look for the resource page with posters and brochures available to order in both French and English. Youth and Gambling: References and Suggested Readings This suggested reading list is of articles and reports on youth and gambling. Titles include “Prevention of Problem Gambling: A High School and University-Based Initiative” and “Why don’t adolescent problem gamblers seek treatment?” Issues of the Youth Gambling International quarterly newsletter are available for download here. This presentation by researchers at the International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviours explores internet gambling among youth. The 2007 Student Drug Use Survey is the fourth time that all the Atlantic provinces have collected and analyzed standardized data on the prevalence of drug use among students. In 2006, Nova Scotia Health Promotion and Protection developed Yellow Flag, an evidence-based social marketing campaign to prevent and/or reduce risk for gambling problems about young adults (19-34 years) in Nova Scotia. This report is the result of a post-campaign survey designed to assess market response to the campaign. The Nova Scotia Department of Health Promotion and Protection commissioned this research to examine gambling risk among adolescents 13 to 18 years.

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The assessment of fire damaged hot rolled structural steel is an area in which most engineers and architects have little practical experience. On many occasions fire affected steelwork shows little or no distortion resulting in considerable uncertainty regarding its re-usability. This is particularly true in situations whose fire has resulted in some parts of the structure exhibiting little or no damage alongside areas where considerable damage and distortion are clearly visible. The principal source of information on this subject in the Corus Publication ‘The Reinstatement of Fire Damaged Steel and Iron Framed Structures. Its main conclusions are summarised here. Reasons for fire damage All materials weaken with increasing temperature and steel is no exception. Strength loss for steel is generally accepted to begin at about 300ºC and increases rapidly after 400ºC, by 550ºC steel retains about 60% of its room temperature yield strength. This is usually considered to be the failure temperature for structural steel. However, in practice this is a very conservative assumption; low loads, the insulating effects of concrete slabs, the restraining effects of connections etc. mean that real failure temperatures can be as high as 750ºC or even higher for partially exposed members. Behaviour of BS EN 10025 grade S275 steel (formerly grade 43) A modern grade S275 hot rolled structural steel section, subjected to fire conditions which raises its temperature above 600ºC, may suffer some deterioration in residual properties on cooling. In no situation however, whatever the fire temperature, will the room temperature yield stress or the tensile strength fall further than 10% below their original values. Thus, where it can be safely concluded that the steel members will be utilised to less than 90% of their maximum load bearing capacity or that any loss in strength will not bring the properties below the guaranteed minimum, replacement should not be considered necessary providing the member satisfies all other engineering requirements (e.g. straightness). Behaviour of BS EN 10025 grade S355 steel (formerly grade 50) Grade S355 hot rolled structural steel also suffers losses in residual yield and tensile strength when subjected to temperature over 600ºC in fire. High strength steels, of which grade S355 is typical, obtain their characteristics as the result of the addition of strengthening elements, typically vanadium and niobium. At high temperatures these elements tend to precipitate out of the matrix creating a coarse distribution. As a result the reduction in yield strength at room temperature after the steel has been heated to temperatures above 600ºC, may be proportionately greater than for unalloyed mild steels. Re-use of fire damaged steel An often quoted general rule for fire affected hot rolled structural steels is that if the steel is straight and there are no obvious distortions then the steel is steel fit for use. At 600ºC the yield strength of steel is equal to about 40% of its room temperature value; it follows therefore that any steel still remaining straight after the fire and which had been carrying an appreciable load was probably not heated beyond 600ºC, would not have undergone any metallurgical changes and will probably be fit for re-use. However, where the load in the fire was less than the full design load, and also with high strength steels, this cannot always be held to be true. In such cases it is recommended that hardness tests are carried out on the affected steel. In practice it is recommended that, in all instance, some hardness tests should be carried out. For grade S275 steel, if the ultimate tensile strength resulting from the tests are within the range specified in Table 2 then the steel is reusable. For grade S355 steel additional tensile test coupons should be taken from fire affected high strength steel members when hardness tests show that : 1- There is more than 10% difference in hardness compared to non-fire affected steelwork. Or 2- Hardness test results indicate that the strength is within 10% of the specified minimum. Where deflections are visible, general guidelines on the maximum permissible levels of deflection to ensure satisfactory performance are difficult to specify. The amount of deflection or distortion must be checked so that its effect under load can be calculated to ensure that permissible stresses are not exceeded and the functioning of the building is not impaired. Therefore every building should be considered as a separate case and the structural engineer involved in the reinstatement exercise must decide what level is acceptable to satisfy the relevant Codes. Connections and foundations The tensile strength reduction for grade 4.6 bolts is similar to that for S275 steel. For grade 8.8 bolts, which are heat treated in manufacture, the residual strength reduction is more marked if the material temperature has exceeded 450ºC. The residual strength of these bolts falls to 80% and 60% after reaching temperatures of 600ºC and 800ºC respectively. To err on the side of caution it is recommended that bolts should be replaced if they show any sign of having been heated e.g. blistered paint, smooth grey scaled surface. Contraction of heated members after the fire can cause distortion of connections. When carrying out an inspection of a fire damaged building it is recommended that special care is taken in inspecting the connections for cracking of welds, end plate damage, bolt failure etc. A number of bolts should be removed to inspect for distortion. Similar care should be taken when inspecting foundations for bolt failure, concrete cracking etc.

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Ansari, was one of the great Persian Sufi teachers of the 11th century. In a little book called Munajat, Pir Ansari recorded a number of insightful prayers which show the way that he thought about prayer, and the way that we too must learn to humble our little self unto the Greater As is the case with many Sufi teachings, these prayers have multiple levels of meaning. On the surface they show the need for humility, but when one looks deeper, the prayers give us hope and courage, because they remind us that God is the ultimate Teacher, Guide and Friend who desires to express love, harmony and beauty through our On the surface, the prayers seem to be asking for something, but on a deeper level they are a celebration of the precious gifts which have already been granted to each of us, if only we have the wisdom to rise above our habitual self-centered viewpoint and embrace the great flow of wonder, peace and might which is being showered upon us in every moment by the beneficent and ever-merciful Divine In glory Thou art merciful, in perfection Neither need of space nor wish for time hast No being is like Thee, nor art Thou like any. Clearly Thou art within the soul, and the soul lives by what Thou art... Pir-i Ansari has drained a cup of the Wine of Love; Like Majnun, he wanders drunken and bewildered over the world. O God, by the mercy of the Name that Thou And by the honor of those qualities which are Come to my rescue, since Thou alone has the O God let my eye see naught but how Thou dost nourish and sustain me, And my heart choose naught but the way of Thy servitude. O God, when I consider Thee, I am a king there is a crown upon my head, when I consider myself, I am one of the bereft, upon my head is dust. O God, I confess my weakness and my I am aware of Thy kindness and thy O God, the pure must beseech Thy What must the impure do? O God, could I have forgiven sins from the I would never have committed one. O God, all fear Thee, but Thy Abdullah For from Thee comes all good and from him all evil. O God, how can I avoid my fate? where shall I run from what shall be? O God though my sins are inordinate, forgiveness is unlimited. O God, with Thy favor there is no need for refuge at any threshold. Ahead lies danger, and I have no way back. Take my hand, for other than Thee I have no refuge. O God, what virtue is this that accompanies Thy With what privilege hast thou brought them into the world, That whosoever found Thee would know And whosoever knew them would find Thee! O God, whatever Thou hast offered I have bought; From the two worlds I have chosen Thy friendship alone. O God, beside Thy love all fires are cold; Without Thy love all favor is pain. O God, though the night of separation is dark, yet I am satisfied, For the morning of union is near. O God, though Satan misguided Adam, Who gave him his daily bread? O God, lift this veil from the Way abandon us not to ourselves. O God, out of Mecca came Abu Jahl (an enemy of And from a temple of idols Abraham, It is a matter of grace, all else is pretext. O God what Thou hast sewn I have worn, And what Thou hast poured into my cup I have drunk; Naught of this, for all my striving, was of me. O God... my heart sings always of its longing for The soul in my body breathes for Thee, if someday a plant grows upon my grave, will emanate the fragrance of Thee. Khwājah 'Abd Allāh Ansārī, Munājāt, The Intimate Prayers, trans Lawrence Morris and Rustam Sarfeh, New York, 1975 For bibliographical information about the life and times of Khwajah 'Abdullah Ansari, see:

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By Kathryn Miles The barred owl arrived in the full light of morning, silently landing on an ash branch at the edge of my yard. There she sat for the better part of a day, draping belly feathers over her otherwise bare feet and closing her eyes against the shrill wind. I might have overlooked her entirely, had I not risen from my desk to answer the phone or make another cup of tea or whatever else it was that caused me to stir at precisely that time. But, because I did, I caught the settling movements of this raptor. And I was captivated. Owls seem uniquely suited to prompt this response in us. As I sat on my kitchen table, watching this one fill the canopy of the ash tree, my mind flitted from a sense of immediate wonder to the complex mythic associations an owl brings each time it lands in the company of humans. I thought about Thoreau’s barbed celebration of owls as harbingers of a nature we are inclined to miss. I recalled that Athena—the Greek goddess of wisdom and justice—bore the symbol of an owl, as did Lilith—the dreaded Sumerian goddess of death. And that, more recently, women from Brittany and Saxony believed that owls bring fertility and healthy childbirth, while their counterparts in Morocco and Malaysia alleged that owls kill newborns and steal the souls of children. Even today, many Cameroonians call owls “the bird that brings fear,” while their neighbors in Indonesia and Japan respectfully disagree, insisting that an owl call remains the best predictor of when it is safe to venture outside. It must be tough business maintaining so many mythic associations in so many places. Throughout that first morning the barred owl sat in my tree, I thought a lot about these contradictions and more, wondering how such a quiet animal manages to shoulder them against an unforgiving wind. Only later in the day did another thought surface. For all the disparity in the collective mythology of owls; these stories nevertheless share one very important quality: they are set at night. And with good reason. Over 125 owl species exist worldwide, and the vast majority of them are nocturnal. Of the twenty types of owls present in North America, only five are considered diurnal, or daytime, hunters. The barred owl is not one of these five species. Instead, this bird has evolved in such a way that it functions best under the cover of almost absolute darkness. There, its keen eyesight and nuanced auditory system offers the barred owl great advantages over daytime dwellers, who tend to stumble around in a place made foreign by lack of illumination. Not so the barred owl. It knows every inch of this unseeing landscape—and it seems at least to intuit that darkness deprives other animals this knowledge. This attribute made me all the more intent on monitoring my unexpected morning visitor. And so I watched for hours that first day, worrying about what her presence might mean. Admittedly, barred owls are not uncommon in the wooded foothills of Maine, the place I currently call home. To the human eye, this is a liminal landscape: a daytrip away from both the rocky coast celebrated by Rachel Carson and the northern terminus of the Appalachian Mountains, where John Burroughs and countless other nature writers sought inspiration. Unlike those more iconic places, my landscape is one of intersection and contrasts—where hard-scrabble farming and a waning timber industry meet emerging enterprises like biotechnical labs and guided hunting tours. Life here tends to be scruffy, and it bears little resemblance to the New England featured in glossy brochures and guidebooks. Nevertheless, it is a habitat members of the Strigiforme family seem to love, what with its savage swamps, mixed-coniferous woods, and vole-thick meadows. In fact, this place is what scientists at the Audubon Society like to call a “hot spot” for owls, and species like the barred have flourished here since long before any human arrived. When my husband and I moved to Maine eight years ago, we were captivated by the overwhelming presence of this place’s owls. Lying in bed at night, we’d hear the cry, rendered by Shakespeare as “tu-whit, tu-woo,” rise up and out of the dark woods. As we listened, I had no difficulty understanding why generations of people across the globe have associated such calls with the underworld: it seemed such a ghastly voice to my untrained ears. Since then, I’ve grown to love that eerie crescendo piercing the still blanket of night. And I happily side with Thoreau in thinking that this cry somehow heralds a just reminder: that there is a nature we do not recognize or even acknowledge. Perhaps this dark unknowability has been why the mythic role of the owl continues to woo us with the implicit wit in its call. Perhaps it is why the literal owl has remained a welcomed and comfortable mystery for us, occupying as it does those dark and unknown places we can imagine but never really see. On many a call-filled night, I certainly have thought so. And that, I think, is why I found my quiet daytime visitor so troubling. Because, in truth, she should have been unnoticeably absent—a disembodied voice calling out of the wilderness of night. Or at least a hidden form napping in the cavern of a dead tree or a church steeple somewhere, protected from the elements and waiting out the light until it was time for her shift to begin. Nevertheless, she stayed on that ash branch for hours, still as a secret and unprovoked by the nuthatches sharing her tree or the curious human creeping across the yard for a better look. And that was where she remained, day after day at the edge of my yard. Her continued presence signaling, with its lit silence, that something in the world is amiss. But what is that something? Perhaps the most unsettling truth of all is that no one knows for certain. While we may love that which is unknowable about owls in story, most ornithologists say that mystery can be frustrating as hell when it comes to science. What little they do know is that the diurnal appearance of an owl usually indicates the bird is food-stressed. They also say a lot of these hungry birds have been making appearances throughout the northern United States lately. For the past year, avian listservs and blogs have been humming with reports of daylight sightings of owls like the barred, as well as the surprise appearances of great gray, snowy, and boreal owls—three species normally found far north of the continental U.S. Biologists are taking notice. They say rehabilitation centers are filled beyond capacity with sick and injured owls. Reports of dead owls found on roadsides are rising as well. Accidents between raptors and vehicles aren’t all that unusual in and of themselves. But the growing frequency of these incidents is. So, too, is the rising number of owls breaking the boundaries of what we consider normal habitat and behavior: like foraging at a Dunkin Donuts dumpster in Burlington, Vermont; nesting on the fields of Boston’s Logan Airport; or dropping down from Canada to hang out in places like downtown Missoula and Seattle. A couple of years ago, an unprecedented 5,000 great gray owls—North America’s largest and most mysterious Strigidae—moved from Central Canada to Northern Minnesota. This unexpected arrival brought at least as many birders, who traveled from as far as Eastern Europe to observe these raptors. Some were content to take photos of the great grays. Others, however, came to ask what the presence of these normally boreal birds might mean. Similar questions are being asked where I live, too. Earlier this season, a great gray appeared on the edge of our town and claimed a nondescript powerline as his perch. There he, like my barred, sat day after day, patiently enduring the gaze of birders and curiosity seekers who drove down the otherwise lonely gravel road to catch a look. Like me, they were spellbound: enraptured by mythology and life-lists and the cognitive dissonance created when anything—creature or otherwise—is utterly out of its place. It’s a difficult and complex thing to stand, gazing upwards, and scrutinize an animal who, distressed, was forced to cross so many natural borders. And, yet, in some real ways it seemed as if all we could do—or rather, what we needed to do—was bear witness. This, of course, is a human conceit—and one that risks anthropomorphism in some serious ways. Wild animals don’t want witness. Our local bird expert says he thinks the owl came here because it wanted to die alone. That assumption probably butts up against anthropomorphism, too. But then again, it probably also gets closer to the owl’s instinctive response. And, in the end, it’s what the owl got. A week after the great gray arrived, he was found dead on the ground near his perch. As far as we know, no one was there when he died, since it was at least a day or two before his body was found. Once it was, state wildlife experts conducted a post-mortem study, hoping to determine what brought this visitor across several discrete ecosystems and eventually caused its death. Their findings were sobering. As best as the biologists can tell, the owl died precisely because it crossed ecological borders. More specifically, it died of an infection known as aspergillosis, which is caused by a fungus commonly found on dead leaves and dried grains, as well as compost piles and bird feces. In humans, the condition can cause an acute respiratory condition for people with asthma or compromised immune systems, though most of us fend off the fungus with no noticeable effects. Most resident predatory birds do, too. In both cases, that’s because we’ve adapted to this landscape and the microbes that share it. Those owls coming down from northern territories, however, are far more susceptible to the disease since their lungs haven’t acclimated to the presence of the fungus. Normally that’s not a problem, since owls prefer to stay put: a predilection that makes the current movement of these raptors all the more beguiling—and dangerous. Most frustrating of all, no one knows for certain why these owls are now, uncharacteristically, leaving their own landscape for potentially compromising ones. For if anything, the presence of these raptors seems to signal the very real boundaries of modern scientific knowledge. And none of the standard ways of talking about avian behavior or movement is sufficient for this current predicament. Take migration—that bridge linking summer and winter habitats for most birds. There is a regularity—in terms of specific habitat, path taken, and moment of travel—that ties this movement from year to year. Not so with the barred and great gray owls. Instead, their shifting relocations seem more akin to avian irruptions, which unexpectedly and irregularly cause a large population to move en masse from one landscape to another. There are many reasons why these mass movements occur, but in the case of owl relocations, global climate change and human intervention are probably to blame. Most northern owls prefer to maintain territories deep in the boreal forest. This massive swath of canopied land covers over 1.3 billion acres in central Canada, creating what was once an untouched haven of mature needleleaf trees. A rapid increase in the number of forest fires over the past decade, coupled with increased logging pressures, has changed all of that. It also caused the collapse of food sources for northern owls, thus pushing them into my region. This same irruption theory may explain why other northern owls are appearing in densely-populated downtown cities like Minneapolis and Chicago, and why a barred owl now spends her days in my tree: they are competing with too many other owls during nighttime hunting. The added population pressure has exceeded the carrying capacity of the landscape, and the owls are hungry. This hypothesis makes a good amount of sense, but so far science hasn’t been able to find much conclusive about the owl irruption phenomenon—except that it is increasing. Meanwhile, much of what scholars thought they knew about the range of owls is changing as well. With or without the increased forest fires, climate change is beginning to redistribute territorial ranges for a variety of species, and that is making it increasingly difficult to classify basic population shifts in a scientifically meaningful way. Much of this difficulty comes down to shifting notions of borders and the spaces they separate. Take my backyard visitor. If you draw the number seven across North America, beginning with a horizontal bar across Southern Canada, and then a thick diagonal slash cascading from Nova Scotia down to the edge of Louisiana, you’ll have a pretty good sense of the barred owl’s range. That wide, zigzagged territory makes discussing latitudinal shifts of the species difficult. In its strictest sense, the term “irruption” applies to the appearance of a species in a biome where it is not normally found. But barreds have been calling my landscape home for centuries. We don’t have a word for what it means when there are suddenly a lot more of them in this area. Or what to call it when they begin to push further westward, taking over territories normally held by their close cousin, the spotted owl. In fact, we don’t have words for many of the things happening to North American owls right now. Even when you commit to studying them, owls are maddeningly allusive, scientifically speaking. Masters of camouflage, these birds of prey are usually difficult to locate during the day, when their cryptic coloration mimics the texture of tree bark and limbs. At night, they are adept at nearly soundless flight, thanks to a unique layering of feathers on their wings. Both factors make tracking and observing owls downright difficult—even for trained experts. To make matters worse, wide variances in natural populations from year to year complicate any attempt to parse out trends in total owl numbers once you find them. If you then add in the fact that most formal ornithological research is restricted to a single bioregion (thus precluding a thorough understanding of an irruption from one region to another), you have a recipe for spotty knowledge at best. Herein lies the greatest irony of the 21st century owl: although much loved by amateur birders and pop culture aficionados alike, these birds have been tremendously difficult to study. As a result, we know a lot more about their place in comparative mythology than we do in place-based ecology. This is a particularly bitter pill for me to swallow. Like a religious novice, I find great solace in the sanctity of science: its elegant simplicity, austere language, and perhaps most importantly, its implicit belief in the knowability of the natural world. Linnaean taxonomy provides the rubric through which I have come to know the trees and animals in my forest. The principles of ecological niche theory explain the degree to which I might live within—or take from—that locale. I’d like to believe that these scientific concepts and not only help me understand my place within this little biome, but also give me the tools I need to make it a sustainable one. So how can it be that biology cannot explain the place of owls in this same landscape? The answers are as varied as the symbolic representations of owls across the globe. When I contact Susan Gallo, a wildlife biologist for the Audubon Society, she speculates with me about possible causes. One reason for our lack of uniform answers, she says, might stem from our all-too human suppositions about landscape. Gallo says that she and other researchers have always known that they lacked crucial information about the status of owl populations, but for a long time, committing to a formal investigation seemed too daunting. It was, she admits, a kind of statistical inertia across the country. According to Gallo, ornithologists within any given region knew that they needed to be studying owls, but they just couldn’t build momentum in the scientific community for a collective survey. She adds that, in the past, this lack of initiative didn’t really seem like a problem. For most state wildlife departments, the decision not to track owls was based on a long-held assumption: most endemic owl species were both common and secure. Now, though, the increased sightings and mortality rates are forcing these same scientists to wonder if their assessments remain valid. Luckily, says Gallo, owls do offer one advantage: they are among the most vocal of all birds. The usual accoutrements of bird communication like showy plumages or elaborate mating dances don’t do much good in the dark, so owls have adapted verbal ways to telegraph these messages. They use that haunting “tu-whit, tu-woo” to vocalize territorial concerns, invitations to mate, or just as a constant audio transponder announcing their presence to anyone who might be interested. Recording these solitary voices in the night may be the first step towards solving the emerging owl population crisis. And so, across North America, groups like Bird Studies Canada and U.S. Audubon chapters are launching new owl monitoring programs intended to glean a better understanding of how many owls exist where. I tell Gallo that I find a kind of salve in knowing that this research is happening. I’ve been watching the barred owl in my ash tree for a week now. Each morning, she arrives without a sound and sits, well past when I’ve had my lunch and while she presumably looks for her own. I want to know more about her and other owls. I want to hear them once again during their nocturnal hours and understand what little information conservation groups are gathering. I beg permission to join a group of monitoring volunteers. Happily, Gallo agrees. And so later in the week I join resident ornithologist Dave Potter and nine volunteers rendezvousing in a frosty parking lot just after midnight. The volunteers look half-sleepy, half-wary in the dark of night. Most stay in their cars, staring at an invisible point somewhere on the horizon. Others lean against the van we’ll be taking, looking like they appreciate the security of a boxy, lit vehicle. Dave laughs at our timidity and reminds us that we’re on owl time now. That means we’ll probably be out until 4:00 or 5:00 a.m., depending upon the whims of the nocturnal birds. It is surprisingly cold (about 23° F by Dave’s count) and disappointingly windy. I am wishing I had one more layer on top of the five or so I am already wearing. Dave, who is sporting four brightly-colored flannel shirts and a brand-new stocking cap, seems undeterred by these conditions. Tonight, Dave’s accomplices range in age from their late teens to early forties, though it’s hard to tell for certain with all their cold-weather gear. A few admit they are Dave’s biology students and hoping to garner extra credit—or at least their professor’s favor. All say they are avid birders and repeat participants in the study. Once inside the van, they laze around with comfortable experience and a vernacular to match. These birders love rhyme: they refer to the count as an “owl prowl,” to themselves as “bird nerds.” Eight of the ten volunteers are women, which Dave says is a typical demographic for his research expeditions. When asked, he says he would prefer not to speculate why. The women look relieved by this refusal. By way of orientation, we lean towards the driver’s seat of the van while Dave plays the standard CD issued by Audubon. The disk begins with several minutes of silence (time to assess ambient noise). This deadtime—which we will learn to rue while standing in the pre-dawn chill several hours later—is then followed by a series of three owl calls: long-eared, barred, and finally the great horned. As we listen to the 13-minute recording, the other volunteers identify all of the owl calls before Potter announces them. Miraculously, they can also make out the sounds of Canada geese, nighthawks, and other seemingly imperceptible calls comprising the background noise on this recording. I am impressed. And deeply intimidated. I say as much and get the impression this pleases my new friends. As we drive to our first of ten stops, Dave explains that, when we return sometime just before dawn, he will feed our information into a new international database on raptor populations. The data-point provided by our inky time outside will hopefully help to answer the question of how seriously climate change is changing avian populations—and the places these birds call home. He says he also hopes it will tear down some of the boundaries science has erected for itself. “The question of owl movements isn’t going to be answered by researchers and scholars. The long-held belief that only they can solve natural conundrums is an outmoded myth of the most dangerous kind,” he says. “The only way we’re going to get answers is by engaging the public in citizen-based observations. Not by relying on hotshot researchers. The sooner we get rid of those distinctions, the sooner we can learn something.” I tell him about my own observations of the barred owl who has been spending her days in my ash tree. Dave nods silently, then says that he has a barred owl spending its days in his yard, too. His, though, is smaller than the shape I approximate with my outstretched hands. Based on that guesstimate, he thinks his barred owl is probably a male. Dave’s wife, Lonnie, keeps track of the owl during the day, and he thinks the two have formed something of a bond. She’s named the owl Ernest. Dave says he likes to start some of his classes with updates on Ernest to get students thinking about applications for the otherwise abstract theories they are learning. This prompts much commentary from the back of the van. All of our fellow volunteers, it seems, have something to say about on-the-ground inquiry. They rave about the experience of cataloguing these owls, in spite of the cold and the quizzical looks from passers by and even, on at least one occasion, a nearby homeowner who responded to their CD with a shotgun blast. They say that, each year, they swear they will never do this again. But the mystery and the romance of this singular bird keeps them coming back for more. I share with them what little I know about owl symbolism. I also admit that, interest in comparative archetypes aside, I am a child of the early 80s. I was reared on ads featuring wise Mr. Owl determining how many licks it takes to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop. Or Woodsy, reminding us to give a hoot about protecting against litter and vandalism. That’s my personal brand of owl romance: one based on a somewhat preachy, but nevertheless well meaning, knowingness. “You know,” I say. “An avian after-school-special.” The volunteers give me a polite stare. Most are too young to remember this kind of cultural iconography. Or maybe they just don’t like my frivolous allusions. “There’s so much magnetism involved with owls,” says one of them after a moment’s pause. “That’s what I love most. Even if you’ve heard them a hundred times before, you understand why once you hear your first response call. It’s magic,” she promises me. “You’ll see.” I want to tell her that I think the mystery here is part of the problem. But, instead, I simply say that she’s probably right. The first of our stops takes us to a gravel road sandwiched between a demolition derby race track and an industrial composting facility. It is a place far from the mystical scenes described by the volunteers when they waxed poetic about depictions of owls. The remaining stops are similar: below flashing traffic lights, tucked inside a much-decorated cemetery, or along an overpass near a highway. Even in a working landscape like ours, these are compromised, well-worn spaces: far more akin to the parking lots of Dunkin Donuts and the tarmacs of major airports than the ideal habitat I had imagined for a nocturnal raptor. I ask Potter about the nature of these stops. “Mostly we just pick places where it looks like an owl might appear,” he says. “But that’s just based on our best sense of things. The places where nature and civilization meet are the only places where we have data. It’s about access, really. We just don’t know what’s happening deep in the woods.” He and other scientists are hoping that the composite results of surveys such as ours might begin to change that. Once completed, our statistics will be added to two new databases: one created by Bird Studies Canada and another housed at Cornell University. These web-based clearinghouses integrate the information gleaned from other surveys fledging across North America, and they represent the first organized attempt to think beyond local research, at least where owls are concerned. Minnesota and Wisconsin have just started their own citizen-based survey, organizations in Connecticut have begun investigations, too. In time, all of these programs will hopefully provide the databases with enough information for scientists like Potter and Gallo to finally determine concrete trends in owl populations across the continent. Getting that kind of statistical information is an exercise in patience and chance, though. At our first few stops, we volunteers lean into the wind, hoping to hear a call. A faint chirp in the background at our first stop elicits an audible gasp, followed by hopeful speculation that it could have been an owl. We really, really want it to be. I wonder aloud if this desire affects survey data. Potter shrugs and says he isn’t too worried about that. He knows there are owls here—he just doesn’t know how many. At our third stop, the volunteers’ prediction proves right: a mournful barred owl somewhere just out of view joins our CD in a long duet of call and response. The sound has an effect no less than that of a strong electrical charge. It and more distant calls sustain us for the first several hours of our trek. Still, and even with our collection of coffee and hot cocoas and snacks, we are a weary group by the sixth stop. Even with the dramatic rise in population, owl calls are sparse this year. The volunteers seem disappointed. By the seventh or eighth stop, a few of them opt to stay inside the van. By the ninth and tenth, not even the novelty of hearing a great horned owl can keep people lingering by the portable radio after the recording has ended. Our crew is ready to go home. As we make the cold drive back to our awaiting cars, I ask Dave about what we did—and did not—find on our trek. He speculates that we could be witnessing early signs of a crisis brought on by overpopulation and a subsequent lack of food. Then again, it could have just been a quiet night for some reason we don’t yet understand. In the end, he says, there is still way too much that we don’t know about the predicament of resident owls. But one thing remains certain, he says: through their silence, these owls are trying to say something crucial about our environment. I tell him about Thoreau’s depiction of owls in Walden. There’s a certain foreboding in Henry David’s description: the idea that owls speak to a kind of dissatisfied netherworld, or that their calls announce “a dismal and fitting day” and “a different race of creatures” about to emerge. Am I being melodramatic in thinking that we’re proving this description right? Or that there was a prescience in ancient representations of owl as both wise and ominous? Dave says he doesn’t know. But we both agree on one thing: if nothing else, the dawn of a new century has unequivocally changed our discourse not only about this landscape and its inhabitants, but also the categories we use to understand it. For the first time, current generations are collectively acknowledging what some have long held true: our climate is changing. Along the way, it is also redefining everything we thought we knew about the natural world, particularly when it comes to the systems we use to make sense of it. So far, too many of our stories and scientific theories are lagging behind this change. It takes examples like the plight of the barred owl to recognize as much. Maybe this acknowledgement is, in the words of Thoreau, both dismal and fitting. Maybe it takes something as silent as the daytime appearance of a hungry owl for us to heed that call and answer it with one of our own. Or, even more importantly, to shift our own sense of tidy boundaries and edges—especially where knowledge is concerned. These are the thoughts that accompany me each subsequent morning as I look to my ash tree for a sign—or at least for that now familiar presence filling the canopy. I find neither. And yet I keep looking, torn between whether or not I want my owl to return and yet very much wanting to know what has become of her. The weekend after our trip, Dave emails me with results from the survey: just as he and other scientists suspected, the barred owl population appears to be in trouble. I tell him that my visitor, though once continually present for about ten days or so, has not returned in over a week. I had considered playing the Audubon CD to see if I could woo her into responding, but I worry I might inadvertently send a message about food or territory that would only complicate matters further. I still don’t understand what these calls mean—at least, not what they mean to a fellow owl. I ask Dave if he thinks her absence makes my barred owl a casualty or a survivor. He says he doesn’t know—that we may never know. In the meantime, though, Ernest remains vigilant in his perch at the edge of Dave’s property—looking very much a mythic figure. Maybe, Dave speculates, this silent owl will eventually explain what we cannot. Comments are closed. |Home : Archives : Blog Terrain.org: A Journal of the Built + Natural Environments : terrain.org Terrain.org is a publication of Terrain Publishing.

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Math and Statistics Articles Science Full Text Select Full text science database covering over 360 journals with full text articles, indexing and abstracts, many of them peer-reviewed. Subjects Covered Include: Applied Mathematics, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Communication & Information Technology, Computer Databases & Software, Construction, Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Engineering & Biomedical Materials, Energy Resources & Research, Environmental Science, Fishery Sciences, Forestry, Genetics, Horticulture, Marine Biology, Microbiology, Nutrition, Paleontology, Physiology, Plant Pathology, Soil Science, Wildlife Management, and Zoology. Credo Reference: Math and Statistics Full text database of articles from reference books covering mathematics and statistics; includes audio files and images. Gale Virtual Reference Library Full text database providing 23 subject specific dictionaries, encyclopedias and general reference books as well as the online version of the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Subjects include contemporary fashion, poets and novelists, film, alternative medicine, popular culture, small business and more. Includes two children’s visual reference books on the U.S. and the world. Expanded Academic ASAP (1984-Present) Index to scholarly articles in art and related disciplines (social science journals, humanities journals, science and technology journals, national news periodicals, general interest magazines and The New York Times (indexed only). Offers balanced coverage of every academic concentration — from advertising and microbiology to history and women’s studies. InfoTrac OneFile (1980-Present) is a single electronic resource that provides instant access to an unprecedented number of periodicals. Rely on for access to periodical and news content and indexing from a variety of mainstream and specialized sources — from The New York Times to refereed academic journals. Academic Search Premier (1975-Present) This scholarly collection offers information in nearly every area of academic study including: computer sciences, engineering, physics, chemistry, language and linguistics, arts & literature, medical sciences, ethnic studies, and many more. Academic Search Premier is an enormous collection of the most valuable peer-reviewed full text journals, offering critical information from many sources unique to this database. A search for the term art will give results that include academic journals, magazines, newspapers, books/monographs, and educational reports. A search can also be conducted on images, as well as indexes. From the Boston Public Library Click above to find out how you can access the resources available from the Boston Public Library. Once you have your BPL library card, click below to gain access to the articles available in the databases. This will take you directly to the page for statistics. The databases available from the Boston Public Library are listed on this page by subject, and include access to images and periodical indexes. Listed below are other resources that may be of use to your searching needs. If at any time you need assistance with your research, please contact a reference librarian by using our Ask a Librarian form, or by calling the reference desk at 508.678.2811, ext. 2108. Google Scholar (Coverage Varies) Multi-disciplinary index to peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts, and other scholarly literature. Includes the full-text of publications freely available on the web and citations for materials published by commercial publishers. Stronger coverage in the sciences. Results are ranked by Google's determination of relevance.

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EU Transport Commissioner Siim Kallas said: " Competitive transport systems are vital for Europe's ability to compete in the world, for economic growth, job creation and for people's everyday quality of life. - Curbing mobility is not an option; neither is business as usual. We can break the transport system's dependence on oil without sacrificing its efficiency and compromising mobility. It can be win-win" Plans adopted by the Commission were unveiled that proposed a Single European Transport Area, intended to set up "a fully integrated transport network which allows for an integrated shift in transport patterns for passengers and freight. These measures are predicted to cut carbon emissions in transport by 60% by 2050 The document says that by 2050 the majority of medium- distance passenger journeys (those about 186 miles) should be by rail. More than half of road freight traveling more than 186 miles should move to rail or boat (30% by 2030). For urban transport, the commission calls for 50% shift away from conventionally fueled cars by 2030, phasing them out altogether by 2050. All core network airports should be connected to the rail network by 2050, with all core seaports sufficiently connected to the rail freight and , where possible, inland waterway system.

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Bronze male anatomical figure on a marble stand, 1750-1800. Image number: 10322943 This is an ecorche, a sculpture designed to show the muscles of the body without skin. It illustrates the male anatomy and is English, following the design of Spang. A similar figure is shown being held by the anatomist William Hunter (1718-1783) in a portrait from 1769. Dimensions: height 275mm; base 35 x 116 x 93mm. - Image number: - Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library - Date taken: - 30 October 2003 05:17 - Image rights: - Science Museum

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year thousands of people are killed on UK roads. SPEED is a major contributory factor in a large percentage of road traffic accidents. Despite the introduction of speed calming measures such as road humps, lane narrowing and speed cameras, speeding continues to be the norm on the majority of UK roads. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a general term for Intelligent Transport Systems that serve to limit the speed of a vehicle. By restricting the vehicle to the posted speed limit, ISA potentially provides one of the most effective strategies for reducing inappropriate speeds.

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Acoustic Sciences Corp. Tube Traps While most audiophiles today know that proper acoustical treatment of the listening room is essential for good sound reproduction, few are aware that the usual wall treatments have practically no effect at low frequencies. A treated room can be almost completely dead at middle and high frequencies yet suffer from severe standing-wave interference at low frequencies (footnote 1). Recording studios use wall "traps" to control low-frequency reflections (footnote 2), but, since these must be built into the walls during construction, the're only of academic interest to the majority of audiophiles. Most of us have had to accept the inevitabiiity of standing waves, and, by judicious placement of the loudspeakers, try to minimize their detrimental effects. Now at last, there's a better solution. Pressures and Waves In order to understand how the ingenious devices from Acoustic Sciences Corp. work, it's necessary to understand a little bit about how sound waves behave in an enclosed space. We all know that sound waves are created b any vibrating object, be it a violin or a shrieking infant. Less generally known is that sound waves produce only slight changes in pressure in the surrounding air. As the vibrating object moves, it presses against the surrounding air and causes a pressure rise at the surface of the object. Because the surrounding air molecules are unconfined, they immediately relieve the pressure by simply moving away from the soundsource. Likewise, as the source produces a surface rarefaction by moving away from the surrounding air, the air molecules are drawn towards it, again maintaining the air pressure at a relativelv constant level (see fig.1). Fig.1, How the movements of air molecules (dots) transmit sound waves. The white dots show the position of air molecules in the absence of sound. The black dots show the molecular shifts during transmission of a sinewave. As each of these molecular shifts occurs, it is passed on to adjacent air molecules; the shift travels outwards in all directions from the vibrating object at a speed of about 1100 feet per secondthe velocity of sound in air. It is important to note that these air-molecule shifts do not cause a wind (which is the acoustical equivalent of direct current). The shifts are only temporary, with all molecules returning more or less to their original positions in space after the sound wave has passed. The easiest way to visualize sound transmission through air is to think of a falling row of dominoes. When the first one falls, it knocks over the next, which in turn knocks over the next, and so on. Each individual domino moves only an inch or sO, but the state of "fallen-ness" traverses the entire line of dominoes. Each domino behaves like an air molecule, while the "fallen-ness" is analagous to the sound wave. Because sound transmission in open air consists of molecular shifts and pressure changes, when sound waves impinge on a boundary like a room wall, the air molecules cannot move any further; they pile up On one another, causing a pressure rise at the boundary surface. If the surface has no absorptive qualities, the pressure rise will have no place to go except back out into the room, as a reflection. It will then cross the room as an acoustic wave until it encounters another surface, which may reflect it once again. This will continue until the wave dissipates as a result of friction in the air. A room's reverberation is the result of multiple reflections between opposite boundary surfaces. The time it takes for the reverberation to die out is considered to be the room's reverberation time or RT. (For measurement purposes, "dying out" is defined as the point where the strength of the reverberation has fallen to 60dB below the strength ot the original sound; hence the term RT60.) If it weren't for friction acting upon air motions of the wave, and sound transmission through the walls, the sound wave would be trapped in the room almost forever. Such is the case in marble-faced reverberation chambers. When a room dimension equals half the wavelength of a sound, the reverb does not die out smoothly and predictably. bccause the wave acts to reinforce its own reflections. When the boundary zone at one wall surface is pressurized, the opposite one is subjected to a rarefaction, and when these reflect hack into the room. they just exchange ends. Each reflection feeds the other, and the result is a storage of energy between the opposite wall surfaces. The reverb therefore takes longer to dissipate than it normally would. This is what we call a "standing wave"; its effect on reproduced sound is to emphasize a certain frequency and add hangover to it, impairing both the smoothness and the detail of LF reproduction (not to mention the spectral balance). Further aggravating the situation, every standing wave also supports lesser standing waves at multiples of the lowest one's frequency. Thus, a 24Hz standing wave will also cause weaker room resonances at 48, 72, and 96Hz, each of which will be stimulated by any of those frequencies in the program material. And that's only a third of the problem. Standing waves occur between all parallel room boundaries, and every room has three such pairs detining height, width, and length. If any of these dimensions are the same, or multiples of each other (such as an 8' ceiling in a 16'-long room), the harmonic progressions will coincide across the hoard, and the standing-wave problems will be at least twice as had. It is not difficult to see how this can can wreak havoc with an audio system's LF performance. Footnote 1: Only very thick panels3" or 4"have signifiant absorption down to 500Hz. The thinner, more commonly available stuff doesn't help until 900Hz, which is pretty well up in the nmidrange.Larry Archibald Footnote 2: Wall traps are cavities filled with absorptive material and faced with irregularly spaced slats that serve to pass low frequencies and reflect high frquencies. The low-frequency energy is then dissipated in the absorptive filter of the cavity.J. Gordon Holt

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History of the Diamond Mine For years, locals wondered about the unusual green dirt about two miles south of the small farming community of Murfreesboro, Arkansas. Geologists examined the soil in the late 1800s and found it to be similar to diamond-bearing volcanic material elsewhere in the world, but they failed to uncover any of the precious stones at that time. Early in the 20th century, a local farmer named John Wesley Huddleston purchased land near Murfreesboro which included part of this volcanic material. In August 1906, he discovered the first diamonds on his property. Known as Arkansas's "Diamond King," Huddleston soon sold his land to a commercial mining company for $36,000. A diamond rush developed as soon as word of the finds got out. The Conway Hotel in Murfreesboro is said to have turned away more than 10,000 people in just one year who could not be accommodated in the hostelry. The Tent City of Kimberly was established between Murfreesboro and the diamond mine, but nothing remains of it today. The men who bought the Huddleston property began the Arkansas Diamond Company. However, there were 40 acres of diamond-bearing soil that had not been owned by Huddleston. M.M. Mauney owned that land, and he refused to sell. Mauney tried to mine his property and even allowed visitors to search for a fee. Finally, he sold a 3/4 interest in the property to Horace Bemis who organized the Ozark Diamond Corporation. However, Bemis died soon after, and his heirs weren't interested in diamond mining. Austin Millar and his son Howard bought Bemis' share. The Millars tried to buy out Mauney's 1/4 share but failed. The Millars built and operated a small commercial plant that was successful until the entire installation was destroyed by fire on January 13, 1919. They were never able to rebuild. In 1949, the first real attempt was made to open the Arkansas diamond field to the public. The land was leased from the Millars and opened in 1951 as the Diamond Preserve of the United States. Later, the name was changed to the Crater of Diamonds and the site was successfully run by Mr. and Mrs. Howard Millar. The adjacent property had passed through various owners and was in the hands of Mrs. Ethel Wilkinson of Logansport, Indiana, at the time. She opened her property to the public as The Big Mine, and a fierce battle of the billboards began. During this time, they competed fiercely with one another by posting billboards. Each attraction's billboard claimed that one was better than the other, was the largest part of the deposit, and so forth. Finally, in 1969, General Earth Minerals of Dallas, Texas, bought both properties. Neither site operated as a commercial mine, but continued as a private tourist attraction until 1972, when the State of Arkansas bought the land for $750,000 to develop as a state park. Today, park visitors can go treasure hunting in Arkansas at the Crater of Diamonds State Park for a nominal fee to access the search area, the 37 1/2-acre plowed field containing the diamond-bearing soil.

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Huda, Nurholis (2008) A STUDY ON THE ENGLISH TEACHER’S STRATEGY IN TEACHING SLOW LEARNERS READING COMPREHENSION AT SMP LB BAKTI LUHUR MALANG. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Download (82Kb) | Preview Slow learners are students who learn at less rapid than the normal but not as slowly as the educable mentally retarded. They are sometimes referred to as dull-normal or intellectually backward students (Karnes in Palardy 1975: 380). According to Cecil D. Mercer (1989, 4), some of the slow learners may have only one problem area, such as reading comprehension. Therefore, the teacher must suit and develop strategies and techniques in order to meet the educational needs of the slow learner. Therefore, the writer is interested in investigating this phenomenon as reflected in the title of this study “A Study on the English Teacher’s Strategy in Teaching Slow Learners Reading Comprehension at SMPLB Bakti Luhur Malang”. The purpose of this study is to know the strategies used by the English teacher of SMPLB Bakti Luhur Malang in teaching reading comprehension especially for the slow learners. In this study, the subject was the English teacher who taught the second grade. Meanwhile, the instruments used to get the data of this study were observation and interview. The result of this study shows that the teacher used several strategies in teaching reading for the slow learners, those were; the teacher used two languages (Indonesian and English), teacher gave some pre-reading question, teacher provided a glossary before reading a text, teacher gave short reading text or less 100 words, teacher gave/ read the texts for the whole class and asked students to response the texts, teacher asked the students to read the text silently and loudly, teacher asked the students to work individually and groups, teacher repeated the reading instructions for several times, teacher gave specific attention to individual difficulty, teacher asked the students to read at home before the discussing in the class meeting, teacher asked the students to seek the difficult words in a text and translate together during teaching reading, teacher used teaching tools (picture), teacher gave the students additional instruction and study materials if they had not reached text mastery, teacher often gave reinforcement/ encouragement to students, teacher used a personal approach, teacher taught the reading class step by step, teacher taught the new vocabulary of the reading by showing the real object, teacher gave home work of reading. This study hopefully can give some contributions to enrich the strategies in teaching reading especially for slow learners. |Item Type:||Thesis (Other)| |Subjects:||L Education > L Education (General)| |Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of English| |Depositing User:||Anggit Aldila| |Date Deposited:||08 May 2012 03:47| |Last Modified:||08 May 2012 03:47| Actions (login required)

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|Biosphere Reserve Information| La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve consist of a range of different types of ecosystems and natural habitats that represent major biogeographic regions, coupled with traditional forms of local ownership of the land that determine different uses for management and conservation of the site. The main ecological system in the area, due to its extension and biodiversity, is the lowland deciduous or dry tropical forest which is distributed in the lower parts of both strands of the Sierra. Other ecological systems, such as the tropical evergreen forest, seasonal deciduous forests and oak forests which help maintain ecological processes and stable weather conditions in the region. Another important system that is distinguished by its interaction with human activities and is increasingly threatened is the pine-oak forest that is distributed in discontinuous strips along the Sierra and surrounding mixed forests located on the tops of the mountain system. There are also some relics ecosystems like the mountain cloud forest or evergreen cloud forest, scrub and tall pine savannah, which function as an important ecological system that provides unique benefits to area in its totality. Various types of land ownership in the region have created a mosaic of transformed environments which in a particular way preserve a unique richness and where special management practices are developed so as to assist in conservation of the protected natural area. The main activity in the region is extensive cattle breeding mainly in pine forests and traditional agriculture; both activities are linked to agricultural use of fire, thus putting at risk natural ecosystems. Therefore, alternative practices are also carried out to ensure sustainable development. In the area there are successful experiences of sustainable development such as the cultivation and use of palm trees in the ejido Sierra Morena that has served as a platform for exchanges of various experiences at local to national and international levels. This ejido, which currently markets the palm tree leaves directly with the buyer in the United States, represents an important model of sustainable development and has already shared its experiences with other biosphere reserves in the country. |Major ecosystem type||dry tropical forest and tropical evergreen forest| |Major habitats & land cover types| |Location||16° 00’ 18’’- 16° 29’ 01’’ Latitude N and 93° 24’ 34’’- 94° 07’ 35’’ Longitude W| |Transition area(s) when given| |Altitude (metres above sea level)||60-2,550| |Administrative authorities||Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas| Ecological studies focused on populations of felines and other mammals are being conducted, as well as the biological monitoring of priority species, and inventory of forage species in lowland deciduous forest. Characterization and inventory of lichens and inventory of beetles in agricultural systems and other ecosystems have also been accomplished. |Abiotic||Abiotic factors, climate, geology, habitat, hydrology, indicators, meteorology, monitoring/methodologies, nutrients, soil, topography.| |Biodiversity||Alien/Invasive/Exotic/Introduced species, amphibians, autoecology/synecology, biodiversity, biogeography, biology, birds, community studies/communities, conservation, degraded areas, desertification, ecology, ecosystem assessment, ecosystem functioning/ecosystem structure, ecotone, endemic species, ethology, fauna, fires/fire ecology, fishes, flora, forest systems, freshwater/inland water, genetic resources, indicators, invertebrates/insects/spiders, lichens, mammals, microorganisms, migrating populations/migration, monitoring/methodologies, natural medicinal products, natural resources, perturbations/resilience/vulnerability, phenology, phytosociology/succession, plants, pollination, productivity, rare/endangered/threatened species, reptiles, restoration/rehabilitation/redevelopment, species inventorying/inventory, taxonomy, temperate forest, tropical humid forest, vegetation studies/plant cover, wetlands, wildlife.| |Socio-economic||Agriculture/Production systems, agroforestry, anthropological studies/anthropology, bioprospecting, capacity building, cultural aspects, demography, economic studies, economically important species, energy production systems/alternative energy, forestry, human health, indicators, indicators of sustainability, livestock and related impacts/overgrazing, local participation, modelling, monitoring methodologies, natural hazards, non-timber forest products/ntfp, people-nature relations/man/nature, poverty, recreation, resource use, role of women/gender, small business initiatives, social/socio-economic aspects, stakeholders' interests, tourism, traditional practices/ethnology/traditional knowledge.| |Integrated monitoring||Carrying capacity/Sustainability, conflict, ecosystem approach, education and public awareness, environmental change, geographic information system/gis, impact and risk studies/environmental impact, infrastructure, institutional and legal aspects, integrated studies/interdisciplinaty, interdisciplinary studies, land tenure, land use/land cover, landscape inventorying/monitoring, management issues, mapping, modelling, monitoring/methodologies, planning and zoning measures/zonation, policy issues, remote sensing, rural systems, sustainable development/sustainable use.| Alexer Vázquez Vázquez Director de la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura 2a Oriente Norte No. 227 Col. Centro, Palacio Federal Tercer Piso,Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas |Last updated: 3/8/2011|

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The slave trade recommenced in 1455 in Africa. The Pope gave justification to enslave non-Christians in a papal bull.[Citation Needed] It became an important part of Africa's economy. It did not come to an end until 1800-1865 with the work of Christians; William Wilberforce and John Wesley.[Citation Needed] The United States passed the 13th Amendment in response to it. The "slave trade" was preeminently neither a trade nor an activity initiated by the victims. It was not merely a mechanism to answer the labor needs of the Americas and the Caribbean but an example of deep moral and ethical failing that relied upon the belief of white racial superiority to sustain it. World History Lecture Eight can be used for more information.

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The draft text is now available for review. Comments are welcome following the format on the comment sheet, below. Comments on the text should be sent before 15 May 2007 to [email protected]. Rolling revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Rainwater harvesting is included in the plan of work of the rolling revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Rainwater harvesting is in use in many countries throughout the world. Rainwater collected and used on-site can supplement or replace other sources of household water. Rainwater can also be used as drinking-water if it is properly treated before use. The Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Final Task Force meeting (Geneva, 2003) identified safe rainwater harvesting as an important omission from the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and requested that a text to address it be developed as soon as possible. The WHO Regions (e.g. SEARO and WPRO) have expressed considerable interest in this area. - Additional text for chapter 6 of the GDWQ, for inclusion in the second addendum to the Third Edition - Additional text woven throughout the early chapters of the GDWQ, for inclusion in the Fourth Edition - Stand-alone document providing technical guidance on stability, storage and monitoring of rainwater and information on health concerns associated with rainwater harvesting systems Progress to date As of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Working Group meeting (Geneva, 2005), no progress had been made on the preparation of a separate document on rainwater harvesting. The Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Working Group meeting (Geneva, 2006) approved the additional text for chapter 6 of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, with amendments, for inclusion in the second addendum to the Third Edition.

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Volume 14, Number 1—January 2008 International Polar Year International Circumpolar Surveillance, An Arctic Network for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions live in social and physical environments that differ substantially from those of their more southern-dwelling counterparts. The cold northern climate keeps people indoors, amplifying the effects of household crowding, smoking, and inadequate ventilation on person-to-person spread of infectious disease. The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens, the reemergence of tuberculosis, the entrance of HIV into Arctic communities, and the specter of pandemic influenza or the sudden emergence and introduction of new viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome are of increasing concern to residents, governments, and public health authorities. The International Circumpolar Surveillance system is a network of hospital, public health agencies, and reference laboratories throughout the Arctic linked together to collect, compare, and share uniform laboratory and epidemiologic data on infectious diseases and assist in the formulation of prevention and control strategies. Arctic populations have historically endured the debilitating effects of both endemic and epidemic infectious diseases (1,2). The introduction of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines and the establishment of robust public health systems have greatly reduced illness and deaths caused by infectious diseases in many Arctic countries. Despite these interventions, high rates of invasive diseases caused by bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (3–5), Haemophilus influenzae (6), Helicobacter pylori (7,8), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (9–12) continue to persist. In addition, the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens once easily treated with commonly used antibiotics (10,13–15), the entrance of HIV into Arctic communities (10,16), and the specter of pandemic influenza or the sudden emergence and introduction of new viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are of increasing concern to residents, governments, and public health authorities of all Arctic countries. Social and Physical Environment Peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions live in social and physical environments that differ substantially from those of their more southern-dwelling counterparts (17). The circumpolar region can be defined as a region that extends north of 60° north latitude, borders the Arctic Ocean, and includes all or northern parts of 8 nations: the United States (Alaska), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and the Russian Federation (Figure 1). Climate in the Arctic varies geographically from severe cold in arid uninhabited regions to temperate forests bordering coastal agrarian regions. Approximately 4 million people live in the Arctic; almost half reside in northern regions of the Russian Federation. The populations of these countries comprise varying proportions of European and indigenous ancestry. The Arctic is the homeland of the Eskimo; the Inuit of Greenland, northern Canada, and northern Alaska; the Yupik of western Alaska and eastern coastal regions of the Russian Far East; and the Aleut of the Aleutian Chain. The interior and western coastal regions of northern Canada and Alaska are the homes of a wide variety of North American Indian, linguistically distinct groups, including the Athabaskan, Eyak, Tlingit, Gwich’in, and Metis. In Alaska the collective terminology for persons of indigenous ancestry is Alaska Native. Although the group is not registered in official statistics, the Saami people inhabit circumpolar regions of Norway, Finland, and Sweden. The Russian census recognizes (from West to East) the Saami, Nenets, Khanty, Sel’kup, Enets, Nganasan, Dolgan, Even, Chukchi, Chuvan, and Eskimo/Inuit-Yupik of the Russian Far East. Arctic populations have certain demographic characteristics that separate them from populations in more southern regions. Birth and mortality rates are higher, and life expectancy is lower; a high proportion of the population is thus of younger age (1). In remote regions of the North American Arctic, Greenland, and the northern Russian Federation, many residents live in small, isolated communities that are dependent on hunting and fishing with little or no economic infrastructure. In these remote regions, public health and acute-care systems are often marginal, sometimes poorly supported, and in some cases nonexistent. The Arctic is well known as a vast source of natural resources such as fish, forests, oil, gas, and metal ores. Exploitation of these resources requires both infrastructure development and improved transportation. However, communities once isolated are now linked by air to larger urban centers, which provides daily access not only to secondary and tertiary healthcare, but also to national and international transportation, tourism, and trade. In Iceland, northern Norway, Finland, Sweden, and the more densely populated regions of the North American Arctic, Greenland, and the northern Russia Federation, a more affluent economic mixture has emerged because of light industry; oil, gas, and mineral development; transportation and agriculture; and more sophisticated systems of healthcare and public health. Inadequate Housing/Crowded Living Conditions In smaller isolated communities, inadequate housing is an important determinant of infectious diseases. The cold northern climate keeps persons indoors, which amplifies the effects of household crowding, smoking, and inadequate ventilation. Crowded living conditions increase person-to-person spread of infectious diseases and favor the transmission of respiratory diseases (18–20), tuberculosis (12), gastrointestinal diseases (21), and skin infections (22). In many smaller isolated communities, inadequate sewage disposal systems and water supplies pose a substantial risk to health, resulting in periodic epidemics of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route (21,23). Overuse of Antimicrobial Drugs Empiric use, and possible overuse, of antimicrobial agents in remote Arctic regions has contributed to the emergence of bacterial strains now resistant to commonly used antibiotics. In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, underfunding of tuberculosis treatment programs have resulted in an unpredictable supply of antibiotics, which contributes to poor adherence and emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (10). In remote Alaskan villages, lack of ready access to laboratory confirmation of bacterial pathogens may contribute to overuse of antimicrobial agents. In addition, the presence of antimicrobial drug–resistant bacterial clones has led to an increase in infections with multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (24,25), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (13), and clarthromycin- and metronidazole-resistant H. pylori (14). Role of Surveillance As in other parts of the world, a key component of prevention and control of infectious diseases in Arctic regions is surveillance. Effective surveillance can facilitate timely control of outbreaks, inform public health officials’ decisions on resource allocation, and provide data to adjust prevention and control strategies to maximize their effects. For example, population-based surveillance for invasive H. influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the US Arctic demonstrated prevaccine incidence rates of invasive disease of 601 cases and 129 cases per 100,000/population in Alaska Native and non-Native children <5 years of age, respectively (26). Immunization programs that use the Hib conjugate vaccine were implemented in the US Arctic in 1991 and resulted in a >10-fold decline in Hib cases in Alaska Native children. However, in May of 1996, continued surveillance detected 4 cases of invasive Hib in children <2 years, and duringf the next 12 months 10 cases occurred. Most cases were in infants who received 1–2 doses of Hib vaccine after a statewide change in 1996 to a vaccine that was less immunogenic after the first dose (27,28). This experience demonstrated the need for continued surveillance after the implementation of a successful vaccine program and the shortcomings of generalizing data from other countries or regions to develop public health policy in the Arctic. Similarly, surveillance for invasive disease caused by S. pneumoniae, established in the US Arctic in 1986, showed that Alaska Natives had the highest reported average overall rate for invasive pneumococcal disease in the world (62 cases/100,000 population), which was 4× higher than the rate for non-Natives (16 cases/100,000) (5). Among Alaska Native children <2, the rate was 450 cases/100,000 versus 129 cases/100,000 among non-Native children. This surveillance system first detected decreased susceptibility to penicillin in the mid-1980s. Although these isolates were only moderately resistant to penicillin, resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs was also found by 1989. Isolates fully resistant to penicillin detected in 1993 were first recovered from patients living in urban points of entry to the US Arctic and were indistinguishable from multidrug-resistant strains circumnavigating the globe (24,25). In the US Arctic, the proportion of pneumococcal isolates fully resistant to penicillin increased from 0% in 1991 to 6.1% in 1998, and the proportion of isolates that were resistant to >2 classes of antimicrobial agents increased from 4.7% in 1991 to 17.7% in 1998. In the US Arctic, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for all persons >55 years of age; however, this vaccine remains underused. In 2001, the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced to the childhood vaccination schedule, and by 2003, vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease rates had declined by 91% among Alaska Native children <2 years of age and by 80% among non-Native children <2 years of age. A 40% reduction of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults of all ethnicities suggests an indirect impact or herd effect of this vaccine in nonvaccinated persons. In addition, the use of PCV7 in this population has reduced the proportion of invasive disease caused by isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, and cotrimoxazole (29). These examples demonstrate the feasibility of conducting population-based surveillance to monitor the effects of implemented vaccination programs in reducing the extent of invasive disease caused by 2 common bacterial pathogens in an Arctic region. Population-based surveillance of diseases of concern, including invasive bacterial diseases, is conducted by public health agencies in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, and Sweden. Linkage of these surveillance systems would create the beginnings of a circumpolar network of hospitals, public health agencies, and reference laboratories throughout the Arctic to collect, compare, and share uniform laboratory and epidemiologic data on infectious diseases of concern, and assist in the formulation of prevention and control strategies. International Circumpolar Surveillance In 1998, the Arctic Investigations Program (AIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, together with Health Canada’s Bureau of Infectious Disease Laboratories Centres for Disease Control, now the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Center for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, proposed the establishment of an International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) system for the detection of infectious diseases of concern in the Arctic (30). The initial priority for ICS was the invasive bacterial diseases caused S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and groups A and B streptococci. ICS capitalizes on existing national infectious disease surveillance systems and existing long-standing circumpolar collaborative relationships forged through the Arctic Council (www.arctic-council.org) and the International Union for Circumpolar Health (www.iuch.org). The Arctic Council is a ministerial forum promoting cooperation and coordination between Arctic nations on common Arctic concerns and provides a unique opportunity to partner with Arctic nation ministries of health, nongovernmental organizations, and indigenous peoples’ organizations to address health concerns of circumpolar communities. The International Union for Circumpolar Health is a nongovernmental organization comprising the memberships of 5 circumpolar health organizations that promote circumpolar cooperation on Arctic human health. In 1999, a pilot surveillance system was established to monitor reported cases of invasive pneumococcal disease from 23 clinical laboratories in Alaska and 14 clinical laboratories in the northern Canadian Arctic above 60° north latitude, including the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Nunavut, northern Quebec, and Labrador (Figure 2). Pneumococcal isolates from patients identified with invasive disease were forwarded to reference laboratories in the US Arctic (AIP) and northern Canada at the National Center for Streptococcus (NCS), Edmonton, Alberta, or Laboratoire de Sante Publique, Quebec (LSPQ), respectively. Identified cases were also reported to local public health personnel, who reviewed and provided clinical, demographic, and vaccination history. Case and culture information was forwarded to the ICS coordinator at AIP for analysis, report generation, and dissemination. In 2000, Greenland joined ICS. Pneumococcal isolates from patients with invasive disease were forwarded from 15 district hospitals first to the Dronning Ingrids Hospital laboratory in Nuuk, Greenland, and then to the Staten Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark, for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Iceland, Norway, and Finland joined ICS in 2001, reporting national pneumococcal disease surveillance and laboratory information to ICS annually. Surveillance of other invasive bacterial diseases (H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, groups A and B streptococci) in the US Arctic, northern Canada, and Greenland was added to ICS in 2000. The northern region of Sweden, Norrbotten, joined ICS in 2003, reporting invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, and groups A and B streptococci. An ICS quality control exchange program was instituted in 1999 among the 3 reference laboratories (AIP, NCS, LSPQ) for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. pneumoniae (31). The program was extended to SSI in 2004. In 2005, an ICS quality control exchange program for serotyping of isolates of H. influenzae and N. meningitidis was implemented by the National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The priorities and overall direction of ICS are governed by a steering committee consisting of 2 representatives from each participating country; representation from World Health Organization European regional office, Copenhagen; the Indigenous Peoples Secretariat; and Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North. Other infectious diseases of concern identified by the steering committee , and therefore eligible for circumpolar surveillance, include hepatitis B, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and acute respiratory virus diseases such as respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants. Surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases is coordinated by a subcommittee, the Invasive Bacterial Disease Working Group. As anticipated surveillance for other ICS priority diseases is implemented, similar coordinating working groups led by other partner countries will be established. Almost half of the circumpolar region consists of northern regions of the Russian Federation, which to its west borders the Arctic regions of Norway and Finland, and to its east is within 2 miles of the US Arctic. The Russian Federation’s communicable disease control systems evolved separately from western public health systems and consist of relatively large federal, regional, disease-specific, sector-specific (prisons, military), and largely clinical case-based reporting systems (10). These differences, together with the relative isolation of northern and far-eastern regions of the Russian Federation, the language barrier, and absence of information exchange, have led to some difficulties in establishing cross-border cooperation in infectious disease prevention and control. However, because of a sharp rise in the 1990s in the incidence of communicable diseases such as HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis (including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis) in the Baltic and Barents Sea regions, several initiatives are now aimed at improving cooperation in infectious disease prevention and control between countries of northwestern Europe and adjacent regions of the Russian Federation. For example, in 1999 the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, together with other Nordic state epidemiologists, established a program to strengthen infectious disease control in the Barents and Baltic Sea states and has since established a framework for communicable disease surveillance communication and training in northern Europe (www.epinorth.org). These activities provide a model for expanding cooperation and developing partnerships for the exchange of infectious disease surveillance information in other northern and far-eastern regions of the Russian Federation. Impact of ICS The ability of ICS to collect and share standardized, uniform laboratory and epidemiologic data on infectious diseases of concern in Arctic countries has already proved valuable in the formulation of prevention and control strategies in regions with small but at-risk Arctic populations. In 2000, ICS data were used to identify an outbreak of S. pneumoniae serotype 1 invasive disease that occurred among young adults in 2 northern regions of Canada (32,33). This investigation, together with data from Alaska that indicated that 78%–84% of invasive pneumococcal disease among children <2 years of age could be prevented by using PCV7, resulted in the implementation of vaccine programs in 3 northern regions of Canada using both the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and PCV7 in 2002. The introduction of PCV7 in the US Arctic (2001) and northern Canada (2002) has resulted in a rapid decrease in the proportion of isolates resistant to penicillin and other antimicrobial drugs, compared with the situation in countries not using the vaccine (Iceland and Finland) (34). Continued surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease by ICS in these regions will monitor the impact and effectiveness of vaccine programs for preventing invasive pneumococcal disease and antimicrobial drug–resistant infections in these high-risk populations (34). The reemergence of invasive disease caused by Hib in the US Arctic in 1996 following a change in conjugate vaccine type emphasized the need for continued surveillance to monitor vaccine impact, as well as to detect the potential emergence of disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes. Non–Hib (serotypes a, c, d, e, f) is uncommon as a cause of invasive disease in children; however, with the decline in Hib disease, the importance of infections caused by other nonvaccine serotypes has increased. In a 6-month period of 2003, 5 cases of H. influenzae type a (Hia) were detected in 3 infants in 1 remote region of the US Arctic (35). Between 2000 and 2004, 72 cases of serotype-confirmed H. influenzae infection were detected by ICS in Alaska and Canada (36). Of these, 34 (47%) were Hia, and 22 (65%) occurred in aboriginal people with a median age of 1.1 years. Hia is now the most common H. influenzae serotype seen in the North American Arctic, with the highest rates among indigenous children. Further research is needed to determine sequelae, risk factors, outbreak potential, and the utility of chemoprophylaxis for this disease. Arctic Change and Infectious Diseases Surveillance A common concern among peoples of the Arctic is the rapid pace of economic change and modernization occurring in many communities, which will bring new challenges to the health and well-being of Arctic residents (19,37). The increasing national and international travel by Arctic residents and increasing access to remote communities by national and international seasonal workforce and tourists have greatly increased the risk of importing infectious diseases to remote communities. Climate change is also predicted to have major effects within the Arctic (38). The average Arctic temperature has risen at almost twice the rate of that in the rest of the world in the last 2 decades and could cause changes in the incidence and geographic distribution of infectious diseases already present in Arctic regions (39). For example, an outbreak of Vibrio parahemolyticus–related gastroenteritis was reported in July 2004 among cruise ship passengers that consumed raw, farmed oysters in the Prince William Sound area of Alaska (≈60° north latitude), >1,000 km further north than previous reported outbreaks. The July-August water temperature of the oyster farm had increased 0.21°C per year since 1997; 2004 was the first summer on record that the mean water temperature exceeded 15°C, the threshold temperature for the harvest of implicated oysters, which suggests that the ocean warming trend was responsible for this outbreak (40). Similarly, higher ambient temperatures in the Arctic may result in an increase in other temperature-sensitive foodborne diseases and influence the incidence of zoonotic infectious diseases by changing the populations and range of animal hosts and insect vectors. The melting of the permafrost together with an increase in extreme weather events such as flooding may result in damage to water and waste disposal systems, which may in turn increase community outbreaks of foodborne and water-borne infections. Temperature and humidity markedly influence the distribution, density, and biting behavior of many arthropod vectors, which again may influence the incidence and northern range of many vector-borne diseases (39). These examples emphasize the need for an established surveillance network in Arctic regions for monitoring emerging climate-sensitive infectious diseases. ICS provides a model for international surveillance of infectious diseases and collaboration between clinical hospital and public health references laboratories and public health centers and institutes. The system currently provides standardized laboratory and epidemiologic data on invasive bacterial diseases that are comparable across borders and can be used to evaluate intervention strategies. However, the system also provides an infrastructure that can be used to monitor and respond to other emerging infectious disease threats. Tuberculosis presents a continuing challenge to the public health communities of the US Arctic, northern Canada, Greenland, and the Russian Federation. The establishment of an ICS tuberculosis working group would enhance ongoing efforts to reduce the rates of disease in these regions by sharing knowledge, methods, and surveillance data. Because more than half of the circumpolar region is contained within the Russian Federation, efforts should be made to engage and develop partnerships with public health authorities in these regions to learn more about infectious diseases of concern, systems of surveillance, and interests in sharing infectious disease surveillance information. Dr Parkinson is deputy director of the Arctic Investigations Program of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Anchorage, Alaska. His research interests include laboratory and epidemiologic aspects of infectious disease detection, prevention, and control in Arctic and sub-Arctic populations. He is currently the chair of the International Union for Circumpolar Health’s Infectious Disease Working Group, the coordinator of the Infectious Disease International Circumpolar Surveillance project, and a coordinator of the Arctic Council’s International Polar Year Arctic Human Health Initiative. We thank Allison Bell, ICS coordinator from 1998 to 2005, and steering committee members Knud Brinklov Jensen, Theresa Tam, Margit Kaltoff, and Jay Butler for their enthusiasistic support of ICS. - Bjerregaard P, Young TK, Dewailly E, Ebbesson SO. Indigenous health in the Arctic: an overview of the circumpolar Inuit population.Scand J Public Health. 2004;32:390–5. - Butler JC, Parkinson AJ, Funk E, Beller M, Hayes G, Hughes JM. Emerging infectious diseases in Alaska and the Arctic: a review and a strategy for the 21st century.Alaska Med. 1999;41:35–43. - Christiansen J, Poulsen P, Ladefoged K. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Greenland.Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:325–9. - Public Health Agency of Canada. Invasive pneumococcal infection in first Nations children in northern Alberta.Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002;28:165–72. - Davidson M, Parkinson AJ, Bulkow LR, Fitzgerald MA, Peters HV, Parks DJ. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska: 1986–1990 ethnic differences and opportunities.J Infect Dis. 1994;170:368–76. - Singleton R, Hammitt L, Hennessy T, Bulkow LR, DeByle C, Parkinson A, The Alaska Haemophilus influenzae type b experience: lessons in controlling a vaccine-preventable disease.Pediatrics. 2006;118:e21–9. - Parkinson AJ, Gold BD, Bulkow L, Wainwright RB, Swaminathan B, Khanna B, High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska Native population and association with low serum ferritin levels in young adults.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7:885–8. - Bruce MG, Bruden DL, McMahon BJ, Hennessy TW, Reasonover A, Morris J, Alaska sentinel surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Alaska Native persons, 1999–2003.Helicobacter. 2006;11:581–8. - Soborg C, Soborg B, Pouelsen S, Pallisgaard G, Thybo S, Bauer J. Doubling of tuberculosis incidence in Greenland over an 8-year period (1990–1997).Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:257–65. - Netesov SV, Conrad LJ. Emerging infectious diseases in Russia 1990–1999.Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:1–5. - Nguyen D, Proulx JF, Westley J, Thibert L, Dery S, Behr MA. Tuberculosis in the Inuit community of Quebec, Canada.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:1353–7. - Gessner BD, Weiss NS, Nolan CM. Risk factors for pediatric tuberculosis infection and disease after household exposure to adult index cases in Alaska.J Pediatr. 1998;132:509–13. - Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Leman R, Hamlin C, Bruden D, Reasonover A. An outbreak of community-onset methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in southwestern Alaska.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:397–402. - McMahon BJ, Hennessy TW, Bensler M, Bruden D, Parkinson AJ, Morris JM, The relationship among previous antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance and treatment outcomes for Helicobacter pylori infections.Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:463–9. - Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Reasonover AL, Bulkow LR, Parks DJ, Butler JC. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska 1991–1998.J Infect Dis. 2000;182:490–6. - Proceedings of the circumpolar meeting on AIDS prevention. Arctic Med. 1990 (Suppl 3);49:1–38. - Einarsson N, Nymand J, Nilsson OR, eds. Arctic human development report. Akureyi: Steffansson Arctic Institute; 2004. - Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, Karron RA, Harrisson LH; Alaska RSV Study Group.Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among Alaska Native children.Pediatrics. 2002;109:210–6. - Van Caeseele P, Macaulay A, Orr P, Aoki F, Martin B. Rapid pharmacotherapeutic intervention for an influenza A outbreak in the Canadian Arctic: lessons from Sanikiluaq experience.Int J Circumpolar Health. 2001;60:640–8. - Karron RA, Singleton RJ, Bulkow L, Parkinson AJ, Kruse D, DeSmet I. Severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in Alaska Native children.J Infect Dis. 1999;180:41–9. - Orr P, Lorencz B, Brown R, An outbreak of diarrhea due to verotoxin-producing Esherichia coli in the Canadian Northwest Territories.Scand J Infect Dis. 1994;26:675–84. - Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Rudolph K, Bruden D, Reasonover A, Parkinson AJ. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, associated with antibiotic use and cytotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska.J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1565–73. - Peach D, McMahon BJ, Bulkow L, Funk B, Harpez R, Margolis HS. Impact of recurrent epidemics of hepatitis A virus infection on population immunity levels: Bristol Bay, Alaska.J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1081–5. - Rudolph KM, Crain MJ, Parkinson AJ, Roberts MC. Characterization of a multi-resistant clone of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Alaska using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PsPa typing.J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1577–83. - Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Reasonover AL, Bulkow LR, Parks DJ, Butler JC. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska 1991–1998.J Infect Dis. 2000;182:490–6. - Ward JI, Lum MKW, Silimperi DR, Bender TR. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Alaska; background epidemiology for a vaccine efficacy trial.J Infect Dis. 1986;153:17–26. - Galil K, Singleton RS, Levine OS, Fitzgerald MA, Bulkow L, Perkins B, Reemergence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in a well-vaccinated population in remote Alaska.J Infect Dis. 1999;179:101–6. - Singleton R, Bulkow LR, Levine OS, Parkinson AJ. Experience with the prevention of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease by vaccination in Alaska: the impact of persistent oropharyngeal carriage.J Pediatr. 2000;137:313–20. - Hennessy TW, Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, Bruden DL, Hurlburt DA, Parks D, Impact of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine on invasive disease, antimicrobial resistance and colonization in Alaska Natives: progress towards elimination of a health disparity.Vaccine. 2005;23:5464–73. - Parkinson AJ, Bell A, Butler JC. International circumpolar surveillance of infectious diseases: monitoring community health in the Arctic.Int J Circumpolar Health. 1999;58:222–5. - Parkinson AJ, Lovgren M, Jette L, Reasonover A. International Inter-Laboratory Quality Control Program for Circumpolar Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae.[Abstract P1576]. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(Suppl 1):386. - Proulx JF, Dery S, Jette LP, Ismael J, Libman M, De Wals P. Pneumonia epidemic caused by a virulent strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 in Nunavik, Quebec.Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002;28:129–31. - Macey JF, Roberts A, Lior L, Tam TW, Van Caeseele P. Outbreak of community acquired pneumonia in Nunavut, October and November 2000.Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002;28:131–8. - Bruce MG, Deeks SL, Zulz T, Bruden D, Navarro C, Lovgren M, International Circumpolar Surveillance system for population-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease, 1999–2005.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:25–33. - Hammitt LL, Block S, Hennessy TW, Debyle C, Peters H, Parkinson A, Outbreak of invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype a disease.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:453–6. - Bruce MG, Deeks Sl, Zulz T, Navarro C, Palacios C, Case C, Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae serotype a, North American Arctic, 2000–2005.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:48–56. - Uyeki TM, Zane SB, Bodnar UR, Fielding KL, Buxton JA, Miller JM, Large summertime influenza A outbreak among tourists in Alaska and Yukon Territory.Clin Infect Dis J.2003;36:1095–102. - Arctic Council. Arctic climate impact assessment scientific report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. p. 863–906. - Parkinson AJ, Butler JC. Potential impact of climate change on infectious diseases in the Arctic.Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005;64:475–86. - McLaughlin JB, Depoala A, Bopp CA, Martinek KA, Napiolilli NP, Allison CG, Emergence of Vibro parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of Alaskan oysters and its global implications.N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1463–70. Suggested citation for this article: Parkinson AJ, Bruce MG, Zulz T, International Circumpolar Surveillance Steering Committee. International Circumpolar Surveillance, an Arctic network for the surveillance of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Jan [date cited]. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/1/07-0717.htm 1International Circumpolar Surveillance Steering Committee: Alan Parkinson, James Berner (United States); Shelley Deeks, Andre Corriveau (Canada); Flemming Stenz (Greenland); Anders Koch (Denmark); Karl Kristinsson (Iceland); Pekka Nuorti (Finland); Anders Nystedt (Sweden); Oistein Lovoll (Norway); Roman Buzinov, Andrei Tulisov (Russian Federation); Rune Fjellheim (Indigenous Peoples Secretariat); Larisa Abrutina (Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North); John Spika (World Health Organization). Comments to the Authors Zombies—A Pop Culture Resource for Public Health Awareness

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Irish American actor Martin Sheen commented in an interview published in Irish America that he loves his Irish heritage in part because the Irish have never planted their flag on the soil of another nation. He loves the Irish because Ireland has always exported poets and artists and clergy, but not armies. He is proud that Ireland has never invaded anyone. Yes….well. Though his beliefs may be correct in a technical sense, just about nothing could be further from the historical reality. While it may be true that in the past 1,000 years the various political entities that made up Ireland never invaded another nation, during that same period Ireland’s number one export has been soldiers. So many soldiers, in fact, that not one but several nations can reckon in their own military heritage entire units made up exclusively of Irishmen. The students at the University of Notre Dame are not known as the “Fighting Irish” due to a well-known Irish predilection for passivity. It should come as no surprise then to learn that one of the most celebrated, decorated, and famous units in all of American military history was a brigade known during the American Civil War as simply “The Irish Brigade.” The Civil War was a uniquely American tragedy. It is not just hyperbole when historians and pundits alike make reference to the war that pitted “brother against brother.” America tore herself apart and was only stitched back together again with a heavy thread soaked in the blood of an entire generation. It is no wonder then that the war continues to fascinate Americans even to this day. It was, and for some still is, a war of great passions. Regardless of one’s sentiments about the causes and conduct of the war, certain names still ring down through the halls of time, carrying with them the echoes of heroism almost beyond comprehension. Names like Lee and Grant are instantly familiar to Americans, and for those with even a passing knowledge of history, units such as the famous “Iron Brigade” of the Union Army and the “Stonewall Brigade” of the Confederate still strike a chord. Yet even among this pantheon of heroes and heroic units. the name, legend and history of one group of men stands out: the “Irish Brigade” of the Union Army. To understand the Irish Brigade one must look back before the war. As most people know, Irish immigration to the United States took off in the 1840’s, in response to the potato blight and famine in Ireland. Between 1846 and 1854, more than one million Irish emigrated to the United States. Most Irish Americans are also aware that upon arrival here the majority of Irish immigrants met with something considerably less than an enthusiastic welcoming committee. Anti-immigrant and specifically anti-Irish sentiment ran high in some areas of the United States, particularly among a splinter political group called the “Know-Nothings.” (The name came from their standard response when questioned about the membership or activities of their secretive political party.) One by-product of this blatant hostility was, ironically, the solidification of the unique identity of the Irish-American community. Pushed together in the slums of mid-19th century cities like New York and Boston, the Irish responded by welding together a new political identity and working towards acceptance through the development of political power. At the same time, the majority of the “average” Irish-Americans stuck in the cities tried to blend in with American society in other ways. One obvious route to cultural assimilation is imitation. In the mid-1850s, one of the most curious trends to sweep America was the “Rage Militaire.” This was a civilian fascination with all things military. The Rage manifested itself in ladies’ fashions and social titles, but most especially in the veritable horde of social-club-turned-militia-unit organizations that sprang up across the country. In New York and Philadelphia, from Cleveland to Boston, men joined these “militia” units not with the expectation of true military service, but for the camaraderie and pageantry. They equipped themselves in the finest uniforms (of their own design) with the best rifles, muskets and bayonets, and practiced week in and week out on the fancy “evolutions” (formations and movements) of the tactics of that day. The best of these units, some having as many as a thousand men, actually went on multi-city tours displaying their ability to march and parade in intricate formations. Drill and ceremony competitions between these units took place in giant jamborees that brought together thousands of men to march and compete for bragging rights. When visiting dignitaries arrived on American soil and a parade was required, the various state militias stepped up to fill the gap left by the fact that there really wasn’t much of a “regular” army in the nation. One of these militia units was the 69th New York State Militia (NYSM). Self-equipped and dressed in the sharpest uniforms of the day, the 69th was an entirely Irish regiment. In addition to providing a pleasant diversion, it was also hoped that participation in units like the 69th would go a long way to improving the standing of Irish-Americans in the larger community of New York. Then, in the summer of 1859, the future King of England arrived on a tour. Naturally, the State of New York planned a parade in which all the varied units of the New York State Militia were ordered to participate. History has not recorded the name of the genius that had the bright idea to parade between 500 to 800 armed Irish expatriates in front of the Prince of Wales. It was, all things considered, probably a good thing for Anglo-Saxon relations over the next hundred years that the commander of the 69th NYSM, Colonel Michael Corcoran, so hated the English that he refused the order and chose to be arrested rather than allow the 69th to march that afternoon. One can only imagine what the fallout, both in the United States and in Ireland, might have been should one of the 69th’s muskets “accidentally” gone off and hit His Royal Highness. Still, the men of the 69th were none too pleased with the subsequent arrest of their colonel. This might have led to larger problems were it not for the start of the largest “problem” of all, the American Civil War. THE CIVIL WAR was America’s bloodiest conflict. Some 620,000 men died while in service during the four-year war. By comparison only around 25,000 died in the eight years of the American Revolutionary War. Regional factionalism and the issue of slavery tore the nation apart so thoroughly that it could only be brought together again through the force of arms. It was, by any measure, a national tragedy. Yet it carried within it the seeds of legend. By late 1861 it was widely recognized among the nascent political leaders of the Irish-American community that one sure route to social acceptance in their adopted nation was through military service. Some saw the presence of Irish immigrants upon the fields of battle in the developing war as a method to display the ancient concept of “Civic Virtue.” Accordingly, and despite their initial political opposition to the Republican administration of Lincoln, Irish America threw its full weight into the war. The most visible result of this was The Irish Brigade, which became the most famous unit in the Union Army of the Potomac, and arguably one of the most celebrated units in all American history. The history of the Irish Brigade is tied inextricably to the story of their first and most celebrated commander, Colonel, later Brigadier General, Thomas Francis Meagher. Depending upon the sources one relies upon, Meagher was variously an inspired leader, a hopeless drunk, a patriotic American, an ardent Irish nationalist, a closet Fenian, or an inveterate politician. The complex reality was that he was, at various times and under different circumstances, all of these things. Born in Waterford, Ireland in 1823, Thomas Francis Meagher was certainly an ardent supporter of the idea of Irish nationalism. As the son of a wealthy merchant, he got a solid 19th-century education. While studying law in Dublin, he became a member of the “Young Ireland” movement. This splinter group of the Irish Brotherhood movement advocated the use of whatever means necessary, including violent opposition, to achieve independence from Britain. Meagher, as well as several other leaders of the movement, participated in the rebellion conspiracy of 1848. Caught and initially sentenced to death, Meagher was lucky enough to have his sentence reduced to exile. His deportation to Tasmania was a relatively congenial confinement, so much so that he was able to arrange for his “escape” in quite an open manner. He landed in the United States in 1852 and immediately began to maneuver his way into positions of influence in the developing political machinery of the Irish-American community. When the Civil War broke out, Meagher immediately raised a company of infantrymen (of which he was naturally elected Captain). This separate company of men, known as Meagher’s Zouaves, are the second strand in the founding of the Irish Brigade. (A Zouave was a special type of French military unit known for a uniform consisting of short blue jackets, a fez, and red pantaloons. This style of uniform was considered the very height of military chic in 1861 and only self-styled “elite” units wore this type of clothing.) Meagher’s Zouaves joined the 69th NYSM as “Company K” in the very first major battle of the Civil War, at Bull Run Creek in Northern Virginia in the summer of 1861. Although the battle was an abysmal defeat for the Union troops, the Irish of the 69th did fairly well that afternoon, and Meagher got the idea that if one regiment of Irishmen could do well, a brigade of them (made up of three to five regiments) could do much better. Thus was born the idea of the “Irish Brigade.” From the outset, observers recognized that this brigade would be special. This was an era when whole groups volunteered en masse, and served together with their friends and neighbors. This practice led to the identification of some units not just by region or state, but by occupation as well. At least two units, the 11th New York State Volunteers, and the 72nd Pennsylvania State Volunteers were known unofficially as the “Fire Zouaves.” This nickname came from the fact that both regiments, some 1,000 men each, enlisted from the ranks of the Fire Departments of New York and Philadelphia. Most units, however, retained their special regional distinction. The Irish Brigade, on the other hand, would recruit from up and down the Eastern Seaboard, seeking Irishmen to join the ranks, regardless of the American city in which they resided. Originally the Irish Brigade consisted of three regiments from New York City, the 63rd, 69th and 88th New York. These units, although they drew heavily on the membership of the earlier 69th New York State Militia, were a separate category of troops known as “State Volunteers.” (The vast majority of all soldiers that fought in the Civil War were in units of this type.) This meant that they served at the discretion of the federal government, not that of the states. On the other hand, they were still allowed to retain some of their individual character, and one way that they did this was through their battle flags. During the Civil War, leaders used flags to guide the men in the smoke and confusion of battle. Every regiment in the Union Army had two flags, one American flag and one representing the regiment itself. Infantry regimental flags were blue. When they mustered up to strength in New York, all three of the original regiments of the Irish Brigade received fine new regimental standards to guide the units in battle. But there was one thing different about their flags. Rather than the regulation blue of the infantry, all three were brilliant green. Set against these green silk backgrounds were the symbols of an embroidered harp and a clenched fist from which a cloud is shooting lightning. Also inscribed is the motto “Faugh au Ballaghs,” which they translated as “Clear the Way!” As the only units, North or South, that fought under green banners, the Irishmen of the Irish Brigade stood out for miles around. Later on, other regiments, such as the 116th Pennsylvania from Philadelphia and the 28th Massachusetts from Boston, would join the Brigade as their numbers fell lower and lower due to casualties and disease. They too would fight under green banners given to them by their home cities, but as the battles passed, the regiment’s flavor as a distinctly Irish unit slowly faded. Casualties and tragedies took their toll. At its peak the Brigade mustered some 3,500 men in the ranks. By the end of their service the whole Brigade could barely send forward a tenth of that number. In the process of going from the higher number to the lower they would create a legend in American military history which echoes even today. OF ALL THE BATTLES fought by the Irish Brigade, three stand out as requiring the greatest willingness to make supreme sacrifice in the cause of liberty: Antietam, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. At Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland in mid-September 1862 the Irish Brigade made their first down payment on immortality. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was the bloodiest single day in American history. To put this fight into perspective you can compare it to the losses on D-Day in World War Two. During the entire invasion and over the course of the next two weeks, some 24,162 Americans became casualties. In comparison, during the twelve hours of the Battle of Antietam some 26,050 Americans fell on the fields of battle. In the very center of this storm of steel stood the men of the Irish Brigade. On September 17, 1862, the sheer cussedness of these Irishmen catapulted them to international fame, but at a tremendous cost. Antietam Creek runs north to south and into the Potomac River just north of Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. On that afternoon it marked the point at which Confederate General Robert E. Lee planned to invade the Union by way of the Shenandoah, the point at which Cumberland River Valley stopped. As Lee pulled his scattered army together, the Union Army of the Potomac attacked. The attacks started at dawn, at the northern end of the battlefield. By late morning the combatants on that end of the field lay exhausted or dead and the fighting shifted to the center. Finally, towards the end of the day the battle shifted once more to the south. It was against the center of Lee’s lines that Colonel Meagher led the original three regiments of the Irish Brigade at a little after ten thirty in the morning. The Irish Brigade marched steadily forward behind their three fluttering green silk banners. Equipped solely with smoothbore muskets at a time when most of the rest of both armies had rifles (which allowed for longer-range fire) Meagher’s plan was to close within a literal stone’s throw of the enemy. Knowing that this would entail casualties but trusting to the courage of his men, he hoped to close in and then blast away at a range at which even the smoothbores could not miss. Their approach carried them up a long, slow rise towards a crest in the middle of a farmer’s field. As the Irish crested the slight ridge in the field, they were met with a fierce blast of musketry. The shattering fire came from a line of Confederate infantry partially protected in a slightly sunken road just beyond the crest of the rise. Rather than fall back or retreat a step in the face of the withering fire, the Irish stood their ground and traded shot after shot at point-blank range with the Alabamans to their front. Second by second, minute by minute, the casualties piled up. Accounts from survivors talk of the battle rage that came upon some men to the degree that when they ran out of bullets they began throwing rocks at the enemy. Anything to inflict pain on the men that were dealing the Brigade such punishment. At the end of the fighting on this part of the line, almost two hours later, the Irish Brigade marched away, leaving some 550 sons of Erin prone upon the fields. The sunken farm path where their opponents lay stacked in heaps has been known ever since as simply “Bloody Lane.” The Battle of Antietam so damaged the Brigade that two more regiments, the 28th Massachusetts and the 116th Pennsylvania, also mostly Irish, joined the Brigade before the next engagement that December. At Fredericksburg, Virginia the situation was, if at all possible, even worse. Just three months later, on the 13th of December, 1862, the Union Army once again attacked the Confederates under the command of Robert E. Lee. This time Lee was not scattered and scrambling to reassemble his far-flung divisions, he was dug-in and waiting for the Union assault. The Army of the Potomac, under the dubious command of General Ambrose Burnside (the man we have to thank for the word “sideburns”) obliged Lee with a series of frontal assaults against the southern fortifications on a ridge just south of Fredericksburg known as Marye’s Heights. The Confederates had placed artillery, almost wheel-hub to wheel-hub, all along the heights. At the base of the hill, in yet another semi-sunken road, stood resolute Confederate infantry. Tragically, some of these men were also Irish immigrants whose path to the New World had brought them to the South. To approach this formidable position the Union infantry had to cross some 600 yards of open fields, a heartbreaking task. Even at the time the soldiers hoped that a frontal attack would not be needed, that by some measure of generalship Lee might be outmaneuvered elsewhere and forced to abandon this strong position. Such was not to be. In preparation for the fight, Meagher, now a Brigadier General, ordered the men of the Irish Brigade to place sprigs of boxwood in their caps as a symbol of the Brigade. The Brigade would march forward under a single green banner, that of the 28th Massachusetts, since those of the three New York regiments had been so torn by bullets at Antietam that Meagher had ordered them sent to New York to be repaired. No one doubted that if an attack were to come it would be a tough one indeed. In defiance of common military sense and, some might say, a sense of decency, General Burnside hurled no less than six major and eleven minor attacks against the impregnable Confederate emplacements. All of them lethal, all of them dismal failures. Once again the Irish walked forward into a veritable sleet of lead and fire. Motivated by pride and ego, they marched into a sleet of shrapnel and bullets that had already turned back unit after unit that day. They marched in their straight lines, standing tall behind the banner of Erin, until they reached a point about twenty yards from the Confederate infantry positions, and there they stayed and slugged it out. The unit was shredded. They had advanced further than any other Union unit had that day, and further than any would. Although tens of thousands would try, no other Union unit made it that far, and thus none could relieve the pressure on the Irishmen. They became the double victims of their own bravery. Only the setting sun would save those that lived. As the sun dropped below the horizon that afternoon, it cast eerie shadows across what looked like a blue carpet. A total of some 9,000 Union soldiers lay as casualties on the battlefield at Fredericksburg. In the center of the field, lying the absolute closest of all to the entrenched Confederate positions, were long lines of Union dead with green sprigs of boxwood in their hats. The 28th Massachusetts, for example, lost 158 men. This represents about 38% of the 416 who followed their colors up the bloody slope that winter day. The butcher’s bill fell with equal weight among all five regiments of the Irish Brigade. Overall these “Wild Geese” suffered a total of 535 casualties, or two-thirds the strength that they carried into the fight, in the fruitless assault. At dusk, the survivors of the regiment still on the field joined the rest of their comrades in the Irish Brigade in falling back down to the safety of the town of Fredericksburg. One Union officer, General Edwin Sumner, commander of the II Corps, was riding along the lines the next morning as the units were reforming. Sumner was known as a stern disciplinarian of the Regular Army. At one point he rode up and rebuked a man of the 28th Massachusetts for standing around and not being in company formation with his comrades. Sumner could say nothing when the Irish private looked up at the general on horseback and replied in a thick brogue, “This is all my company sir.” THE IRISH BRIGADE fairly ceased to exist after their next battle, the largest of the entire War: Gettysburg. Gettysburg is seen by some as the turning point in the war. Gettysburg was Robert E. Lee’s second attempt to carry the fight into the North and increase the pressure on the Union to allow the South to secede. This three-day battle, fought from the First to the Third of July, 1863, is known by many as the “High Water Mark” of the Confederacy. Whether or not it was a “turning point” can be debated. Certainly never again would the South be able to invade the North, and rarely if ever would the armies of the Confederacy approach the strength they had that summer. One thing, however, was established beyond a doubt: The Union Army could win. In terms of raw numbers both armies were fairly evenly matched. The Union victory, therefore, was not a sure thing. This was especially true on the second day of the battle. The first day had gone poorly for the Union, with three of their corps badly torn up and thrown back through the town of Gettysburg. Although the first day of the battle was definitely a Confederate win in conventional terms, the second day opened with the Union hanging on to the high ground to the south and east of the town. If they could just hold on through the day, as the Confederates attacked but Union reinforcements continued to arrive, then the momentum might swing in the Union’s favor. Thus, although the Irish did not arrive until the second day of the battle, their contribution there was critical. This was the situation as the Confederate First Corps under the command of General James Longstreet attacked the Union right. Union regiment after regiment was fed into the fight piecemeal as they arrived in the area, yet still the Confederates threatened to break through the Union battle lines. If they could, they would turn the battle, and potentially the war, in their favor. Into this chaotic swirling mass of men, material and munitions strode the remnants of the proud Irish Brigade. Decimated by the effects of battle, disease and fatigue they were but a shadow of the force that had stepped off into the attack at Antietam, yet still they stood tall beneath their renewed green banners. During a moment of crisis on the Union right a messenger galloped up and delivered their orders: they were to counterattack across an open wheat field they could see in the distance to their left front. There were no other units available, all of the others were either already committed or had been thrown back in retreat. At that instant in American history, only the Irish stood between the Confederates and victory. Knowing that they would be going in alone, without supporting regiments or brigades to their left or right, the men of the Irish Brigade knew full well that the odds were against the majority of them coming out of the battle as whole men, if at all. The Brigade chaplain, none other than Father William Corby (of University of Notre Dame fame), had them kneel and issued a mass absolution right there, just a few hundred yards from the enemy. Then the Irish attacked. The attack succeeded. It bought the Union army a few desperate minutes to bring in yet more units, but the cost was the heart and the soul of the Irish Brigade. After suffering, once again, close to 50 percent casualties, the “Irish Brigade” would never be the same. Although replacements and supplemental regiments would refill the ranks, the uniquely Irish nature of the Brigade died there on the Wheatfield at Gettysburg. By the end of the war, more than 950 men of the Brigade had died on the battlefield. Overall, the Irish Brigade saw over 4,000 men killed and wounded; more men than ever belonged to the Brigade at any one time. Yet at the same time they etched a name for themselves in history. With their blood and courage they made a name that was carved so deeply into the American heart that there would never again be a question as to whether the Irish had the right to call themselves…“Americans.”

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AN important find in Cardross from the early Bronze Age was featured in the annual Scottish Treasure Trove report for 2008-9, published in August 2009. Under Scottish law all portable antiquities of archaeological, historical or cultural significance are subject to claim by the Crown through the Treasure Trove system and must be reported. The report by the Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer includes the decorated early Bronze Age flanged axehead of around 1700-1800BC found in the village, and calls it “an excellent example”. The report states that it is a significant addition to a relatively small number of similar finds from the west of Scotland. Like Neolithic stone axeheads Bronze Age axeheads also had both ritual and practical purposes and the detailed decoration on this example suggests it was a ceremonial or ritual object. It is now in the safekeeping of Kelvingrove Museum in Glasgow. - The illustration is Crown Copyright 2009.

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A marathoner’s worst nightmare — hitting “the wall” — may be completely avoidable if athletes adhere to personalized pace limits proposed by a biomedical engineer and runner. Benjamin Rapoport’s mathematical formula, published online Oct. 21 in PLoS Computational Biology, shows the speediest pace any marathoner can sustain for the entire race. “A 10-second difference in pace per mile could make the difference between success and a dramatic failure,” says Rapoport, of Harvard Medical School and MIT, who experienced his own traumatic wall splat in the 2005 New York City Marathon. He started out pushing too hard, he says, and was out of steam by the last few miles. Rapoport finished, but with a slower time than he wanted. To avoid this scenario, a runner has to maintain a pace that conserves carbohydrates, the body’s main source of quick-burn energy, all the way to mile 26.2. Rapoport calculates the ideal pace from a measure of aerobic capacity called VO2max, along with a few other variables. VO2max indicates how efficiently a body consumes oxygen. “This is a unique area that hadn’t been addressed in the medical literature in any substantial way,” says Mark Cucuzzella, a physician and running coach based in Harpers Ferry, W.Va. “He’s lending some hard numbers to what experienced runners and coaches have been doing.” A man with a VO2max of 60 — which, after training, is attainable by only the top 10 percent of male runners — can achieve a 3:10 marathon finish time, according to the model. This time happens to be the cutoff for 18- to 34-year-old men to qualify for the Boston Marathon. Elite male marathoners clock in with a VO2max in the high 70s. The average untrained young man’s number is in the 40s. (Incidentally, Rapoport, who has run 18 marathons, has a VO2max above 70 and breezes through marathons in less than three hours.) VO2max is usually measured with specialized equipment while someone exercises at maximum exertion, but the value can also be estimated by measuring heart rate while running at a constant pace. Rapoport’s model also shows that a slightly faster pace can be maintained by consuming a midrace snack. This carb-eating strategy can help, but it can’t win races, since the body can store only so much fuel, says Cucuzzella, chief medical consultant for the Air Force Marathon and a marathoner himself. “It’s not about how much sugar or spaghetti you eat the night before a race,” he says. “There’s a critical pace.” Rapoport plans to put an easy-to-use version of his formula on the Internet to help runners calculate their ideal pace. “My primary goal is to give any marathon runner a qualitative plan for their training,” he says. Image: Flickr/Stijn Bokhove - The Potential for a 40-MPH Man - To Run Better, Start by Ditching Your Nikes - These Toes Were Made for Running - Bolt Is Freaky Fast, But Nowhere Near Human Limits

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For Studentenwerk, this is more than just paying lip service! Our goal regarding environmental protection: we want to do more then others, we want to give an example, and we want to be ahead of the rest, for example, with pilot projects. First, we would like to mention how we save valuable drinking water by collecting and using rainwater. Since 1992, we have used rainwater for toilet flushing and for watering the gardens in the hall of residence at Henkestraße 35-47 in Erlangen. The rainwater is collected from the roof and stored above and below ground in a biotope pond and a cistern. From there it is piped to the toilets in the building in a system that is kept strictly separate from drinking water. Meanwhile, we have already equipped three further halls of residence with this system, and as the proven amount of saved drinking water is enormous, we can be really proud of what we have achieved. Another positive aspect of this kind system would be the ability to avoid or to limit flood disasters after heavy or continuous rainfall. The use of solar energy was also established in our halls of residence several years ago. The first photovoltaic system for producing electricity from sunlight was installed on the roof of the “Avenarius“ hall of residence in Nürnberg. The total power output of 10kW was enough to deliver, or rather, to sell more than 15,000 kWh to the electricity supplier in the first two years. Since then, we have installed two more photovoltaic systems on top of the halls of residence in Ansbach and Herzogenaurach. Solar energy system on the roof of the hall of residence in Avenariusstraße in Nürnberg Even more obvious than producing electricity from sunlight is the use of solar energy for heating domestic water. Three halls of residence (Erlangen Ratiborerstraße, Ansbach and Herzogenaurach) are now equipped with a solar thermal system, with the goal of completely doing without fossil fuels in summer and reducing their use in winter as far as possible. The construction of the “International Hall of Residence Max Kade“ in Nürnberg was an ecological ground-breaking endeavour. In this building, warmth and electrical energy are gained from a modern communal heating power station that uses primary energy from natural gas highly effectively. Beside the examples mentioned above, there have of course also been some less spectacular construction work, such as heat insulation and pollution control, insulated glass, insulation of facades or switching to sustainable energy, which have cost millions over the past few years. In the last decade, five halls of residence with almost 800 housing units have been changed over from fuel oil to more environmentally friendly natural gas, or to community or district heating. Today only 6.2% of all buildings belonging to Studentenwerk are heated by traditional fuel oil. If you want to evaluate the environmental output of all halls of residence in order to measure the realisation of ecological ideals and to compare them with each other, the behaviour of the consumers, i.e., the residents, is also an important factor. Making people aware of environmental problems and convincing them of the need for environmental protection, on a small as well as on a large scale is thus the way to go.

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Would you like to add or edit content here? Here's how you can have an account! A Great World Wide Flood The following article is a Work In Progress. At present nobody is working on this article. If nobody is specifically working on this page, you are invited to help edit it and make it better. Volume of water in the flood The amount of water needed to flood the Earth is 10 to 11 times the amount of fresh water, salt water, ground water, and vapor in the air, combined. The first problem for this theory is that if a great flood did happen, all of the societies on Earth would of been wiped out, thus, no society would have a story to tell other than Noah and his family. Since Noah lived in the middle east, it seems unlikely that Native Americans would exist at all. Some people will explain that there was a canopy of water surrounding the Earth, like the ozone layer. First of all, the atmosphere of the Earth cannot support such weight. Secondly, if the water was in orbit, a spherical canopy is impossible due to the fact that all orbiting objects in such a canopy would collide with each other. A water "ring" would be a better idea for the Christian fundamentalists; however, where did all that water go after the flood? Creationists generally believe that humans were created at about the same time as all other animals. One piece of contradictory evidence is that, all over the world, fossils can be found in a common order. Whether this be in Africa, Asia or South America, you get sequences of fossils they are almost always in the same order. If there wasn't evolution from one species from another, why is it that these organisms would all sort in the same way? According to creationists the supernatural flood caused all of these organisms to be mixed up together but they settled in a particular order. Creationists say the creatures in the ocean were most affected by the flood and they will settle out on the bottom(are you sure about this one? --Iscarus 13:47, 29 December 2008 (CST)). Creatures on the mountains will settle on the top, and we would expect to find this order everywhere because that's the way the flood sorted them. If you look at the order of the fossils, this turns out to be untrue; in other words all the oceanic creatures are not at the bottom, all the mountain creatures are not at the top. So there's problems from the fossil record as well. If the worldwide sequence of fossils are the products of Noah's flood and its resultant fallout, why, then - at no place on this vast earth - do we find dinosaurs and large mammals in the same strata; why are trilobites never with mammals (not even marine mammals), but always in strata below? Surely some retarded elephant would be keeping company with dinosaurs, some valiant trilobite swimming hard for thirty-nine days and winning an exalted upper berth with mammals. A flood strong enough to move all the sediments of the earth would tend to mix the different types of animals and plants into one big mishmash... The fossils are in the right order for evolution but not for hydraulic selection. The light animals refuse to stay in the shallow rocks, and the dense animals refuse to stay in the deep rocks, where they belong according to creationism. For instance, trilobites, light, fragile creatures resembling pill bugs, tend to be found only in the deepest rocks... The rocks show that each distinct species usually has its own horizon absolutely distinct from the horizons of other species of the same size, shape, and weight. unedited stuff to be cleaned up (Opinion 2)....Edited and all that jazz. Yes, it is absolutely impossible for all the land to be completely flooded over but it is not impossible for a true story to be exaggerated. It's a semi-common belief, now, that global warming is a natural occurance and that parts of the world will be lost to the seas. Now let's take a look at a bit of flooding in the mind of somebody who lived 8,000 years ago(which is when this flood was scientifically estimated have actually happened). Let's note the following key points: -Travel had hardly been developed past walking so your world is based solely around you or your village. The Greeks believed that Greece was the center of the world and outside of Greece there existed only Persia and the oceans. Outside of that was the barren lands. No further beliefs are known to us, so maybe they only believed in what they knew. So the flooding of the "world" was only actually many cases of individual floods being interpreted by ignorant farmers. -Without extensive travel, one could only know that the world is flat. The water would just slide right off the face of the planet...er, plane. Exploiting this, very possibly, natural disaster as an act of advertising your religion only proves the many contradictions. How do we know they they thought the world was flat? The bible and a couple other holy books mention the "four corners of the earth", so not only did they think it was a flat, it's was actually a square...Really, to prove to an atheist, without a doubt, that God flooded the earth, you would have to try and poor a bucket of water on a piece of paper without spills(or else the mountains wouldn't get covered either). So if you look at it logically, the great flood was just a natural disaster, some ethnocentrism and some opportunistic theists all mixed up in some crazy party. On the other hand if you look at it from a theist's eyes, evidence only matters when you want it to, and everything said here doesn't matter because it disproves your ignorant beliefs...Whichever side you want to take is okay, though. A strong theory about global flooding exist. It is based on one observation: many cultures have in their folklore some "global flooding event". But it is well admit that folklore is exaggeration and mystification of ancient and important invents. And it is prove that sea level rised from tens of meters at the end of the last glaciation period, due to ice melting and thermic dilatation of ocean. For exemple, England was attached to Europe, and Siberia and Alaska where not separated. Imagine how many villages, plains, hills, forests, islands had been submerged at this moment. The great fear of this time was probable of a non ending flood, that would recover all viable lands. When warming stop, myth get memory of it (after all, it is "just" 10 000 years ago, so only 5000/20 = 250 generations when these myth where first writed). And to explain increase in water level, without global climatology in the end, and divine non ending rain seems too explain prefect this phenomenon. In addition, climate was probably wetter in many land after end of glaciation, contributing to the idea of "we lost our ancestral land due to the rain that bring more water on earth". So it is possible that this specific myth is not only due to generalization from a particular place, but to a global phenomenon, inexplicable for stone-age men. This site costs a lot of money in bandwidth and resources. We are glad to bring it to you free, but would you consider helping support our site by making a donation? Any amount would go a long way towards helping us continue to provide this useful service to the community. Click on the Paypal button below to donate. Your support is most appreciated!

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A pearl is a small, often round, object frequently used in jewelry. A pearl is created when a deposit forms around a grain of sand or other foreign matter that has entered inside the shell of an oyster or mussel or certain other varieties of mollusks. It is composed mainly of calcium carbonate and often has a smooth, lustrous surface. Another type of pearl with a "lumpy" or irregular shape, is the Biwa pearl, which comes from Lake Biwa, in Japan. Pearls often have a distinctive "off white" color and luminous quality, although there are pearls of a more pink or yellow hue, and another type which is a black pearl. The two most common types of pearls are natural pearls, (occurring in nature) and cultured pearls, (manufactured) which are formed when a foreign substance is introduced into an oyster for the purposes of creating a pearl. There are both freshwater and saltwater pearls. A famous saying is: "Don't cast your pearls before swine." China has overtaken Japan in cultured pearl production. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, but at present imports the majority of them from China.

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Snoring is a fairly common affliction, affecting 40 percent of men and 25 percent of women. If you snore, you make a raspy, rattling, snorting sound while you breathe during sleep. Older people are particularly prone to snoring: About one-third of people ages 55 to 84 snore. Despite its frequency, however, snoring is a sleep disorder that can have serious medical and social consequences. The tips that follow may help you sleep more peacefully. 1. Change positions Sleeping on your back causes the base of your tongue to fall backward into your throat, which narrows your airway. So try sleeping on your side. If you find yourself still waking up on your back, prop your head up on several pillows. This will open up your nasal airway passages and may help you stop snoring. 2. Lose weight Extra weight around the throat narrows the airway, which can trigger snoring. Shedding extra pounds can remedy the problem.

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More than 11,000 students and their robots recently competed and earned honors for design excellence, competitive play, teamwork and partnerships. Power tools? Check. Costumes? Check. An arena full of super-excited, engineering-savvy teenagers? Definitely. Sixth-three high school robotics teams competed in the FIRST Robotics Virginia Regional Tournament at Richmond. About 60 high school teams participate in the "For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology," or FIRST, competition at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. Multiple student teams from across California, and one team from Chile, participated in the 20th annual Los Angeles regional FIRST competition this past weekend. The NASA Knights, a FIRST Robotics team from Hampton, Va., spent all of February building and programming a robot to participate in the 2011 LogoMotion competition. A six-week design and build challenge that had high school students across the world busy every day after school and on weekends is wrapping up. After months of speculation, high school FIRST Robotics teams across the world learned on Saturday Jan. 8 what the engineering challenge for the 2011 competition would entail. The all-girl "Space Cookies" robotics team is gearing up for its fifth season of FIRST Robotics. 12.08.11 - NASA is challenging student inventors to gear up for the agency's 19th annual Great Moonbuggy Race. Registration is open for the engineering design and racing contest set to culminate in a two-day event in Huntsville, Ala., on April 13-14, 2012. 04.04.11 - Thousands of budding engineers who share a passion for robots will gather in Richmond this week for the Virginia Regional FIRST Robotics Competition. 03.25.11 - The Tenth Annual FIRST Buckeye Regional Robotics Competition April 7-9 at Wolstein Center. The event is free and open to the public. 01.07.11 - An international robotics competition that develops the next generation of technology leaders kicks off this weekend. 01.06.11 - Media is invited to the FIRST Robotics Competition Kickoff. 11.30.10 - NASA is providing up to $20 million over the next five years to support a national robotics technology program to inspire student interest in science, technology and mathematics. Learn how the NASA Robotics Alliance Project supports the FIRST Robotics Competition. Learn how NASA uses robotics to explore Earth, the solar system and beyond. Robots make many NASA projects possible.› Read Students K-4 article Build your own podcast about robots. Innovation, creativity, problem solving -- the world of robotics at NASA is all of these things. See pictures of NASA robots in action. NASA and General Motors have come together to build the next generation of dexterous humanoid robots capable of working side by side with people.

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|1. (n.) The quality or power of ready invention; quickness in forming new combinations; ingeniousness; skill in devising or combining.| 2. (n.) Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as, the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism. 3. (n.) Openness of heart; ingenuousness.Ingenuity (1 Occurrence) Revelation 13:18 Here is scope for ingenuity. Let people of shrewd intelligence calculate the number of the Wild Beast; for it indicates a certain man, and his number is 666. (WEY)Ingenuity (1 Occurrence) ... 2. (n.) Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as, the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism. ... Multi-Version Concordance Ingenuity (1 Occurrence). ... biblethesaurus.com/i/ingenuity.htm - 7k Ingenious (1 Occurrence) ... 2. (a.) Proceeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as, an ingenious model, or machine ... biblethesaurus.com/i/ingenious.htm - 7k Virgin (62 Occurrences) ... literature devoted to the discussion of the subject, but it is notably jejune even for critical writing, and much more impressive for ingenuity and dialectic ... biblethesaurus.com/v/virgin.htm - 64k Lazarus (19 Occurrences) ... As might be expected this miracle has been vigorously assailed by all schools of hostile critics. Ingenuity has been exhausted in inventing objections to it. ... biblethesaurus.com/l/lazarus.htm - 21k Invention (4 Occurrences) ... falsehood. 5. (n.) The faculty of inventing; imaginative faculty; skill or ingenuity in contriving anything new; as, a man of invention. 6 ... biblethesaurus.com/i/invention.htm - 8k Ingraft (1 Occurrence) biblethesaurus.com/i/ingraft.htm - 7k Intelligence (45 Occurrences) ... knowledge and all intelligence, (DBY). Revelation 13:18 Here is scope for ingenuity. Let people of shrewd intelligence calculate ... biblethesaurus.com/i/intelligence.htm - 19k Indicates (3 Occurrences) ... which are not shaken may remain. (See RSV). Revelation 13:18 Here is scope for ingenuity. Let people of shrewd intelligence calculate ... biblethesaurus.com/i/indicates.htm - 7k Tertullus (2 Occurrences) ... in their pleading with their clients. His speech before Felix is marked by considerable ingenuity. It begins with an adulation of ... biblethesaurus.com/t/tertullus.htm - 9k Engines (4 Occurrences) ... Easton's Bible Dictionary. (1.) Hebrews hishalon ie, "invention" (as in Ecclesiastes 7:29) contrivances indicating ingenuity. In ... biblethesaurus.com/e/engines.htm - 8k Then, Having Shown that Eunomius' Calumny against the Great Basil ... ... that Eunomius' calumny against the great Basil, that he called the Only-begotten "Ungenerate," is false, and having again with much ingenuity discussed the ... /.../gregory/gregory of nyssa dogmatic treatises etc/section 4 then having shown.htm That all Marvels are not of Nature's Production, but that Some are ... ... Book XXI. Chapter 6."That All Marvels are Not of Nature's Production, But that Some are Due to Human Ingenuity and Others to Diabolic Contrivance. ... /.../christianbookshelf.org/augustine/city of god/chapter 6 that all marvels are.htm But Unbelievers Cry, "How Can the Flesh, which Has Been Putrified ... ... Do you refuse to admit the fact when you see mortal ingenuity search for veins of metal deeply buried in the ground, and the experienced eye discover gold ... /.../42 but unbelievers cry how.htm The Life of Mr. George Buchanan. ... His uncle, James Herriot, perceiving his promising ingenuity in their own country schools, took him from thence, and sent him to Paris. ... /.../howie/biographia scoticana scots worthies/the life of mr george 2.htm Teaching with Authority ... He taught with authority, and not as the scribes. Their doctrine was built with dreary and irrational ingenuity, upon perverted views of the old law. ... /.../chadwick/the gospel of st mark/chapter 1 21 22 teaching with.htm Now the Perfection of Greek Poetry ... This gives rise, on the one hand, to a marvellous amount of ingenuity, in tracing the most far-fetched connexions,"in discovering the most remote types;"it ... /.../neale/hymns of the eastern church/now the perfection of greek.htm Of Scoffing and Derision. ... Ingenuity and quickness of parts, is sure to be reckoned in the highest ranks of Blessings, an instrument proper for the most excellent purposes: and therefore ... /.../allestree/the government of the tongue/section vii of scoffing and.htm The Powers of Darkness ... their sins. The punishments described include all the most painful tortures of which Chinese ingenuity can conceive. Truly, idols ... /.../cable/the fulfilment of a dream of pastor hsis/chapter xii the powers of.htm Preface to the Anti-Manichæan Writings. ... In this retirement he produced his Gospel, "a work illustrated with symbolical drawings the ingenuity of which has been greatly praised. ... /.../preface to the anti-manichaean writings.htm ... Besides having the great value of being contemporary evidence, the author shows a certain ingenuity in enlarging on the virtues of the young Constantine, who ... /.../christianbookshelf.org/pamphilius/the life of constantine/section 2 sources.htm

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You may call a spade a spade, but when it comes to roads, there are a confusing array of descriptive terms, many of them prescriptive. A public highway isn’t just a road, it can also be a footway. A whatway? A footway is ‘a way comprised in a highway which also comprises a carriageway, being a way over which the public have a right of way on foot only.’ A footpath is a ‘highway over which the public have a right of way on foot only, not being a footway.’ Confused yet? The word pavement isn’t very helpful either. Technically, it’s the word for the road surface, which is how Americans use the term. ‘Cyclists shouldn’t ride on pavements’ confuses the hell out of Americans. The word pavement comes from pavimentum, the top stone slabs of a Roman road. And read that footway definition again: it includes the word carriageway. This isn’t a road restricted to carriages of the motoring kind. Got cows? Keep geese? You can herd your cattle along a carriageway. You can lead a flock of geese down your High Street. [Critical Mass leaders take note, include a few animals in your next rolling demo]. Motorists – the Johnny-come-latelies of public highway users – do not have more rights than other road users, except on motorways. Nor are motorists traffic. According to the Highways Act 1980, traffic also includes pedestrians and animals. On Wednesday, the BBC carried a news story about a road user who repeatedly pressed a pedestrian crossing button to protest against the amount of cars and lorries rattling through his village. The BBC reported that criminal law solicitor Robert Brown, a partner at Corker Binning, said such an action might possibly be considered an obstruction of the highway: “A court might decide if he is doing it to prevent the passage of vehicles. It is a novel point but he is impeding the passage of vehicles and that is the purpose of the highway.” It’s one of the purposes, but not the only one. Highways are for people, too, whether or not they are in, on or being dragged by vehicles. Most folks will think the solicitor meant cars and buses and HGVs, but he was careful to say vehicles. In law, vehicles aren’t just cars and trucks. Vehicles also include sledges, prams, wheelbarrows, sedan chairs, carts and litters. And bicycles. Nick Hancox of Nicholas Hancox Solicitors in Norfolk, a specialist in highway law, told iPayRoadTax.com: Most highways are open for all traffic: cars, lorries, motorbikes, push-bikes, people on horseback, people leading horses, people with prams, pedestrians and for people with flocks of geese or sheep or whatever. Some highways which would otherwise be in that first category are restricted by Traffic Orders: ‘No HGVs’ or ‘No Pedestrians’, or whatever. Some highways are only for a limited class of traffic: Bridleways are only for horses, bicycles and pedestrians. Footpaths are only for pedestrians. Drove roads, or driftways, were primarily for driving livestock to market, but they were, can be, and are, also used by horseriders, wheeled carriages and pedestrians. So, if your question were “Can I legally drive a flock of geese down my local High Street?”, the answer would usually be “Yes”. A traffic order prohibiting the driving of livestock is legally possible but in practice unlikely. Rights of Way are mostly determined not by statute, but by common law. In other words by court judgments down the ages or, mostly, by what use has been made of the highway in question. Highway is defined at common law as a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass. Their use of the way must be as of right and not on sufferance or by licence. The public highway is a shared resource; we must all operate give and take. This was made clear in the case of Harper v GM Haden & Sons Ltd of 1933. The judge said: No member of the public has an exclusive right to use the highway. He has merely a right to use it subject to the reasonable use of others…The law…recognises that there are…competing public interests. The law relating to the user of highways is in truth the law of give and take. Those who use them must in doing so have reasonable regard to the convenience and comfort of others and must not themselves expect a degree of convenience only obtainable by disregarding that of other people. Not every road is open to all. Some roads have Limitations Of Use Restrictions. For example, cyclists and pedestrians are not allowed to plan routes along motorways. According to the Department for Transport, there are 33,435 miles of major roads in the UK, including 2211 miles of motorway. However, there are 211,675 miles of B, C and unclassified roads. So, that makes 242,899 miles of roads that all vehicles can use, including bicycles. The 33,435 miles of major roads are what’s known as the Strategic Road Network. The SRN is the responsibility of the Highways Agency. This branch of the Department for Transport says: “The Highways Agency is responsible for all the users of this network – the cyclist, the pedestrian, the horses and their riders, not just the cars and lorries!” As I said on this earlier story, the overwhelming majority of roads were not built with motorists in mind. Only two short stretches of road were ever built with the Road Fund (1910-1937), paid for by motorists with a ‘road tax’. (I’ll reveal the identities of these roads in a later posting). Many of today’s dual carriageways may be blacktopped, plastered with white thermoplastic road markings and zoned with barriers but such accoutrements are largely cosmetic. When TV and movies want to portray a period scene, production crews hide road signs and spread dirt over the blacktop. Most period dramas tend to show 18th Century roads as twisty and narrow but the main ones were far, far wider than most people imagine. Stretches of the Great North Road were once much wider than even the widest parts of the current M1 motorway. And, in my hometown of Newcastle, there’s a road not far from where I’m writing that is an excellent example of a four-lane road that most motorists probably assume was widened for their convenience. In fact, Jesmond Road – pictured at the top of this article – has been as wide as it is since 1836. The current road is bounded on two sides by old cemeteries. Despite aborted plans to dig up graves in 1971 to make way for a motorway, the walls of the two cemeteries have not shifted. Jesmond Road was made wide for all users, and was made wide at least seventy years before the repeal of the ‘Red Flag Act’ in 1896 after which motorcars started to encroach on Britain’s ancient road network. Within ten years, motorists believed roads of all lengths and widths were theirs. A satirical verse in Punch magazine of 1907 summed up this attitude from some drivers: The roads were made for me; years ago they were made. Wise rulers saw me coming and made roads. Now that I am come they go on making roads – making them up. For I break things. Roads I break and Rules of the Road. Statutory limits were made for me. I break them. I break the dull silence of the country. Sometimes I break down, and thousands flock round me, so that I dislocate the traffic. But I am the Traffic. This was wrong in 1907, and wrong today, too.

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Oliver Saint JohnArticle Free Pass Born into a family of Bedfordshire gentry, St. John was educated at Queens’ College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1626. He was brought before the Star Chamber in 1630, together with the Earl of Bedford, charged with the publication of a seditious libel concerning the “bridling of Parliaments.” He was threatened with torture but was released from prison, and the case was dismissed. He was a member of the company formed to colonize Providence Island (now Providencia) in the Caribbean Sea in 1630. In 1638 his marriage to his second wife, Elizabeth Cromwell, a cousin of Oliver Cromwell, led to an intimate friendship with Cromwell. A member of Parliament for Totnes, Devon, in both the Short and the Long Parliaments, St. John was closely allied with Bedford, John Pym, and John Hampden in what became known as the “middle group”—members of Parliament who were reformist yet moderate. St. John led the attack on Charles’s misuse of his discretionary powers of taxation in previous years and worked to find a new basis for a substantially increased royal revenue grounded in Parliamentary consent. In an attempt to win St. John’s support, Charles appointed him solicitor general in January 1641. St. John’s political views, however, remained unchanged, and in the same year he took an active and savage part in promoting the impeachment and attainder of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, and helped in preparing other bills, such as the Militia Bill, for the opposition. He also played a prominent role in attacks on recent religious innovation. He especially opposed the attempt by the clergy to regain much of the wealth and jurisdiction stripped away from them during and since the Reformation. During the English Civil Wars, St. John became a recognized leader of the Independents and supported the army in its quarrel with Parliament in 1647. He was appointed chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in October 1648. He retained his seat for Totnes, but his legal office debarred him from sitting in the Commons, and he took no part in the debates and refused to act as a commissioner at the king’s trial (1649). After the Commonwealth was declared, St. John was a leading advocate of a close alliance—even a confederation—of the English and Dutch republics; however, when the Dutch spurned his advances, he turned on them and supported the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54). In 1652 he was one of the commissioners responsible for bringing about the union between England and Scotland, and he was among those who pressed Cromwell to take the title of king in 1657. After the Restoration of Charles II, he published in 1660 a defense of his past conduct, The Case of Oliver St. John, and his only punishment was exclusion from holding public office. He retired to Northamptonshire until 1662, when he went to the European continent. The place of his death is not known. What made you want to look up "Oliver Saint John"? Please share what surprised you most...

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SEED Magazine has an in-depth story about resilience science and the contribution that its making to understanding and managing of our cities. Following is a description of resilience theory that points out the need to quantify and understand the natural states and the tipping points that put our systems at odds with livability and sustainability. “Resilience theory, first introduced by Canadian ecologist C.S. “Buzz” Holling in 1973, begins with two radical premises. The first is that humans and nature are strongly coupled and co-evolving, and should therefore be conceived of as one “social-ecological” system. The second is that the long-held assumption that systems respond to change in a linear, predictable fashion is simply wrong. According to resilience thinking, systems are in constant flux; they are highly unpredictable and self-organizing, with feedbacks across time and space. In the jargon of theorists, they are complex adaptive systems, exhibiting the hallmarks of complexity.” This feature is certainly worth a read for all of those that are involved in managing our urban systems and infrastructure. The feature states that there is no balance but constant flux that must be adapted to. It speaks to the need to monitor and manage with constant imbalance in mind. All the more reason to apply geospatial technologies and sensor networks for the constant monitoring and analysis of change.

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Innovative research at the University of Illinois (U of I) is changing the way ethanol is produced – and making it more economical in the process. Vijay Singh, U of I agricultural and biological engineer, has developed a new corn-milling process that increases the amount of ethanol produced per batch, as well as the value of the co-products resulting from the process. All that, said Singh, is the key to more profitable ethanol production. With the price of oil going over $50 a barrel, ethanol has become more than just an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. Many experts see it as a sorely needed solution to America's dependence on imports. But according to Singh, the conventional process used for ethanol production has its drawbacks, such as the massive amount of one particular co-product produced – distillers dried grain with solubles, or DDGS. In the conventional dry grind process, raw corn is finely milled and cooked. The starch is fermented and converted into ethanol, and the three non-fermentables (germ, protein and fiber) are carried through the process and recovered at the back end as DDGS. One bushel of corn produces 2.65 gal. of ethanol and 15-17 lbs. of DDGS. With ethanol production expected to increase to more than 6 billion gallons per year by the year 2006, that's a lot of DDGS, said Singh. Utilizing all of it is a major problem. DDGS is used as livestock feed, but because of its high fiber content, it is mainly fed to ruminant animals, such as dairy and beef cattle. Singh's process reduces the volume of DDGS produced and improves its nutritional characteristics. The process, called enzymatic dry grind, soaks the corn in water for a short period of time, then grinds it coarsely and incubates it with enzymes, which break down the corn kernel. "That allows us to pull out the germ and fiber at the front end of the process, before fermentation," says Singh. When the fiber is pulled out before fermentation, it reduces the total volume of DDGS by about 65-70%. It also reduces the amount of fiber in the DDGS and increases protein content. In fact, protein content even exceeds that of soybean meal. "So now you've got a high-protein, low-fiber product that can be fed to non-ruminant animals (like poultry and swine), as well as cattle,” he says. “The problem of utilization goes away. "When you pull this germ and fiber out, you've also created space in the fermentor that you can fill with more starch,” Singh says. “Therefore, you can produce more ethanol per batch.” Another benefit of the enzymatic process is the recovery of germ and fiber, which are valuable co-products themselves, used in a variety of products, including corn germ oil and corn fiber oil. Singh believes the enzymatic dry grind process will greatly increase the profitability of ethanol production. "This process increases the amount of ethanol per batch, reduces the volume and improves the quality of DDGS," he said. "That's pretty significant."

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Many a times, we face the problem of passing the dates from Code to SQL in the right format. The problem could be because the controls that we use to generate the dates or we build it that way, don't give us the dates in the required format. Suppose we want the date to be in mm/dd/yyyy format, the control could be generating it as dd/mm/yyyy. This, along with many other situations bother us to change the date format before sending it to the SQL statement. However, there is a solution for this. By default, the SQL server’s date format is mdy. You could change the way SQL Server interprets the date , using the SET DATEFORMAT statement. For e.g. If you want to pass the date as dd/mm/yyyy format, you could prefix and suffix your sql statements with the SET DATEFORMAT statements like this, SET DATEFORMAT dmy Declare @d DateTime Set @d = '25/11/2005' SET DATEFORMAT mdy Ensure that you set it back to the default (mdy) at the end. The default DateFormat can be seen through the Database console command 'DBCC USEROPTIONS' Note: This is only an alternative. You could well use the CONVERT function in this place setting the date format there.

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Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Shingles (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that may cause pain, burning, or a tingling sensation on either the left or right side of the body. Several days or weeks later, a band, strip, or small area of rash usually appears in the same area and progresses into blisters, which scab over before clearing up over the next few weeks. Shingles develops from the virus that causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus). The virus remains in the nerve tissue and can become active again in anyone who has had chickenpox. Shingles is most common in older adults and people who have weakened immune systems because of stress, injury, or other factors. No one knows what makes the virus active again. A person with shingles can spread the virus until the blisters have scabs. The spread of the shingles virus can cause chickenpox in those who have not had it before and have not been vaccinated. Medicines may relieve discomfort from the rash and pain. Some people have pain that lasts after the rash is gone (postherpetic neuralgia). The shingles vaccine can help prevent shingles or make shingles less painful. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org Find out what women really need. Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies

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Slashing energy use in homes and offices is an important way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and it saves money. The residential sector accounts for 5.9 per cent of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions, while the commercial sector contributes 4.7 per cent. Most of these emissions come from the use of fossil fuels, mainly fuel oil and natural gas, for space and water heating. Lighting, cooking, heating, cooling and home entertainment also use electricity, which is often generated from fossil fuels. The following measures would significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the residential and commercial sectors: - New homes. A provincial mandate to establish the R-2000 code as a minimum standard for new homes. The federal government currently promotes energy-efficient R-2000 construction, which creates environmentally friendly and healthy homes. R-2000 homes use an average of 26 per cent less energy than other types of new homes . bq. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is another popular standard is that promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in five key areas of human and environmental health: - sustainable site development - water efficiency - energy efficiency - materials selection - indoor environmental quality - Retrofits. Mandate cost-effective energy efficiency retrofits for commercial and residential buildings, and provide low-interest loans, tax credits or other incentives for these improvements. - District energy. Provide government financing and other support for district energy programs. District energy heats space efficiently by using one energy source, such as water warmed by waste heat from industry, to heat a large number of buildings. In Denmark, Sweden and Finland, district heating meets the needs of up to 80 per cent of the urban heating market. Twenty-three district heating projects identified in Canada could create 7,000 construction jobs, and 2,500 permanent jobs.

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At first view, the SunZia Southwest Transmission Project, which proposes to run two 500 kilovolt lines from central New Mexico to Eloy appears to be the sort of scheme that would have environmentalists cheering. Green energy to California … What could be wrong with that? As it turns out? Plenty! The SunZia Project is green only in one sense: Some of the energy projected to be transmitted may be derived from wind and solar. However, it will almost certainly facilitate nonrenewable energy development since its owners are poised to develop a fossil-fuel plant in Bowie. Remarkably, the environment most affected by these lines is in neither New Mexico nor California but right here in Southern Arizona. This, undoubtedly, was not what the California legislature had in mind when it passed SB 2 (1X), requiring that the state's energy come from a minimum of 33 percent green sources by the year 2020. However, we in Arizona can't expect the California legislature to decline the energy based on the harm it does here. That's our job. What are the environmental dangers the SunZia transmission-line project poses? Were the lines strung along the I-10 corridor, they would not likely degrade the environment for Arizona's native animals, birds, fish and plants. However, SunZia's proposed path takes it through one of Southern Arizona's most pristine and important native habitat: the lower San Pedro River Valley. What makes this area so important? Before settlement of the West, migratory birds had numerous routes available to them. Many have been lost to urbanization, many to aquifer depletion. The San Pedro is now the principal migratory route for more than 4 million birds traveling from Central America to the northwestern United States and Canada. Within the lower San Pedro, four different major ecoregions converge - Sonoran Desert, Chihuahuan Desert, Madrean and Arizona Mountains, creating the richest species diversity in the U.S. Saguaros nurse beneath junipers; bears feed with desert tortoises; and Southwestern willow flycatchers share the rich mesquite bosque with grey hawks. Should the San Pedro River or other nearby valleys such as Aravaipa be degraded, there is no other similarly sized undisturbed area to replace it. In fact, the San Pedro River Valley and the surrounding region is the second largest unfragmented landscape in Arizona. (The Grand Canyon is the first.) When you add together the roads that must be constructed to build and service the towers, the lines strung from tower to tower that would affect bird flight, the potential for increased fire when towers are struck by lightning, and the expansion of this corridor with ever more utilities, the loss could be catastrophic. And for what? Rather than transmit energy from New Mexico, green energy could be produced in Western Arizona, close to the California border, with a minimum of environmental degradation. I urge everyone to write the Bureau of Land Management, Secretary of Interior Salazar and your elected officials to protect the wonders of our state before we lose them to this unnecessary project. SHARE YOUR VIEWS • Adrian Garcia, BLM, P.O. Box 27115, Santa Fe, NM 87501, • Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar, 1849 C St. NW, Washington, DC 20240, [email protected] Lisa Vogel lives in Cascabel, along the San Pedro River, where she writes fiction and teaches online writing courses. She and Norm Meader are members of the Cascabel Working Group. Email: [email protected]

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← Back to WRITING TUTORIAL What is creative writing? How does it different than other types of writing? Addressing these questions is important in discussing creative writing. First, successful creative writing means using the imagination. It is different than research papers in that the writer uses his/her imagination to create the essay or story. However, it is still composed of facts so the writer must do some research depending on the essay and how much the writer knows on the topic. Creative writing is to be enjoyed by both the writer and the reader. Creative writing does not have a specific structure. Some instructors assign creative essays while other instructors assign different types of structure including poetry. Creative writing is creative so it is important for the writer to use his/her imagination. Creative writing is usually fun or enjoyable to read. Some types of creative writing are character sketch, letters to the editor, screenplays, monologues, and essays. Creative writing can be written on almost any form of writing. What makes it creative is the writer who uses his/her imagination to expand the topic and make it interesting. Many instructors assign creative essays. When the instructor says to write a creative essay students often build a writer's block that makes it difficult to create an essay. One way to eliminate this writer's block is to brainstorm. The main goal of brainstorming is to help the writer select different ideas. Sometimes an instructor assigns a specific topic and brainstorming helps the student think about what he/she already knows about the topic. Let the ideas flow freely. Next, think of ways to improve, modify, and build on the ideas. It is important to come up with several ideas so any of them can be chosen for the essay. Remember that creative writing is using the imagination so coming up with bizarre ideas are accepted. For instance, if the topic assigned is dinosaurs. Creative writing allows the student to select different types and then use his/her imagination to write an interesting story about dinosaurs. The next step after choosing an idea is to organize your writing. If it is an essay, then create an outline with all the main important points that you plan to use. Think about how you are going to open the essay. It needs to be creative from the beginning. Use an anecdote that captures the interest of the audience. Create a thesis statement that shows the audience where you are going and why. Be as imaginative as possible but also remember to research the paper topic. One technique used in creative writing is using the journalistic six. This simply means asking questions such as who, what, when, where, why, and how. Like a detective solving a murder, the detective begins by asking who questions. Who are the suspects? Who are the characters involved? Who was murdered? Who benefits from the murder? Next, ask the detective ask "what" questions. What happens in the story? What did the person do that might have made someone mad? What did Character A do that cause character B to murder him? The next group of questions the detective would ask is "when". When did the murder take place? Next, the detective would ask "where" questions. Where did the scene take place? Where did the murder happen? Where did Character A meet Character B? What settings are used? Next, the detective would ask "why" questions. Why did Character A murder Character B? Why was Character A angry? The last set of questions asked by a detective would be "how". How did Character A murder Character B? How did the murder take place? How did one scene lead to another scene? Asking questions is a great way to stir the imagination. Many different types of creative writing exist including custom-written creative essays, term and research papers, creative narratives, poetry, monologues, screenplays, etc. Creative means using the imagination. Brainstorming and the journalistic six are great ways to begin creative writing. The five-paragraph essay is often used in creative writing beginning with an anecdote that grabs the attention of the reader and continuing until the end. Always proofread and rewrite the creative essay or other types of creative writing. Remember creative essay writing is to be enjoyed by both the reader and the writer. |Using the Five Senses to Write Great Descriptive Essays||Guidelines to Writing Legal Essays and Research Papers| Essays, Term Papers | Admission Essays | Research Papers | Book Reports | Dissertations | Executive Summaries | Term Projects | MBA Essays Coursework | Speech Writing | Poetry Writing | Creative Writing | Copywriting | Editing | Researching Writing Tutorial | Essays & Articles | Testimonials | Our Writers | FAQs

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Edited by Stephen C. Feinstein Cloth $45.00s | 0-8156-3083-2 | 2005 Essays provide comments and reflections about how the trauma of the Holocaust can be represented and how art mixes with theory. Since the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and recognition of the Holocaust as a watershed event of the twentieth century, if not in Western Civilization itself, the capacity of art to represent this event adequately has been questioned. Contributors provide case studies that include a broad spectrum of artists from North America, Europe and Israel, and examine some of the dominant themes of their work. View other books in this series - "Picturing Death: Better This than Silence," Robert Poor - "Probing the Limits of the Politics of Representation," Jeremy Varon - "After Auschwitz: Art and the Holocaust Six Decades Later," Monica Bohm-Duchen - "Jewish Artists in New York: The 1940s," Matthew Baigell - "From the Sublime to the Abject: Art and the Holocaust Six Decades Later," Andrew Weinstein - "R.B. Kitaj's 'Good Bad' Diasporism and the Body in American Jewish Postmodern Art," Sander Gilman - "Bak's Variations on a Theme by Bak," Lawrence Langer - "Toward a Post-Holocaust Theology in Art: The Search for the Absent and Present God," Stephen Feinstein - "How to Remember," Nancy Weston - "Disaster Art: A Plea Against the Peripheral Stuff," Pier Marton - "Conversations with Rzeszow: An Artist's Journey," Joyce Lyon - "Haunting the Empty Place," Ziva Amishai-Maisels Stephen Feinstein is professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and now serves as permanent Director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the University of Minnesota. He has been the curator for six museum exhibitions about Holocaust art, has edited one book, and written six art catalogues. 6 x 9, 328 pages, 69 photographs, bibliography, notes, index

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About Site Map Contact Us |A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®| On this page: Reviewed January 2008 What is the official name of the RUNX2 gene? The official name of this gene is “runt-related transcription factor 2.” RUNX2 is the gene's official symbol. The RUNX2 gene is also known by other names, listed below. Read more about gene names and symbols on the About page. What is the normal function of the RUNX2 gene? The RUNX2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in bone and cartilage development and maintenance. This protein is a transcription factor, which means it attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. Researchers believe that the RUNX2 protein acts as a "master switch," regulating a number of other genes involved in the development of cells that build bones (osteoblasts). How are changes in the RUNX2 gene related to health conditions? Where is the RUNX2 gene located? Cytogenetic Location: 6p21 Molecular Location on chromosome 6: base pairs 45,296,053 to 45,518,818 The RUNX2 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 6 at position 21. More precisely, the RUNX2 gene is located from base pair 45,296,053 to base pair 45,518,818 on chromosome 6. See How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? in the Handbook. Where can I find additional information about RUNX2? You and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about RUNX2 helpful. You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. What other names do people use for the RUNX2 gene or gene products? See How are genetic conditions and genes named? in the Handbook. Where can I find general information about genes? The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language. These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful. What glossary definitions help with understanding RUNX2? You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary. See also Understanding Medical Terminology. References (9 links) The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.

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With their long stalks and feathery arms, marine animals known as sea lilies look a lot like their garden-variety namesakes. Perhaps because of that resemblance, scientists had always assumed that sea lilies stayed rooted instead of moving around like their stalkless relatives, the feather stars. But videos taken from a submersible research vessel at a depth of 430 meters (1410 feet) near Grand Bahama Island reveal that some sea lilies can creep along the ocean floor, apparently to escape from sea urchins that prey upon them. The video and related studies help paint a bigger picture of the evolution and ecology of these deep-sea creatures and their predators. University of Michigan professor of geological sciences Tomasz Baumiller will show the videos and discuss the research Oct.16 at a meeting of the Geological Society of America in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sea lilies and feather stars, members of a group called crinoids, are closely related to starfish, sea cucumbers and sea urchins. The two main types of crinoids look a lot alike except that sea lilies have stalks, and feather stars do not. In addition, feather stars are known to crawl, and some can even swim, but sea lilies were thought not to have such abilities. However, Baumiller and collaborator Charles Messing of Nova Southeastern University's Oceanographic Center in Dania Beach, Fla., have long suspected that some sea lilies are able to move around. In previous work, the researchers found that some sea lilies regularly shed and regenerate the ends of their stalks. Interestingly, the stalks don't break off just anywhere, but at particular nodes, just below clusters of flexible, finger-like appendages. Baumiller and Messing speculated that the sea lilies might be shedding the ends of their stalks to release themselves from the pla Source:University of Michigan

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Here you will find pointers to manuals, tutorials and references that will come in handy when you feel like coding in Ruby. - Try Ruby! - An interactive tutorial that lets you try out Ruby right in your browser. This 15-minute tutorial is aimed at beginners who want to get a feeling of the language. - Ruby Koans - The Koans walk you along the path to enlightenment in order to learn Ruby. The goal is to learn the Ruby language, syntax, structure, and some common functions and libraries. We also teach you culture. - Discover Ruby idioms, learn lessons and solve problems, all in your browser! - Hackety Hack The little coder’s starter kit. A fun and easy way to learn about programming (through Ruby) using the Shoes GUI Toolkit. - Why’s (Poignant) Guide to Ruby - An unconventional but interesting book that will teach you Ruby through stories, wit, and comics. Originally created by why the lucky stiff, this guide remains a classic for Ruby learners. - Ruby in Twenty Minutes - A nice tutorial covering the basics of Ruby. From start to finish it shouldn’t take you more than twenty minutes. - Ruby from Other Languages - Coming to Ruby from another language? Whether it’s C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, or Python, this article has you covered! - Learning Ruby - A thorough collection of Ruby study notes for those who are new to the language and in search of a solid introduction to Ruby’s concepts and constructs. - Ruby Essentials - Ruby Essentials is a free on-line book designed to provide a concise and easy to follow guide to learning Ruby. - Learn to Program - A wonderful little tutorial by Chris Pine for programming newbies. If you don’t know how to program, start here. - Programming Ruby - The seminal work on Ruby in English, this first edition of the Pragmatic Programmers’ book is available for free online. - Ruby User’s Guide - Translated from the original Japanese version written by Yukihiro Matsumoto (the creator of Ruby), this version, by Goto Kentaro and Mark Slagell is nice overview of many aspects of the Ruby language. - The Ruby Programming Wikibook - A free online manual with beginner and intermediate content plus a thorough language reference. - Ruby Core Reference - Pulled straight from the source code using RDoc, this reference work documents all of the core classes and modules (like String, Array, Symbol, etc…). - Ruby Standard Library Reference - Also pulled from the source code using RDoc, this reference work documents the standard library. - The one-stop web site for reference documentation about Ruby gems and GitHub-hosted Ruby projects. - Rails Searchable API Doc - Rails and Ruby documentation with smart searching. - Ruby, Rails and RSpec documentation with users’ notes. Editors and IDEs For coding in Ruby you can use the default editor of your operating system. By the way, to be more effective in coding, it is worth to choose a source code editor with basic Ruby support (e.g. syntax-highlighting, file browsing) or an integrated development environment with advanced features (e.g. code completion,refactoring, testing support). Here is a list of popular tools used by Rubyists: - Linux and cross-platform tools: - On Windows: - On Mac OS X:

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This bibliography is divided into three sections. The first two contain important historical and modern works on public health, from 2000 <B.<C.<E. to the present. These works are presented chronologically so as to give a sense of the development of public health, and of the various disciplines that make up the field. The third section is devoted to works on the history of health, medicine, and public health. These are listed in alphabetical order, by author. It is hoped that this annotated bibliography will aid the reader in understanding the extraordinary progress of the field of public health. CLASSICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE Code of Hammurabi. This code, dating from c. 2000 <B.<C.<E., is among the oldest extant medical documents. It suggests ways to stay healthy, and includes rules of behavior and fee schedules for the priest-physicians of ancient Babylon, providing interesting insights into Babylonian civilization. It is summarized in H. E. Sigerist, History of Medicine, Vol. 1, Primitive and Archaic Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951). Hippocrates. "Airs, Waters, Places" and "On Epidemics," in Hippocratic Writings, ed. G. R. Lloyd (New York: Penguin, 1978). The surviving documents from the medical school of Hippocrates of Cos, located at Epidaurus c. 440–330 <B.<C.<E., reveal some of the best features of classical Greek civilization. They cover many aspects of medicine, including clinical descriptions of diseases, as well as the oath that is still used as the foundation for good medical conduct and much teaching of medical ethics. "Airs, Waters, Places" was the first text on environmental health; it includes ideas on how individuals and communities can protect good health. "On Epidemics" contains many good descriptions of contagious and other diseases of public health importance. Regimen Sanitas Salernitarum. Translated by P. Parente as The Regime of Health of the Medical School of Salerno (New York: Vantage, 1967). First published in 1484, the material gathered in this text of the Salerno medical school dates from the late thirteenth century and consists of double-rhymed Latin hexameters describing many sensible dietetic and hygienic precepts, including avoidance of overeating and the desirability of personal cleanliness. Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro). De contagione (Venice: Lucaeantonij Iuntae Florentini, 1546). Translated by W. C. Wright as On Contagion (New York and London: Putnam, 1930). This is the first systematic description of ways infection Graunt, John. Natural and Political Observations, Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made upon the Bills of Mortality (London, 1662; reprint, North Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, 1975). Graunt was the first to use records of deaths and their causes to analyze the state of a population's health. His analysis of the London population showed that male mortality rates were higher than those of females at all ages from birth onward, revealed urban-rural differences in mortality rates, and showed the fluctuations of those rates due to epidemics, notably of the plague. Graunt's work was the founding text for the science of vital statistics. Petty, William. An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind; Together with Another Essay on Political Arithmetic (London and Dublin: 1682). Petty's work emulated Graunt's. He examined records of ages and causes of death in London, Dublin, and other cities, emphasizing the economic implications of premature deaths among those who produced the nation's wealth. Halley, Edmund. "An Estimate of the Degrees of Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw, with an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 17 (1683):596–610. An important advance in vital statistics, this work provided the foundation for life insurance and the work of actuaries. Ramazzini, Bernardino. De morbis artificum diatriba (Modena: 1713). Translated by W. C. Wright as Diseases of Workers (New York: Academy of Medicine, 1964). A descriptive catalogue of the illnesses—mostly attributable to exposure on the job—commonly found among workers in many occupations. This is the first text on occupational medicine. Lind, James. A Treatise of the Scurvy (Edinburgh: 1753; reprint, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1953). This work is often cited as the earliest example of a clinical trial. Lind used pairs of sailors who were allocated various dietary regimens to demonstrate that small daily doses of lime juice prevented the onset of scurvy on long sea voyages. Lind thus showed also that this disease was not contagious but associated with a dietary deficiency. Frank, Johan Pieter. System einer vollständigen medicinischen Polizey (Vienna and Budapest: 1779). Translated by E. Lesky as A System of Complete Medical Police (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). Frank's massive, multivolume work discusses many aspects of personal and public health and prescribes rules and laws for such practices as city cleanliness, the inspection of food premises, and the regulation of prostitution. It also contains many suggestions about diet and lifestyle. It is the foundation text for public health law and adopts a paternalist approach that has prevailed until at least the middle of the twentieth century. Jenner, Edward. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae (London: 1798; reprint, London: Dawsons, 1966). Jenner describes his successful experiment with cowpox vaccine in this short book, which may be the most important single work in the field of public health published anywhere in the past millennium. This work led directly to the World Health Organization campaign responsible for the eradication of smallpox, among the most deadly of all the contagious epidemic diseases, less than two hundred years later. Malthus, Thomas. An Essay on the Principle of Population, or a View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which It Occasions (London: J. Johnson, 1798; reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Malthus uses simple arithmetical calculations to show that human reproductive rates would sooner or later outstrip the capacity of food supplies to sustain the numbers in the population. His method is sound, but his predictions of imminent famine are invalid because he does not allow for the increases in food production in the Americas and Australia in the nineteenth century. All that may have been wrong is his time scale: The Malthusian crisis could yet overtake humanity. Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre. Recherches anatomico-pathologiques sur la phtisie (Paris: C. Gabon, 1825). Translated by W. H. Walshe as Researches on Phthisis: Anatomical, Pathological, and Therapeutical (London: Sydenham Society, 1844). This work and others by Louis laid the foundations for statistical analysis of medical data and was instrumental in establishing the science of medical statistics. Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jacob. Von den Miasmen und Contagien (Berlin: 1840). Translated by G. Rosen as On Miasmata and Contagia (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1938). Henle's critical analysis of the characteristics of contagion is among the works that stimulated the rise of the germ theory of disease. Chadwick, Edwin. Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1842; reprint, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1965). A monumental work by a dedicated civil servant, Chadwick's report describes the appalling and unsanitary conditions under which the vast majority of people lived in the new cities that grew up in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. This work set the scene for new legislation regulating housing conditions, and was thus seminal in transforming sanitary and hygienic conditions that were the most important single contributing factor for the improvements in public health in the second half of the nineteenth century in Britain and in other industrial nations that followed Britain's lead. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever." New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery 1 (1842):503–540. Holmes, a Boston physician, published in this paper the evidence that women in child labor who were attended by physicians who washed their hands before attending them were much less likely to get puerperal fever, which at that time caused many maternal deaths soon after childbirth. Unfortunately, most of his colleagues ignored his findings and women continued to die of this preventable obstetric disaster. Shattuck, Lemuel. Report to the Committee of the City Council Appointed to Obtain the Census of Boston for the Year 1845 (Boston: 1846; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1976). This work is a comprehensive census assessment of the city of Boston in the mid-nineteenth century, a landmark in statistical census data and its contribution to public health. It includes twenty-two sections on various features of Boston's population and living conditions, including birthplace, water supply, education, health, occupation, wealth, marriages, and deaths. Semmelweis, Ignaz. Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbetfiebers (Pest, Wien, and Leipzig: C.A. Hartleben's Verlags-Expedition, 1861). Translated by F. P. Murphy as The Etiology, the Concept, and the Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever (Birmingham, AL: Classics of Medicine Library, 1981). Semmelweis's work is among the first uses of epidemiological methods to establish the causal relationship of behavior (e.g., personal hygiene) to occurrence of a deadly disease, puerperal sepsis, which was killing many women whose child labor was supervised by physicians who did not wash their hands. These findings, like those of Holmes, were rejected by the conservative medical establishment in Vienna. However, Drake, Daniel. A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., 1854; reprint, New York: Franklin Burt Publisher, 1971). A classic of early American medicine, initially published in installments from 1850 through 1854, this is a descriptive account of the findings from a survey Drake conducted to investigate the health and sanitation problems encountered by pioneering settlers as they colonized the American West. Shattuck, Lemuel, et al. Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts (1850; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950). The American replication of Chadwick's report, this work was likewise instrumental in leading to improved public health in the industrial heartland of the United States in the late nineteenth century. Snow, John. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (London: Churchill, 1855). This monograph describes Snow's rigorous logical analysis of the facts that led him to conduct his epidemiological investigations establishing the role of drinking water polluted with sewage in the transmission of the agent that causes cholera. It is a seminal work on epidemiology that can still be used to teach the subject today. Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (London: John Murray, 1859; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990). The most significant work on human biology of the past millennium. Darwin presents evidence that establishes beyond any doubt that living creatures, including humans, have undergone prolonged evolutionary changes extending over several billion years since life first appeared on Earth. Humans have been shown by subsequent paleontological discoveries to have evolved over the past 4 million to 6 million years. Nightingale, Florence. Notes on Hospitals (London: Longman 1863; reprint, New York: Garland, 1989). Nightingale, famous as the founder of modern nursing practice, was a major figure in public health and vital statistics, a member of the London Epidemiological Society, and a prominent social reformer. In this, her most important book, she describes and discusses hygienic design of hospitals and outlines the ways in which records of patient care in hospitals could be used to compile sickness statistics. Galton, Francis. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869; reprint, New York: St. Martins, 1978). A classic of human genetics that treats the topic with attention to mathematical probabilities, this work has become a template for later works on biostatistics, such as Karl Pearson's equally significant work, The Grammar of Science (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895; reprint, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1969). Farr, William. Vital Statistics; a Memorial Volume of Selections from the Reports and Writings of William Farr, ed. N. A. Humphreys (London: The Sanitary Institute, 1885; reprint, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975). Farr's many contributions to vital statistics and epidemiology are scattered throughout his annual reports and other writings. Humphreys compiled them in this commemorative volume. Pasteur, Louis. Oeuvres (Paris: Masson, 1922–1939). Pasteur's scientific papers appeared over many years in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. Summaries in English are found in a 1952 biography by René Dubos, Louis Pasteur: Freelance of Science (Boston: Little, Brown). Koch, Robert. Gesammelte Werke (Leipzig: G. Thieme, 1912). Koch's prolific publications are scattered among many sources and are not readily accessible. Several summary accounts of his life and work are available. Koch made his major Virchow, Rudolph Ludwig Karl. Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der offentlichen Medicin und der Seuchenlehre (Berlin: A. Hirschwald, 1879). Translated by R. Rather as Collected Essays on Public Health and Epidemiology (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1985). This two-volume collection contains many of Virchow's most important contributions to public health, mostly dating from the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Finlay, Carlos Eduardo. Fiebre amarilla experimental (Havana: Manzana Central, 1904). Translated by R. Matas as The Mosquito Hypothetically Considered as an Agent in the Transmission of Yellow Fever Poison (Chapel Hill, NC: Delta Omega Society, 1989). This work by the great Cuban physician and epidemiologist Finlay led to the work undertaken by Finlay and Walter Reed that elucidated the epidemiology of yellow fever. Simon, John. English Sanitary Institutions Reviewed in Their Course of Development and in Some of Their Political and Social Relations (London: Cassell, 1890; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Company, 1970). Simon was the first Chief Medical Officer of England and Wales, a physician, and a public health specialist. Of his many books, this best summarizes his life's work and his professional outlook. Ross, Ronald. "The Role of the Mosquito in the Evolution of the Malaria Parasite." Lancet 2 (1898):488–489. Among Ross's numerous publications, this is the most important, being the first description of the essential role of mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria. Goldberger, Joseph. Goldberger on Pellagra, ed. M. Terris (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964). This is a collection of Goldberger's papers on pellagra, a common seasonal disease in the southern United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Goldberger, sometimes with coauthors, wrote many papers describing his research, establishing that dietary deficiency of vitamin B2 caused pellagra. Sheppard-Towner Act. In passing the Sheppard-Towner Act (the Infant and Maternity Act of 1921), the U.S. Congress made funds available, to be matched by the states, to assist in developing maternal and child health programs throughout the country. Opposition by medical associations and others to this "intrusion" of the federal government into medical care led to the act's lapse in 1927, but the precedent led to its reestablishment in the 1935 Social Security Act. Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory. The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public Health Campaign (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1923). A seminal work on the framework of organized public health services, this volume set the scene for public health in the industrial nations, especially in the United States, throughout much of the remainder of the twentieth century. Winslow was one of the leading creative thinkers in public health in the early twentieth century. Sydenstricker, Edgar. The Challenge of Facts; Selected Public Health Papers of Edgar Sydenstricker, ed. R. V. Kasius (New York: Prodist, 1974). Sydenstricker was one of the leading figures in American public health in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during which time he brought to the discipline a renewed intellectual rigor combined with epidemiological insights. Frost, Wade Hampton. Papers of Wade Hampton Frost, M.D.; A Contribution to Epidemiological Methods, ed. K. F. Maxcy (New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1977). Frost (1880–1938), the leading epidemiologist of his time, was a professor and Fleming, Alexander. "On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to Their Use in the Isolation of B Influenzae." British Journal of Experimental Pathology 10 (1929):226–236. The paper reports Fleming's original observation, which led to the development by Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain of penicillin, the first true antibiotic. Watson, James D., and Crick, Francis H. "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid." Nature 171 (4356)(1953):737–738. This is the first paper describing the molecular structure of DNA, from which the science of molecular genetics and the human genome project have developed. IMPORTANT MODERN MONOGRAPHS, REPORTS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle (New York: Doubleday, Page, and Co., 1906). A striking exposé of the grossly unsanitary conditions that prevailed in the slaughtering segment of the meat industry, Sinclair's work aroused public revulsion, prompted political action to clean up the situation, and inspired the century-long campaign in the United States for pure food. Beveridge, Sir William. Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). As chairman of the writing committee, Beveridge organized this report that became the blueprint for the British National Health Service. Much of what Beveridge recommended was implemented by the Labour government that took office in the United Kingdom near the end of World War II. Commission on Chronic Illness. Chronic Illness in the United States, Vol.1, Prevention (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957). This is the first volume of a four-volume set of reports on major health problems in the United States with causes other than infectious pathogens. The first volume explains the concepts of primary and secondary prevention and emphasizes the importance of prevention as the best way to control these conditions. Volume 2 of the Commission's report deals with long-term care, Volume 3 considers chronic illness in a rural community, and Volume 4 addresses chronic illness in a large city. Morris, Jeremy N. Uses of Epidemiology (Edinburgh and London: E. and S. Livingstone, 1957). This modern medical classic summarizes the evidence on causes of many noncommunicable diseases, notably coronary heart disease, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and the chronic disabling disorders of bones and joints. Later editions update the evidence, but the essential ideas are all contained in this first edition. Dubos, René J. Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress, and Biological Change (New York: Harper, 1959). This book emphasizes the incompatibility of complete freedom from disease with the process of living. It was one of the early works concerning the limitations of medicine in the search for the solution of all health problems. Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962). A foundation text of the modern environmental movement, Carson's book is a passionate plea to desist from using pesticides that kill insect species with which humans are interdependent. Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and Health (London: Royal College of Physicians, 1962). The work by the Royal College of Physicians was the first authoritative report by a responsible national organization to identify cigarette smoking as a causal agent of lung and other respiratory cancers. This document drew upon all the work published up to that time and was in most respects a more cogent statement than the American one that followed it two years later. U.S. Public Health Service. Smoking and Health, Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964). This document is the first American report on the epidemic of cigarette addiction and its causal relationship to cancer. The report was followed by annual reports that continued for many years, reinforcing and adding to the original evidence and demonstrating that tobacco smoking is also a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, emphysema, and various forms of cancer. These subsequent reports also addressed the addictive nature of nicotine and many other harmful consequences of tobacco use in any form. Roemer, Milton I. The Organization of Medical Care under Social Security (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1969). A masterly survey of how collective (generally tax-supported) payment for medical care was arranged in many nations. President's Committee on Health Education. Report of the President's Committee on Health Education (New York: New York Public Affairs Institute, 1973). Appointed by President Richard M. Nixon, the committee recommended establishing a national focal point for health education. The report led to the passage of the National Health Information and Health Promotion Act of 1976, which launched health education programs in Public Health Service agencies. Lalonde, Marc. A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: A Working Document (Ottawa: 1974). An epochal report (drafted mainly by two career civil servants, Hubert Laframboise and D. D. Gellman, under the direction of Lalonde, then Minister for National Health and Welfare), this document has shaped public health policy in Canada and many other countries. Sheps, Cecil G. Higher Education for Public Health: A Report of the Milbank Memorial Fund Commission (New York: Prodist, 1976). This report constitutes a prescription, written under the commission's chair Sheps, for improved teaching of the sciences and arts of public health. U.S. Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979). This comprehensive overview of the state of health of the American people was the first report by the U. S. Surgeon General on health promotion and disease prevention. U.S. Public Health Service. Promoting Health, Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1980). A necessary sequel to Healthy People, this document spelled out actions needed to improve health, with target dates by which measurable improvements could be achieved. It is a benchmark document. Working Group on Inequalities in Health. Report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health (London: Department of Health and Social Services, 1980). Known as the Black Report, the document was commissioned in the late 1970s by the Labour government of Britain, was submitted to the Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher, and was subsequently suppressed for political reasons. It was published in 1982 as Inequalities in Health (London: Penguin) under the names of two of the members of the working group, Peter Townsend and Nick Davidson. (Sir Douglas Black, who had chaired the group, was unable to add his name because of the official position he held, but the report has always been identified with him.) This report was the first definitive statement of the underlying social and economic reasons that in many countries chronic illness, disability, and premature death do not affect all people equally, but disproportionately affect those in the lowest socioeconomic strata. Barkan, Ilyse D. "Industry Invites Regulation: The Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906." American Journal of Public Health 75 (1)(1985):18–26. An account of National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. The Future of Public Health (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1988). An important review, this report is constructively critical of the way public health services were conducted in the United States. Guinta, Marguerite A., and Allegrante, John P. "The President's Committee on Health Education: A 20-Year Retrospective on Its Politics and Policy Impact." American Journal of Public Health 82 (1992):1033–1041. This article analyzes the committee's origins, methods, and impact on subsequent developments during the period in which national health policy began to emphasize health promotion. U.S. Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health. Reducing the Consequences of Smoking—Twenty-Five Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). This review of the twenty-five years since the Surgeon General's report of 1964 summarizes the voluminous evidence of and reviews the progress made in the effort to control the smoking epidemic. All the annual reports of the Surgeon General on the health consequences of smoking are worth studying. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions (Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1989). This report is an evidence-based critical analysis of ways to promote good health and prevent many important common diseases, such as various kinds of cancer. It was followed by several others, including, in 1994, the Clinicians' Handbook of Preventive Services: Putting Prevention into Practice (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Airhihenbuwa, Collins O. Health and Culture: Beyond the Western Paradigm (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995). This book challenges some of the assumptions about health and health promotion that are a product of Western history and culture, drawing contrasts with African history and health concepts. World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). This commission was headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, then prime minister of Norway and later director of the World Health Organization. The report, also known as the Brundtland Report, provides the basic arguments concerning the need for sustainable development of the planet and the interconnectedness of global processes of economic and social development with the planetary biosphere. Rose, Geoffrey A. The Strategy of Preventive Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). A slim volume that expands on ideas first presented in Rose's 1985 paper, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations" (International Journal of Epidemiology 14:32–38), this book emphasizes the importance of dealing with both individuals and groups to control public health problems. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventive Health Care (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1994). The Canadian Task Force preceded the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. In its first report, in 1979, the task force introduced the concept of the hierarchy of evidence, assigning the highest rank to evidence based on randomized controlled trials. This and subsequent work by the Canadian Task Force led to the development of evidence-based medicine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996). A comprehensive review of the evidence that physical activity helps to promote good health for most people. U.S. Public Health Service Functions Project. The Public Health Service: An Agenda for the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, 1997). At the beginning of the new millennium, the Public Health Service outlined the major public health tasks for the twenty-first century. These tasks are substantially different from those put forward at the beginning of the twentieth century. U.S. Public Health Service. Healthy People 2010: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). This is the third such decennial planning document, following those in 1980 (for 1990) and in 1990 (for 2000), setting forth goals and specific health objectives for the United States. The 2010 statement includes two broad goals: to increase the quality and years of healthy life, and to eliminate health disparities among and between racial, ethnic, and other groups. It is available online at http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/Document/. World Health Organization. World Health Report (Geneva: WHO). In addition to statistical summaries and overviews of prominent world public health problems, this annual publication is subtitled to indicate the areas emphasized each year. It is available online at http://www.who.int. WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH Ackerman, Evelyn B. Health Care in the Parisian Countryside, 1800–1914 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990). This examination of how the French rural population perceived and dealt with illness gives insights into the social history of health in the nineteenth century. Separate chapters deal with public health efforts, cholera epidemics, and the bacteriological revolution. Brockington, C. Fraser. A Short History of Public Health, 2nd edition (London: Churchill, 1966). This good brief historical review gives more emphasis to contributions by British and European public health workers. Brodeur, Paul. The Asbestos Hazard (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1980). In this book aimed at workers and the general population, Brodeur provides an overview of the history of asbestos use and the diseases that it causes. He discusses the pioneering work of Irving Selikoff and his colleagues at Mt. Sinai Medical School. The international scope of the problem is described, as is the resistance that needed to be overcome before the start of concerted public health efforts. Bullough, Bonnie, and Rosen, George. Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900–1990: Trends and Interpretations (Canton, MA: Science History, 1992). This review of progress through most of the twentieth century is well referenced, with emphasis on public health and some discussion of trends in clinical preventive medicine. Chesler, Ellen. Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992). Sanger persistently posed the question: Whose body is it? She brought her nursing experience to the Lower East Side of New York City and, in 1916, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States. After several weeks, the police raided it and put Sanger in jail. She Curtain, Philip D. Death by Migration: Europe's Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Curtain provides an account of the interaction of susceptible populations with pathogens to which they had little or no (inherited) resistance. Fee, Elizabeth, and Acheson, Roy M., eds. A History of Education in Public Health (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). A comprehensive survey, this history includes an account of the rise of schools of public health in the United States and elsewhere. Garrett, Laurie. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1994). A comprehensive survey of new and emerging infections by a first-class science reporter, this book about possible "future history" is highly recommended. Garrison, Fielding H. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th edition (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1929). The definitive work on the history of medicine, this book is still as reliable as it was when first written. Greenwood, Major. Medical Statistics from Graunt to Farr (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1977) and Some British Pioneers of Social Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948; reprint, Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1970). These are two short works on the history of aspects of public health by the great pioneer epidemiologist who taught at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the 1930s and 1940s. Hamilton, Alice. Exploring the Dangerous Trades (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985). An autobiography by a pioneer woman in occupational health, the work describes her personal and professional experiences during a lifetime of work in occupational health and industrial hygiene. Hamlin, Christopher. The Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century Britain (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991). A history of early water science, this book places the sanitation issues of Great Britain during that formative period of public health into historical, philosophical, and social science perspectives. Lilienfeld, Abraham M., ed. Times, Places, and Persons; Aspects of the History of Epidemiology (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980). These proceedings of a colloquium on the history of epidemiology contain addresses by many leading figures in the field. Major, Ralph H., ed. Classic Descriptions of Disease, with Biographical Sketches of the Authors, 3rd edition (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1978). This work is a useful anthology of the first systematic descriptions of many important and common diseases. McKeown, Thomas. The Origins of Human Disease (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988). McKeown presents a thoughtful survey of biological, ecological, and behavioral determinants of infections, cancer, heart disease, and other ailments. McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1976). This study provides an excellent brief account of the impact of epidemic diseases and food shortages on the health status of people, as well as the influence of these plagues on the rise and fall of civilizations. Mullan, Fitzhugh. Plagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service (New York: Basic Books, 1989). A well-written history of the major problems and events in the development of the lead federal health agency in the United States, this work is authored by a public health physician with a good sense of history. Porter, Dorothy. Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times (London: Routledge, 1999). This recent contribution to the field is more comprehensive than the work of either Rosen or Brockington. Powell, John H. Bring out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). This book is a historical account of the impact of a yellow fever epidemic that claimed the lives of over 10 percent of the population of Philadelphia and caused its virtual evacuation. The extraordinary and mostly unsuccessful measures taken to combat the epidemic were based on competing schools of thought as to the cause, none of which appreciated the importance of the mosquito vector. Rosen, George. A History of Public Health (New York: MD Publications, 1958; reprint, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). Rosen presents a good brief historical survey of public health, particularly for its coverage of American contributions. —— From Medical Police to Social Medicine: Essays on the History of Health Care (New York: Science History Publications, 1974). This work traces the philosophical and conceptual development of personal preventive care services. Sigerist, Henry. E. A History of Medicine (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1958–1961). The most ambitious work ever conceived on the history of medicine, it was intended to be a massive, multivolume scholarly treatise. Unfortunately, Sigerist, a physician, philosopher, and medical historian, died before he could complete more than these two introductory volumes: Primitive and Archaic Medicine (Vol. 1) and Early Greek, Hindu, and Persian Medicine (Vol. 2). There is considerable emphasis on public health and preventive medical aspects throughout, as well as a masterly account of the complex interactions of medicine and human society in early civilizations. —— Henry Sigerist on the History of Medicine, ed. F. Marti-Ibanez (New York: MD Publications, 1960). Sigerist is a towering figure in the history of medicine. For the general reader, this is probably the most accessible work among his prolific output. Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory. The Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943; reprint, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980). This book, probably more so than the same author's history of American epidemiology, traces the development of understanding about causes, methods of spread, and control of epidemic communicable diseases. Zinsser, Hans. Rats, Lice and History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1935). A classic in the history of medicine, this is an eminent bacteriologist's racy account of the impact of epidemics, especially typhus, on the outcome of wars through the ages.

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On the steps of the Capitol, the president declared, "Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires, and crippling drought, and more powerful storms." His visit to battered Staten Island in the wake of Hurricane Sandy gave the president a firsthand look at the terrible impact of America's emerging weather patterns. Mr. Obama's dire warning on climate change echoes the growing alarm by experts. Scientists overwhelmingly believe climate change is not only real, but the result of human activity. Of course, no single occurrence of violent weather — not even Hurricane Sandy — can definitively be attributed to climate change, much as some want to do that. But the overall, long-term pattern is certainly troubling. The hottest year ever recorded in the continental United States was 2012. And before that, nine of America's 10 hottest years ever had occurred in the period since 2000. Clearly, the norm has changed. Rising world temperatures — blamed to a large degree on the greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels — have penetrated even to the ocean depths. With nearly 4 million Americans — including thousands on Staten Island — living within a few feet of high tide, there is good reason to ponder the future impact of rapidly melting polar ice caps and higher sea levels. Scientists say the sea level along New York's shoreline and much of the Northeast coast is about a foot higher than a century ago, mostly because of man-made global warming that worsened the damage from Sandy. The record storm surge brought unprecedented flooding on our East and South shores. The hurricane destroyed some 200 buildings on Staten Island alone, and another 300 are still without heat and power and are all but uninhabitable. About 2,400 or so structures in the borough have been registered for the city's Rapid Repair program. So we have every reason to hope that Mr. Obama succeeds in his effort to train the nation's focus on climate change, however belatedly. The president has pledged to boost renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, in addition to more traditional energy sources, such as natural gas. But alternative energy remains problematic and costly, so the outcome of those hopeful initiatives remains far from certain. Mr. Obama tried and failed during his first term to obtain legislation to curb greenhouse gas emissions. He was opposed not only by Republicans, but some members of his own party: Conservative Democrats and those from energy-producing districts. And it's telling that climate change was never a key issue in the 2012 election campaign. That's undoubtedly a good indication of the difficulties surrounding it, despite mounting evidence. After his re-election, Mr. Obama said that thinking about the future of his two young daughters had inspired him to take a closer look at long-range issues. "We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations," Mr. Obama promised during his inaugural address. As we have learned only too well on Staten Island, our fate is tied to the state of the environment. America had better deal with the man-made elements of climate change sooner rather than later.

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Please be aware that this discussion guide may contain spoilers! Setting is so central to The Green Age of Asher Witherow that it almost becomes a character. Why is the natural landscape of the Diablo Valley so important, especially to the younger characters in the novel? Several myths, legends and systems of belief are mentioned in the novel. There is the traditional Protestant Christianity of Reverend Parry and the Nortonville residents; there is Josiah Lyte's own unique version of Christianity; there is the Hinduism that influences him during his childhood in India; there are the Native American legends of Indian tribes that first named the mountain and the Celtic myths and stories of Asher's Welsh ancestors. Do these "underpinnings" make the events of the story clearer or more puzzling to you? Sarah Norton is a disturbing character in the novel. As a midwife (and, in Anna's case, an abortionist), she is suspected by some people in Nortonville of being a witch. She lives alone, apart from her husband, and her solitary activities include gathering Indian artifacts and planting a new cottonwood tree for each child she delivers. Why do you think the author "drew" her The coal miners of Nortonville are a proud people. What seems to be the nature of that pride, and what are its main sources? Asher's mother, Abicca, is among the many citizens of Nortonville who believe the young minister, Josiah Lyte, is ungodly and dangerous (though her repeated attempts to keep Asher away from him fail). But in his conversations with Asher, Lyte doesn't seem so much dangerous as different. In your opinion, does Josiah Lyte pose a real threat to the town? Why is Josiah Lyte so interested in Asher? Is it simply because the boy is a gifted student, or is there more to it than that? When Asher tells Lyte that he killed Thomas Motion, why does Lyte refuse to tell anyone? Thomas Motion teaches Asher to see in the dark. It is an ability that Asher must struggle to learn. This ability abandons both Asher and Thomas once they are underground (which leads to Thomas's death). Why can't they see in the dark there? Later, Asher discovers that Anna Flood can also see in the dark. Why do you think she already has this gift? What draws Asher to Anna Flood? Why is Anna so certain from the start that they will be friends? How do the events of the story cause their relationship to develop and change? The Green Age of Asher Witherow is a historical novel, with many realistic details of nineteenth-century California and the mining town of Nortonville. Yet certain elements of the story are more magical than real: the young characters' ability to see in the dark; the flowers Asher sees sprouting from frozen ground at several funerals; the mysterious characters of Josiah Lyte and Sarah Norton. Why do you think the author chose to include these elements of magic and mystery? The elder Asher gives us hints about how his life proceeded between the time Nortonville's mining industry declined and he left the town until the present time (1950) when he is writing his story. What do you imagine may have happened to him in the years in between? What do you think has driven him to write the story of his early years in Nortonville? D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers Richard Llewellyn, How Green Was My Valley Tawni O'Dell, Coal Run John Steinbeck, East of Eden William Faulkner, Light in August Charles Frazier, Cold Mountain Donald Harington, With Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon Kiki Delancey, Coal Miners' Holiday Russell Freedman, Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History Unless otherwise stated, this discussion guide is reprinted with the permission of Unbridled Books. Any page references refer to a USA edition of the book, usually the trade paperback version, and may vary in other editions. British Parliament asks Amazon to clarify why it pays $9 million in income tax on $23 billion of UK sales.(May 20 2013) Amazon will be called back to give further evidence to members of the British Parliament "to clarify how its activities in the U.K. justify its low corporate...

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City of Ruleville History In 1876, group of early settlers occupied the area we now know as Ruleville; many of them have decedents in the community today. Names such as: In 1892 the Ruleville post-office was establish and the mail came by horseback or wagon. A Village Charter was obtained in 1899 with a land acquisition by the family of Mary Jane Rule. With the coming of the Yazoo Delta railroad which ran from Moorhead to Ruleville; Ruleville grew by leaps and bounds. The story goes that the term “Yaller Dawg” came from a mispronunciation by an African American who said the Y.D. for the Yazoo Delta Railroad stood for “Yaller Dawg due to all the yellowed colored mud that often made the train jump the tracks. By the turn of the century Ruleville had a total population of 226. In the early 1900’s there were 3 public gins one of which was owned by the Rule brothers, a family practitioner and an excellent public school system. The first school was conducted in a 14 X 8 one room wood frame building in 1903 with a class size of 15 pupils. 1906 there were 20 business houses all in a flourishing condition. In 1907 a new school house was erected and was destroyed by a cyclone in 1913. Bonds were sold and a brick building was erected 1914. It consisted of 6 classrooms, an assembly and an auditorium and was known as the Old White School House”. In 1920 Ruleville was a thriving town of over 1000 inhabitants. The Planters bank and trust company was established in 1923 and grew out of a need for more banking facilities with a capital stock of 50,000 dollars. The bank’s resources grew to over a million dollars by 1936. The new high school was erected in 1935 and burned to the ground in 1965. It was replaced with a temporary tin structure and that was replaced with the brick structure we see today. 2000 statistics for Ruleville, Mississippi from US Census Total Population – 3234 Housing Units – 1096 Education – 1886 Total Students in the Public School System Population with less than 9th grade education 475 Population from 9 – 12th grade with no diploma 313 College graduates – 298 Employment Status – Pop 16 years and over 2358 In labor force 1215 Not in labor force 1143 - Healthcare/Education/Social Service - Public Administration - Retail Trade | Per capita

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"We want our audiences to feel like they’re a part of the ocean, swimming right alongside the dolphins, but we don’t want to encourage everyone to jump in the water with a wild dolphin," says the film’s producer and director, Greg MacGillivray. Not only can that be a dangerous practice (you wouldn’t pursue a wild bear or a gorilla, would you?), but in the United States and some other countries, it is also an illegal one. Swimming with, harassing, even feeding wild dolphins is against U.S. Federal Law according to the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Human interaction with dolphins may change dolphins’ natural behavior in ways that put them at increased risk of injury or death. Studies have shown that increased exposure to humans and human activities is correlated with greater risk of dolphins’ incidental interactions with vessels and fishing activities and ingestion of inappropriate or contaminated food items. In addition, feeding dolphins may affect their ability or willingness to forage for food, particularly among the young who must learn this behavior to survive. There have been reports in the southeastern United States that some dolphins have become "nuisance animals" or aggressive panhandlers. Many people have been injured by dolphins begging for food. For the most part, people have good intentions. They are charmed by dolphins and want to be near them. The problem, however, is that most of us don’t know how to behave around dolphins. Entering the ocean is akin to visiting another country or culture. There are codes of etiquette you best understand. Reaching your hand toward an untrained dolphin, for example, or even swimming directly at one is aggressive behavior. Scientists like Kathleen Dudzinski, featured in the film, use oblique angles when swimming toward dolphins and they respect these limb-less creatures by not reaching out to touch them nor ever chasing them. Afterall, doing anything interpreted as aggressive by a wild animal that is six to eight feet long, weighs more than 500 pounds and swims and kicks faster than you’ve ever dreamed, is dangerous. The Executive Producer of the film, Chris Palmer of the National Wildlife Federation, concurs, "Dolphins, as wild animals, are unpredictable. Television shows like Flipper, and stories of people being rescued from drowning by dolphins, have given people a wrong impression that all dolphins are approachable, friendly and curious about people. As a result, many people have been injured, some severely, when trying to interact with them in the wild." JoJo, a bottlenose dolphin that appears in Dolphins with Dean Bernal, was once a "nuisance" dolphin. His curiosity toward people and their activities created problems for the local resort owners, who had to answer to injured guests. When dolphin specialists were called in to assess the situation, they discovered that it was the people who were to blame, not JoJo. They were reaching out to touch JoJo, sticking fingers in his blowhole, or trying to grab on to his dorsal fin for a ride. Bernal, who over several years befriended the dolphin, was appointed JoJo’s warden. The relationship between Bernal and JoJo is not only rare, it’s the only one like it in the world. Highly social animals, dolphins far prefer the company of their own kind. No one knows why JoJo is a loner and seeks human companionship. The scientists featured in Dolphins have special permission to swim with and study dolphins in the wild. In the United States scientists must pursue a rigorous permit process to prove that the benefits of their work outweigh the risks to the dolphins. In other parts of the world, whale watching and swim-with-dolphin programs are sprouting up rapidly. In 1995, it grew to a $500 billion dollar industry. These programs are here to stay, and in fact, are actually doing some good. In some countries historically known for their ill-treatment of cetaceans, these ecological tours are not only helping their economy, but are also raising awareness among the public about the value of dolphins and a healthy ocean environment. Dudzinski, who has been a shipboard naturalist in the Bahamas and Japan where swimming with dolphins is still legal, believes that it is imperative for tour guides, boat operators and the participating public to learn about dolphins, including proper etiquette. She says, "When we’re in the ocean, we’re in their home. We have to remember that."

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I. The combination of radicalism in politics, and sensationalism in philosophy, which goes by the name of Utilitarianism, is by general consent the most vigorous and original product of English thinking in the first part of the nineteenth century. Spiritually the Utilitarians are descendants of the Rationalists of the preceding age. There is the same critical, unimaginative, unemotional outlook on life, which sees what it does see with extraordinary clearness and steadiness, but which is blind to the subtler shades of insight that do not lend themselves to a precise intellectual and logical formulation. The success of the Utilitarians is partly due to this fact that by admitting nothing into their scheme of things whose bearing was not to them pointed and definite, they were able to work for certain limited aims with perfect confidence and directness. They knew what they wanted, were sure it was the only thing worth wanting, and so were in a position to attempt the getting of it in the most effective way. But in consequence they tended to miss other aspects of substantial good in a world in which truth is too large to be summed up in neat and simple formulas, and where precision and limitation of end are therefore not an unmixed blessing. Between the Rationalists and the Utilitarians there is, however, one important difference, a difference primarily of method. This comes out clearly in the contrast between the watchword of the French Revolution--the Rights of Man,--and the sacred Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com Publication information: Book title: English and American Philosophy since 1800:A Critical Survey. Contributors: Arthur K. Rogers - Author. Publisher: Macmillan. Place of publication: New York. Publication year: 1922. Page number: 49.

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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. ...IV) in the protective embrace of a god is hardly less impressive than the symbolism of a huge dagger thrust into the rock before him. The rock reliefs of this period elsewhere in Anatolia— Sirkeli, Gâvur Kalesi, and Fraktin, for example—are mainly of archaeological interest. They are inferior in carving to contemporary reliefs and to those of the Iron Age, of which there is... What made you want to look up "Sirkeli"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. stars of the Pleiades ...more than 1,000 stars, of which six or seven can be seen by the unaided eye and have figured prominently in the myths and literature of many cultures. In Greek mythology the Seven Sisters (Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope, Taygete, Celaeno, and Sterope, names now assigned to individual stars), daughters of Atlas and Pleione, were changed into the stars. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the... What made you want to look up "Maia"? Please share what surprised you most...

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In new book, Moshe Halbertal looks at sacrifice In his newest book, On Sacrifice, Moshe Halbertal, Gruss Professor of Law, develops a theory of sacrifice as an offering and considers sacrifice’s complex religious, ethical, and political dimensions. In religion, Halbertal suggests, sacrifice can be torn between grateful expression and a means of exchange. And in moral and political terms, it can both enable self-transcendence and justify brutality. At the beginning of the book, Halbertal enumerates three different but related meanings of the Hebrew word for sacrifice: a gift or offering to God; the act of giving up a vital interest for the greater good; and a more modern meaning that denotes both an offering and a crime victim, implying a relationship between sacrifice and violence. The book is divided into two sections, “Sacrificing to” and “Sacrificing for.” Halbertal first explores the difference between a gift and an offering in order to clarify what the practice of sacrifice really means in terms of ritual and violence. He then examines the implications of self-sacrifice in the moral and political spheres. The two halves of the book, Halbertal writes, “touch on two very different fields of inquiry that can stand independent of one another. Yet in following the ways in which various languages have extended the use from one realm to another, we might discover some shared deep structures that encompass rich and diverse realms of human life.” Halbertal originally presented parts of the book in NYU Law’s Colloquium in Legal, Political and Social Philosophy, led by Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law Ronald Dworkin and University Professor Thomas Nagel.

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QUIZ to train questionnaires or vocabularies. Windows AllPlatform : 5.1 MBFile Size : 2/26/2003Date Added : QUIZ is a study tool. You can train a topic by collecting questions in a file and then answer them repetitively. With Quiz, you can build and administer objective tests using either multiple choice or fill-the-blanks questions. More then one correct answer is allowed. It is possible to build timed tests and even add sounds or graphics to quiz items. Sample tests on Bible knowledge, Greek, or Hebrew are included. Quiz files may be printed.

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Based on these new insights into the structure of the enzyme, called DHPS, the St. Jude team has also developed a new molecule that appears likely to be able to block the enzyme's activity without triggering resistance. DHPS normally combines the molecules DHPP and pABA during part of a biochemical pathway that produces folate, a nutrient these bacteria need to survive. Sulfa drugs are antibiotics that block pABA from binding to the enzyme, and thus block folate production. The St. Jude findings give important clues to how the enzyme binds to DHPP and pABA. They also provide a blueprint of the enzyme that researchers can use to design more effective antibiotics against the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Such information is especially valuable because the anthrax bacterium is widely regarded as a potential bioterrorism weapon. The finding could also be the basis for a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat a variety of other infections that are becoming resistant to these drugs. The team made these discoveries by creating images of the molecular structure of DHPS using X-ray crystallography. The team bombarded crystals of the enzyme with X-rays, then used the patterns formed by the diffraction of the beams off the crystals to create computer-generated, three-dimensional images of the enzyme shape. The researchers also used this technique to make images of the enzyme bound to the two molecules that the enzyme chemically combines with to make folic acid. Based on these images of the enzyme and its interaction with other molecules, the investigators discovered how it manipulates pABA and DHPP. In addition, the Contact: Bonnie Cameron St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

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Pub. date: 2008 | Online Pub. Date: November 27, 2007 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412953948 | Print ISBN: 9781412928168 | Online ISBN: 9781412953948| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) is a project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Developed in 1990, the YRBSS consists of local, state, and national schoolbased surveys of youth to monitor the prevalence of and trends in health risk behaviors. Specific behaviors of interest include substance abuse, risky sexual practices, and unhealthy physical and dietary behaviors. These risk behaviors, often developed during childhood and adolescence, contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and adults in the United States. The goals of YRBSS include documenting the prevalence and co-occurrence of health risk behaviors; monitoring ...

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Reviewed by Alicia M. (age 10) Alicia M. is a student in Mrs. Flores' 4th Grade Class This is a book about horses. It explains that horses have to be well taken care of. They need to be feed and brushed every day. They need a good spacious place to live in. A place where they can run and feel free. Horses are a lot of fun to have and ride. Some horses are pets. They have a beautiful mane. It is their hair. Read this book to find out some of the types of horses there are and their names. You can also read to learn about some of the color names for horses. I think this is a perfect book for those of you who like horses. You will learn a lot about horses by reading this book. You could also learn to love horses by reading this book. You will find out how fun horses can be, specially if you have them as pets. By reading this book I remember my horse. It also needs to be feed and brushed daily just like it says in the story. I learned a lot about my horse by reading this story. It is a great story. Read it!

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Basic Devotional 1 Day 1: Genesis 1:1-2:3 - From the creation account, what can you conclude about God's character? - How does God's creation of man differ from the rest of creation? - What does it mean that man was created in God's image? - What implication does this have in our ability to have a relationship with God? Day 2: Genesis 2:4-25 - What kind of place did God give Adam and Eve as their home? - What can you conclude about how God regards man from this passage? - In every relationship there is a boundary that you must keep or "forbidden fruit" which you must avoid (e.g. adultery in marriage, betrayal in friendship). What is the boundary God lays down for His relationship with man through the fruit of the knowledge of good and evil (v. 16)? - How would you characterize the relationship between God and man from today's text? Day 3: Genesis 3:1-24 - What were the deceptive thoughts or lies the serpent planted in Eve's mind? - How did Adam and Eve's relationship with one another and their relationship with God change after eating the fruit? - What were the consequences of Adam and Eve's disobedience towards God? Day 4: Genesis 4:1-26 - Why was Cain angry? What do you think would have satisfied him at this point? - Consider God's words to Cain prior to him committing murder. What kind of response was God hoping for from Cain? - What can you conclude about the long-term consequences of leaving God's presence from the lives of Cain's descendants? Day 5: Deuteronomy 10:12-22, Mark 12:28-34 - What does God value in our relationship with Him? - How is the command to love others related to the command to love God? - What does this say about the common misperception about God being primarily interested in "do's" and "don'ts"? - How can we concretely express our love for God? Day 6: Isaiah 1:1-20 - What analogies does God use in verses 2 and 3 to describe His feelings towards us? In what ways can you identify with these illustrations? - How do verses 11-15 dispel the false notion that God is pleased with our "Christian activities" regardless of the condition of our hearts? What do you think are the attitude(s) that was so offensive to God? - What does God want instead of the "sacrifices" and "offerings"? - In what practical ways is God asking you to obey Him? Day 7: Psalm 2 - What are some of the attitudes toward God described in verses 1-3? - What are some ways that these attitudes are manifested or evident in our society? - Verse 3 gives an example of the attitude that people hold thinking they will be free if they can get away form God. How does this idea of freedom differ from the freedom God offers us? Day 8: Isaiah 40 - In Isaiah's time, people worshiped idols, putting gold, silver or even wooden objects before God. What are some common idols that people have today? According to the passage, how do they compare to God? - The passage gives many descriptions and characteristics of God. Which characteristics are most compelling for you? - Every one has his share of valleys and mountains as referred in verses 3-5 (e.g. inferiority and superiority complexes, rough areas of our personalities that need to be leveled or smoothed out). What are some of the "valleys and mountains" in you that need to be leveled or smoothed out? Day 9: Isaiah 44:6-23 - Why do people worship idols? - Before becoming Christians, our values have been shaped by our culture, mass media, family traditions, prominent people in our lives, etc. Examine your life. Is there a specific idol in your life that needs to be exposed and removed? - What is the heart of God revealed in verses 21 to 22? Day 10: Isaiah 53 - What values praised in the world are conspicuously absent in Jesus? According to the passage, what qualities does God value? - Reflect on Jesus' suffering for you. What does it reveal about the magnitude of our sins? - Why is it significant that Jesus did not open his mouth (v.7)? What would you have said in his position? Day 11: Isaiah 55 - What is God's assessment of mankind's efforts as expressed in verses 1-2? What does God offer instead? - What warnings do verses 8-9 express in regards to placing too much confidence in our own thoughts? - Identify the promises that God makes to us in this passage. Day 12: Isaiah 59 - How is man's condition described in this chapter? What examples do you see today that support this description? - What was God's response as he saw the predicament of mankind? What does this tell us about the heart of God? - How did Jesus fulfill the promise contained in verse 16? Day 13: Psalm 14 - What kinds of actions stem from a heart that denies God? How are their deeds a result of a heart that denies God? - What is God's heart in seeing those that deny Him? - Contrast the lives of the "evildoers" versus the "righteous" in verse 5. - Why do people choose to deny God? What are they after? Day 14: Matthew 2:1-12 - Why do you think King Herod was so disturbed at the mention of the birth of Jesus in verse 3? - Why did the Magi want to see Jesus? What was their reaction when they found the star stopped over the location of Jesus? - Consider the Magi's reaction toward the coming of Jesus and what actions followed. In what ways do they teach you about how your heart should be toward Jesus every day? - How do people react at the mention of Jesus today? Why? Day 15: Psalm 8 - What do you notice about the psalmist's overall attitude towards God? - Can you identify with the psalmist's confession in verses 1 and 9? If not, what might be preventing you from giving such praises to God? - From what perspective or context did the psalmist view himself and mankind that caused him to be in such awe of the fact that God is so "mindful of man" and "care for him?" in verses 3-4? - How do you see yourself before God today? Day 16: Luke 4:14-21 (Reference: Isaiah 61) - What was Jesus' purpose on earth? - In what ways were you or still might be poor, blind, broken-hearted, enslaved, or oppressed? As you battle against these, how does God want you to experience victory over them each day? - What does this tell us about the kind of people Jesus came for? What kind of people will receive Jesus as the good news? Day 17: Matthew 4:1-11 - Who does it say tempted Jesus? Why did he did tempt Jesus in the desert? Think about when you are most susceptible to temptation. When is that moment of desert for you? - How does Jesus combat each temptation? What can you learn about the power of the Scripture in combating temptation? - The first temptation deals with the flesh, our physical needs and desires. Jesus responses that we were not designed to just satisfy our fleshly appetites. The second temptation is for fame and power in this world. It is about getting instant recognition and building an audience for yourself. The third temptation is about who you are going to bow down to: God or Satan, the issue of lordship or ownership of your life. Identity the relevancy of these temptations in your own life and make concrete applications of how to overcome them. - As you think about how Jesus underwent similar temptations you face, what can you conclude about the fact that He can identify with you? (Reference: Hebrews 4:15-16) Day 18: Matthew 4:18-25 - At this point, these men had already met Jesus and spent time with him. Therefore, this was not a mindless and hasty decision to follow him. They had already considered the cost of following him. Think about the immediate response of the disciples when asked to follow him. What do you think caused them to immediately get up, leave everything and follow him? - Jesus' invitation to follow him comes with the promise to "make you fishers of men." What does this mean? What is your response to such a vision Jesus has for your life? - What kind of people did Jesus come in contact with? How did he treat them versus how the world treats such people? In what ways is God asking you to take part in his ministry? Day 19: Matthew 5:1-16 - How does the Bible's description of who is blessed compare to what the world says (e.g. society, media, popular beliefs)? How does it compare to your view? To what extent are they similar or different? - What does it mean to be poor in spirit? What does this teach us about what kind of people can enter the kingdom of God? - Each of the Beatitudes holds a promise form God. Which of the Beatitudes speak to you personally? Why? - Identity some characteristics of salt and light and note some of the similarities. What implications do these have on how Christians ought to live? Day 20: Matthew 5:17-37 - In light of how the Pharisees were self-righteous and smug with their external keeping of the Law, what do you think Jesus meant by "righteousness that surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law"? - What is the root source and intention of murder, anger, adultery and lust? What lesson is Jesus teaching you here regarding outward actions versus inward intentions? - How does our relationship with other people reflect our relationship with God? Day 21: Matthew 5:38-48 (Reference: Romans 12:17-21) - Jesus' commands "Do not resist an evil person" and "Love your enemies" go against the very natural way we would respond when we have been wronged. Then, how is it possible for us to love our enemies? - Is there someone in your life now who may have wronged you or is hard to love whom God is asking you to love? What concrete steps do you need to take? - Jesus' exhortation for us to be perfect as our Heavenly Father is perfect means that we are to strive our best to be just like our Heavenly Father. In what ways are you striving for this perfection? - What daily occurrences demonstrate God's mercy towards evil men rather than justice (v. 45)? What are some ways in which you have received mercy rather than what you deserved? Day 22: Matthew 6:1-18 - Examine the hidden and secret motives behind your "acts of righteousness" such as helping people, giving for a needy cause, or even fasting and praying. What are some improper audiences and motives for which you are doing these "good things"? How does the person you are seeking rewards from influence how you think, the way you behave, and what you value? - In what ways do you live before the eyes of people rather than God? What concrete steps can you take to do all things for God's reward only? - The Lord's Prayer (v.9-13) contains elements of many different relationships. Examine what Jesus teaches us about our relationships with the heavenly Father, our brothers and sisters in the family of God, our debtors who have wronged you, and the evil one. What newfound perspectives should we bring into these relationships as a result of the way in which Jesus has taught us to pray? Day 23: Matthew 6:19-34 - What are some earthly treasures you are still storing up for yourself? What does verse 19 say about the outcome of such stored up treasures? What are the treasures of heaven (eternal treasures) you can store up for yourself instead? - What is the implication of following God when Jesus says: "No one can serve two masters‚....You cannot serve both God and money." - What are you worried about? What does your worry and anxiety about these things reveal about your relationship with God? Why does the text say you should not worry? What promise from the text can you claim? Day 24: James 4:1-17 - Quite often our greatest enemy is ourselves. Our contradictory desires tear us apart. What are the desires that cause you to have inner strife? What are the desires that cause you to have outer strife? - God promises to give whatever we ask for and yet it seems as though many of our prayers go unanswered. According to the passage, why is that? Identify any self-motivated prayers in your own life. - In verse 14, it says that we do not have control over even what will happen tomorrow and that man is just a mist that appears and vanishes. What implication does this have on how you should live each day of your life? Day 25: Matthew 7:1-14 - We often magnify the sins of others but react very generously to ourselves with our own sins. What is the "plank in your own eye" that God is pointing out to you? In light of our sins before God, how should our attitude be toward other people's sins? - What are some things in your life that you are asking, seeking, and knocking before God for? Are they general or specific prayers? As Jesus makes that promise that he who asks receives, make your prayer requests concrete so that you can specifically experience answers to prayers. - Do you have trust that your Heavenly Father will give you what is best for you? Name areas of your life that you may be currently anxious about and entrust them to God. Day 26: Matthew 7:15-29 - Why do you think that only a few find the narrow road that leads to life (v. 13-14)? - In what ways have you been only confessing "Lord, Lord‚..." rather than concretely obeying God and bringing that area of your life under His Lordship? What specific course of action do you need to take - In verses 24-27 what kind of person is likened to one who builds a house on the sand? - How do you build your faith on a solid foundation? Day 27: Matthew 8:1-17 - What commonality do you see between the man with leprosy and the centurion? - The centurion was only one of the two people who were commended for their faith by Jesus. What made the centurion's faith so praiseworthy by Jesus? - What was the first thing Jesus did when he healed the man with leprosy and Peter's mother-in-law? What does this reveal about who Jesus is? Day 28: Matthew 8:18-34 Reflect on Jesus' response to the "would-be disciples." What are the costs for you to follow Jesus? What areas of your life do you still need to surrender to Him? - What "storms" in your life is Jesus asking you to trust Him with? - In their address to Jesus, the demons acknowledge that He is "the Son of God." Why is having only the knowledge about Jesus not sufficient to have faith? What is required for true faith? - What motivated the townspeople to plead with Jesus to leave their region even after hearing about the healing of the demon-possessed man? Day 29: John 1:1-18 - From verse 1 and verse 14, who is the Word? - What are the characteristics of light? Why is Jesus called the light? How has He been the light in your life? - How do we receive the right to become children of God? - What are the implications about Jesus when John states that "the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us?" What might our world be like or our relationship with God be like, if the Word had never become flesh? Day 30: John 2:1-11 - What is the significance of the wine running out on this couple's most important day, their wedding day? - How were the servants able to partake in this miracle done by Jesus? How do you think they felt? What lessons can be drawn from the experience of these servants of partaking in a miracle by Jesus? - In old Jewish culture, running out of wine at a wedding is quite a disastrous situation. How do you think Jesus' miracle changed the whole course of the wedding celebration? What lessons can we draw about what Jesus wants to do with our lives? - Changing water to wine was Jesus' first miracle. Contrast the differences between water and wine. How does this symbolize our life before meeting Christ (water) to a transformed life after surrendering to Christ (wine)?

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When the Ethernet is not busy, the sender begins sending the frame. The sender listens to make sure that no collision occurred. If there was a collision, all stations that sent a frame send a jamming signal to ensure thatall stations recognize the collision. After the jamming is complete, each sender of one of the original collided framesrandomizes a timer and waits that long before resending. (Other stations that did not createthe collision do not have to wait to send.) After all timers expire, the original senders can begin again with Step 1. Collision Domains and Switch Buffering is a set of devices that can send frames that collide with frames sent byanother device in that same set of devices.By definition of the term, Operate solely at Ethernet Layer 1 Repeat (regenerate) electrical signals to improve cabling distances Forward signals received on a port out all other ports (no buffering) As a result of a hub’s logic, a hub creates a single Switches, however,create a different collision domain per switch port. Switches have the same cabling and signal regeneration benefits as hubs, but switchesdo a lot more including sometimes reducing or even eliminating collisions bybuffering frames. When switches receive multiple frames on different switch ports,they store the frames in memory buffers to prevent collisions. The only devices that could create a collision are the switch port and the oneconnected device and they each have a separate twisted pair on which to transmit.Because collisions cannot occur, such segments can use full-duplex logic. When a switch port connects to a hub, it needs to operate in , because collisions might occur due to the logic used by the hub.

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Notes, types and motifs Notes for the story 'Who is the Boss - The Husband or the Wife?' - Lewis T Evans (1882-1975) - Tape: MWL 3194. Recorded 5.vii.1971 A story related by Lewis Evans, the informant's blind uncle at Hafod Llan Isa, Pentrellyncymer, 1891-2. The uncle told the story after his parents (the informant's grandparents) had been quarrelling prior to their visit to the village of Cerrigydrudion, about 4 miles from Hafod Llan Isa. Only one other distant variant of this narrative was recorded by the Museum of Welsh Life. See tape MWL 2631 (Cellan, Card.). For English versions, see Briggs, vol. 2B, pp. 110-12 ('The Grey Mare is the Better Horse'), and p. 115 ('The Henpecked Husband'). 'The grey mare is the better horse' was once a common proverb in England to describe a house where the wife rules. |AT 1366 A||Search for Husband in Command. Man has hundred hens and three horses. He is to give hen where woman is chief of the house, a horse where the man is. He fails to give away any horses since the wife tells the man which to choose.| |AT 1375||Who Can Rule his Wife? The husband leaves his wife and goes on the advice of his father-in-law with an egg basket to seek through the wide world for a man who can manage his wife. But after a year, he returns to his wife without having found such a man.| |T 252.1||Unsuccessful search for man who can rule his wife|

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Empowering students to improve a billion lives. Stories Tagged "mit" A study in rodents suggests that skin cells can be transformed into neurons to treat neurodegeneration. A new detector uses living cells that light up in the presence of airborne bioterror agents, such as anthrax and smallpox. Scientists have revealed the hidden diversity of natural antibiotics using a new approach that pits one type of bacteria against another. Electrical pulses control the release of drugs from a biodegradable thin film. Sheets of elastic, sticky polymers could replace sutures and provide long-term drug delivery. An innovative navigation system uses optical signals from hospital lights to guide patients with traumatic brain injuries around hospitals. A similar approach might soon be tested in humans. Nanoparticles can be activated by radio frequencies. Microwaves can significantly shrink cancer cells.

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This article is the text of a talk given by Andy Andrews to Bliss Probus Club in February 2011, at the Chequers Public House, Goddard Lane, in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. Andy was 99 in August 2011 and is still going strong. His original handwritten manuscript was transcribed by Kenneth Crawford in March 2012. John Logie Baird was born in Helensburgh, Scotland, in 1888 and died in June 1946. He was Superintendent of Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company until the end of the First World War. In 1920, because of very poor health, he went to Trinidad and opened a jam factory. He returned to England in 1924 and in very broken health went to Hastings and commenced his experiments in television. He invented stereoscopic television, also Noctovision — picturing what is seen in darkness. In 1928 headline news was made when Baird televised images from Britain to the liner 'Berengaria' in mid-Atlantic As you probably know, the earliest television and indeed, the first, was made possible by Baird, the Scottish engineer who adopted a purely mechanical/physical approach to his earliest experiments and later on, realising that mechanical scanning as such could never attain a speed commensurate with “flicker-less” pictures, turned to electronics, which eventually became the accepted method of scanning, transmitting and receiving pictures. At this stage, perhaps a short explanation of TV as presented at the time may be helpful to those of you who are not quite as old as myself! Television relates to the transmission of wireless communication of visual representations of images and their reproduction at a distance. In March 1925 Baird demonstrated “shadow images” for three weeks at Selfridge's store in London and in 1926 he gave the first ever demonstration of true TV by reflecting light from an image onto a photoelectric cell — a ginger head on a flexible stand. The weakness of the apparatus was that at each moment it only utilised the light falling on the single point and then being scanned. He overcame this weakness by using a “mirror drum scanner” in the light projector which scanned the subject — which was in darkness — with an intense spot of light, thereby enabling an ordinary photocell to serve as a pickup device. This became known as the Spotlight transmitter. This was the basis of the Baird 30 line system as used in the late 20s and early 30s, and the receiver called “ the televisor “ was designed around those principles. Perhaps we may like to consider at this point – what makes TV work? Remember that we saw earlier that TV is the transmission or sending of a moving scene or pictures by radio waves. A radio wave can be likened to a ripple in water after throwing a pebble into a pond with a skimming action, an activity which I am sure most of us have indulged in. The wave ripples the water in all directions, moving it up and down as the wave passes through it. The water does not travel across the pond, only the wave making the water move up and down as it passes. The waves are, of course invisible. It is only because they move the water that we can see their motion. Electricity makes waves in the air that travel in the same way as the waves are made by the pebble in the pond, but they travel much faster. They travel at the speed of light, which is 186,000 mi/s or 300,000 km/s — sound travels at approximately one fifth of a mile per second. A wave made by electricity carries the picture we see on TV screens; and the system works only because of our own equipment — namely our eyes! At the back of each eye there is a sensitive membrane called the retina or screen which is made up of many thousands of tiny cells connected through the optic nerve to the brain. Some of the cells are Rods and some are Cones. The rods are what we use to see black and white and the cones are what use to see colours. In fact it is a mosaic and can be likened to a TV camera. Bear in mind that the eye has a property called Persistence of Vision and retains the sensation of one element throughout the time it takes to present all the elements comprising a picture. The effect lasts for only about one 30th of a second, though some trace elements remain for about one tenth. Hence the picture must be transmitted faster than this, and repeated as rapidly as possible in order to prevent picture flicker. From this, you will gather that the initial problems arising from low speed scanning were immense, and indeed presented the major problem, when you consider that since the persistence of vision can last for only about one 30th of a second, although experts allege it to be less, say about one 50th of a second, this indicates that the optical illusion necessary to obtain a flicker free picture would require every area of the viewing screen to be illuminated by its appropriate lamp not less than 50 times per second. One of the earliest attempts to overcome flicker involved the use of mirror drums designed about 1882. I forget who invented it. Another device designed in 1884 by Paul Nipcow and known as the “Nipcow Disc” was patented in Berlin. It consisted of an opaque disc, towards the outer periphery of which a number of small holes were drilled in the form of a single turn of a spiral. Baird adapted and developed this and experimented in the following manner: the scene to be televised was focused into a small area on the circumference of the disc exactly wide enough to cover every hole in the spiral. Behind this narrow band was placed a photoelectric cell, and as the disc rotated the outermost hole scanned a narrow strip of the right-hand side of the scene, doing so from bottom to top and light reflected from scene elements in this strip reached the photo-cell. As soon as this hole had scanned to the top of the scene, the next hole took over in the bottom right-hand again and scanned upwards on a line slightly to the left of the first. This procedure was repeated with every hole in turn, and the fact that each was slightly inset from its neighbour ensured that the entire scene was scanned in every complete revolution of the disc. Light striking the photocell was converted into a series of electrical signals, each proportional to the value of the scene element which produced it. These signals were then amplified and transmitted one after the other to the receiver. There they were arranged to control the brilliance of a lamp placed behind a second disc identical and synchronised with the first, which revolved so as to allow light from the lamp to pass through its holes onto the viewing screen. In this way an image of the entire scene was built up, and by using a lens a picture was obtained sized 75 mm x 50 mm or 3" x 2". Naturally, the pictures produced could not be expected to rivet attention, after all, it was flickering away at only 12 1/2 pictures per second. The synchronisation of the disc was obtained by use of a DC motor with a toothed or cogged wheel on its shaft, which revolved between two pole pieces of an electro-magnet, energised by the picture signal. Since the frame frequency is 12 1/2 per second, which was the normal periodicity of the Baird system of 30 lines, there will be 375 line-synchronising impulses per second. That is 12 1/2 pictures per second times by 30 elements representing the 30 holes in the disc = 375 impulses. These impulses are used as follows: toothed or cogged wheel made of iron lamination and having 30 teeth is fitted to the spindle of the scanning disc on exactly opposite sides of the wheel (180°) are two pole pieces of softer iron, these are yoked together and they are energised by the synchronising impulses which have to be amplified and supplied to the pole windings or coils as heavy current pulses. The poles therefore become magnetic 375 times per second. As the disc and the wheel are revolving at exactly the right speed, one of the 30 teeth will come opposite each pole piece 375 times per second, and in such a position, the synchronising impulse will have no effect on the speed of rotation of the wheel. In other words, it is in balance. But suppose now that the speed is slightly slow, and the teeth are in a different position when the impulses come? The effect will be for the teeth to be attracted to the pole-pieces and over a number of such revolutions gradual speeding up of the wheel will result. If the speed is fast, an opposite effect will be obtained and the pole-piece will tend to hold the wheel back. During this '30 line period', and the realisation that the system would never have a favourable entertainment value, experiments were taking place with the scanning disc and mirror drums, to increase the number of lines to 120 - 180 - 200 and finally 240 lines, but as the number of lines increased, so the discs became larger. For instance, one experiment I remember well, since being ambidextrous, I had the job of cutting the holes in a steel disc about 3 feet in diameter and 3/16 of an inch thick and mounting 30 lens on a spiral around the periphery, which was then fitted after 'rough balancing' on to the shaft of a large DC motor. The speed was controlled by a resistor/starter in order to find out how fast it could be driven – so we transported it on to the flat roof at 'Long Acre', and set it up with the resistor/starter — and ourselves — behind the door as a precaution, since I am descended from a long line of cowards. As we increased its speed, so an ominous noise assailed our ears — and the whole thing broke away and sailed across the roof. Fortunately there were no injuries, only red faces. From this experiment, a much more sophisticated apparatus emerged, which was smaller, properly balanced, and housed in an aluminium/silicon casing with viewing aperture. Eventually, although this one also came to grief and the lens involved ended as powdered glass at the bottom of the casing, it became the forerunner of the Spotlight transmitter, which was used for scanning and transmitting 'close-ups', even after the BBC decision was made to use the EMI Marconi system. It was in fact used for some time when TV services were resumed after the war. At this stage it is germane to mention the the fire at Crystal Palace, which occurred on November 30 1936. On the evening of the fire, some of our staff were working late in the laboratory at Baird's situated in the southern part of the building. The fire appeared to start at the north part of the building and the first indication we had was the appearance of smoke entering the lamps from the 'tunnel'. The tunnel ran along the back of the building and connected the north and south towers and could be considered as two massive chimneys, linked by a large tunnel road, which also housed a very large furnace and boiler, which heated the whole of the Crystal Palace. When smoke first appeared we did not think that the fire would reach our labs, as it seemed such a long way away. However, as a precaution, I sounded the fire alarm – the Crystal Palace had its own fire brigade – and we then proceeded to remove to safety, some of the important items of equipment out of the building, together with oxygen and gas cylinders as well as liquid air carboys which we rolled down the hill into the grounds, just in case of explosion! By this time, the flames were creeping along towards our part of the building so we decided to proceed towards the South tower, where the assembly point and hydrant was situated, thinking that we may have been of help to the Crystal Palace Fire Brigade when, and if, they arrived. Eventually, a fireman arrived and connected the hose to the hydrant and we held on tightly to the hose nozzle — expecting a tremendous rush of water. But, much to our surprise and consternation, not a dribble! Some of you may have read or heard of the many rumours circulating at the time – such as that the Germans used the Crystal Palace as a guide during the First World War, but it never was determined how the fire started and what happened to the water from the hydrants. The fire services drew most of the water from the many ponds in the grounds in addition to those hydrants in the main road. However, the next morning after the place was gutted and whilst it was still hot and smouldering representatives of German, French and British scrap iron dealers were trying to purchase the iron. The fire was a disaster for Baird and must have cost the company at least £100,000 in addition to the loss of some of the most advanced apparatus and records which were irreplaceable, especially as this was a crucial period when the BBC was comparing Baird's system against that of the EMI Marconi company. However, by this time reception of TV pictures on cathode-ray tubes was well established, production of TV sets was commenced and the Rotunda buiding situated in the Crystal Palace grounds was 'set up' to produce cathode-ray tubes, together with research and development work paragraph. All this good work came to an abrupt halt with the declaration of war, and at least three of our leading physicists and engineers went to the USA. But John Logie Baird felt that, although lucrative offers came from the USA, he felt his loyalties were squarely with Britain at War. - The picture at the top of the article is of the Baird Television Ltd. staff dinner on March 18 1938. Those numbered are 3. Sir Harry Greer, 5. Captain West, 9. Ben Clapp, 10. Mary Tomes, 11. Gilbert Tomes, 12. Alfred Sommer, 13. Rosemary Sommer, 14. T.M.C.Lance, 15. Jan Forman (?).

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On the Right Track There's a lot to be said for the motto “Shop 'Til You Drop,” especially when it comes to shoes, sweaters, and reference material. Once you get a nice pile of stuff, it's time to put it in some kind of order. Try these suggestions for your research findings: Never force a source to fit. You can tweak your thesis a bit here and there, but never wring or wrench your point to make a source blend in. Cards allow you to keep the most promising sources and discard the irrelevant ones. Also, cards can easily be alphabetized when you create your Bibliography or Works Cited page. A Place for Everything, and Everything in Its Place Next, create a working bibliography, a systematic way to organize all the material that looks promising. For each source, write all the bibliographical material on a 3×5 index card. Here's what you should include: Don't rely too heavily on any one source—no matter how good it looks. First, this can lead to bias. Second, what happens if the source turns out to be invalid or dated? Your argument can collapse. If a catalog or index doesn't provide complete bibliographical information, leave blanks you can fill in later. In most cases, you won't be able to tell what's going to make the cut and what won't. As a result, you'll probably end up taking far more notes than you need. Don't worry: Nearly all researchers end up with extra notes. The deeper you dig into your subject, however, the more perceptive you'll become about what you need to prove your point most convincingly. As you learned earlier, there are several different methods of documentation. For example, research papers in the humanities often use the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, while papers in social sciences use the American Psychological Association (APA) style. As you write your bibliography cards, follow the documentary style preferred by the discipline in which you are writing. Or, you can make “bibliography cards” on a computer. This is a great technique because you can update, alphabetize, and correct cards as you go along. Make your own cards by drawing a box around each entry or using software especially designed for this purpose. However, be sure to back up your “bibliography cards” on floppy disks. In addition, print out hard copies as you work. This way, you won't lose your material if your hard drive crashes or the file develops a glitch. Working the Crowd You've gathered your sources and prepared a bibliography card for each one. Now it's time to fit everything into place. Here's how to do it: During this process, you'll find that you're automatically changing the structure of your paper to accommodate what you're finding. Usually the changes are minor, but you may find yourself designing a radically new organization to fit the focal points and supporting details. If you're including a Web page or brochure as part of your project, these adjustments take on a spatial consideration as well. In “In the End Zone,” I'll take you step by step through the process of writing your first draft, but while we're here, it's a great idea to prepare your first draft as early as possible. This gives you plenty of time to fill in the gaps, revise, or redesign your text and graphics. Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Well © 2000 by Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D.. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

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Created on: 23 January 2013 Part 1 of the ATtiny2313 Tutorial All aspects of development will be covered, including hardware interfacing, software development, internal peripherals, fuse programming and more. An electronic breadboard will be used to build the circuits in this tutorial series. In order to follow this series of tutorials on the ATtiny2313, you will need to have some experience in the following fields. It is assumed that you have some basic knowledge of electronics and that you can build breadboard circuits. If not, learn about electronics and how to build breadboard circuits in the Start Electronics Now course. To be able to do your own software development, you will need to be able program in the C programming language. If you do not know the C programming language, then it is still possible to follow the tutorials as you will be able to load the C program examples to the microcontroller without having to write your own programs. An ATtiny2313 microcontroller in a dual inline package (DIP) is needed (this package is called PDIP in the Atmel literature – Plastic Dual Inline Package). It is recommended to get the ATtiny2313 microcontroller with part number ATTINY2313-20PU. Other electronic components such as LEDs, resistors, capacitors, etc. are also needed. The required components will be listed in each part of this tutorial as needed in each part. An electronic breadboard and wire links are needed for building the circuits. A 5V (five volt) power supply is required for powering the circuits. The 5V from a PC power supply can be used. In order to load a program to the ATtiny2313, a programming device is needed. This device is connected to the USB port of a PC. The header of the programming device is then connected to certain pins of the ATtiny2313 in order to load a program to it. There are several AVR programming devices to choose from. Some are for programming the AVR microcontroller only, but others have debugging capabilities as well. Some popular programmers are listed below. The AVRISP mkII is an AVR programmer from Atmel for in-system programming (ISP) of AVR microcontrollers. This programmer does not have any debugging capabilities. The AVR Dragon is an AVR programmer from Atmel for in-system programming, debugging and high-voltage programming (HV programming). HV programming is used to reset certain internal fuse bits of the AVR that ISP programmers can't reset. The AVR Dragon is a good choice of programmer as it has more capabilities than a plain ISP programmer. Be aware that the AVR Dragon is not supplied with any cables. You will need to buy a standard USB cable (not the miniature type) as well as a ribbon cable with a 6-pin (2 by 3 pin) IDC female header on each end. That will be fine for use on this course. There are two other ribbon cables that can also be plugged into the AVR Dragon. One is for the JTAG connector which is used on some AVR microcontrollers (not the ATtiny2313) and is a 10-pin header (2 by 5 pins). The other ribbon cable is for connecting to the 20-pin (2 by 10) HV programming header and is needed only if doing HV programming. There are several AVR programmers that can be built at home (for ISP programming only, not for debugging). There is one that works from the PC parallel port and one that works from the PC serial port. Do a search on the Internet to find these. Another home built AVR programmer that works from a USB port is the open source USBtinyISP. You can build this programmer yourself from scratch or buy a kit and build it. These home built programmers may need other software to be loaded in order to use them and may not be able to be used directly from within the Atmel AVR Studio software that we will be using in this course. AVR related from amazon.com: Atmel Studio version 6.0 is the software development environment and toolchain used in this course. This course was designed and tested using Atmel Studio 6.0 running on Windows 7. Other versions of Atmel Studio and other versions of Windows should also work. To get the required software installed and to test program the hardware, follow the article Starting AVR 8-bit Development on this website. This article uses the AVRISP mkII to program a ATtiny2313 microcontroller circuit that flashes an LED on and off. If you are using the AVR Dragon instead, just select the AVR Dragon in the Atmel Studio settings instead of the AVRISP mkII. For other programmers, you will need to follow their specific software requirements and usage instructions. Once you have followed the above article, you will have the software and hardware installed and tested. You will then be ready to follow the rest of the parts of this tutorial. © 2012 – 2013, Starting Electronics

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- 2011-2012 Cornell University Annual Report (22.7MB pdf) Martin Luther King Day is our newest national holiday. The holiday was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan 15 years after Dr. King was assassinated, and it was celebrated for the first time on January 20, 1986. Ever since, the third Monday of January has been an occasion for people to remember the man and the set of issues to which he devoted his life. For eleven years now, thanks to Ellen Baer's leadership, it has also been an occasion for our local campuses to come together with the wider community to remember Martin Luther King, Jr., and the meaning that his message holds for us today. I want to thank all those who made today's celebration possible. The Greater Ithaca Activities Center, where many of this afternoon's activities will be held; several organizations and groups at Cornell and Ithaca College; Greenstar Cooperative Market; the City of Ithaca; and On Site Volunteer Services. And I want to say how appropriate it is to be gathering at a school named for Beverly J. Martin, a native Ithacan and Cornell graduate, who inspired generations of local school children as a teacher and principal in this building, and as the first African-American administrator in the Ithaca City School District. Martin Luther King, Jr., devoted his brief life to issues of justice, opportunity, and faith. He showed our nation how systematic injustice was keeping America from living out its promise to the world. He showed our nation how a lack of opportunity meant that millions of children's potential would never be realized. He showed how religious faith can contribute to a socially engaged life. In each area, he charted a course of progress that our nation might follow during his lifetime, and after his death. These issues remain vitally important to us as individuals, as a community, and as citizens of this country. And so it is important to take time each year to remember the man, to reflect on the progress we have made, and also on the progress we have yet to make. Born in the segregated south in 1929, Martin Luther King grew up in an environment of pervasive injustice. It was a time when being black meant being forced to sit in the back of the bus, being prevented from using a public restroom or sitting at a lunch counter, being forced to attend inferior, segregated schools. King knew all those indignities and many more. But he had extraordinary personal reserves to draw upon: intellect, a capacity for hard work, and hope. And he resolved to do what he could to fight injustice once he was able. King earned his undergraduate degree at the age of 19 from Morehouse College in Atlanta. He then moved north to Pennsylvania, to attend divinity school at the Crozer Theological Seminary. And he then moved further north to obtain his Ph.D. from Boston University. But then Dr. King made an interesting choice. He turned down the opportunities for work that were presented to him in the North. Instead, he returned to the South, knowing that he and his family would again face the intense discrimination of Jim Crow. For he knew that by returning to the South they could be more directly engaged in the struggle for economic and racial justice. Between October 1954, when Dr. King was installed as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, and his assassination in Memphis, Tennessee, in April 1968, he mobilized millions of people, black and white, to dismantle segregation in the South and proclaim their commitment to civil rights. Like many of you, I was not yet born in December 1955, when Dr. King threw his support behind the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, to show solidarity with the courage of Rosa Parks. For 381 days, with Dr. King as their leader, the black community of Montgomery refused to ride the city buses. They walked. They rode bicycles. They pressed the legal system to vindicate their rights. They were non-violent, but they were resolute. The movement took hold. The struggle broadened. And ultimately the edifice of Jim Crow was dismantled, brick by brick. But many had to give their lives in the struggle for greater justice. In 1964, civil rights activists Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney were murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Michael Schwerner was a member of the Cornell Class of 1961, and Andrew Goodman's parents had met and married at Cornell. The efforts of those three young men -- two white and one black -- on behalf of civil rights are memorialized in a stained glass window in Cornell's Sage Chapel. A week and a half ago, a 79-year-old Mississippi preacher and reputed leader of the Ku Klux Klan was indicted on charges of orchestrating the three murders 41 years ago. Those forty-one years from crime to indictment are a powerful reminder that ours is not yet a nation where justice is reliable and swift. We have much work yet to do. Dr. King cared about justice. And he also cared about opportunity. He cared about being a society where all people might have a fair chance to realize their aspirations. As Dr. King wrote in Ebony magazine in October 1966, "There is no easy way to create a world where men and women can live together, where each has his own job and house and where all children receive as much education as their minds can absorb. But if such a world is created in our lifetime, it will be done in the United States by [black people] and white people of good will. ...It will be done by rejecting the racism, materialism and violence that has characterized Western civilization and especially by working toward a world of brotherhood, cooperation and peace." Clearly there has been great progress in this area. Since Dr. King's death in 1968, we have seen unprecedented numbers of African Americans rise to prominence in political life, in business, in the professions, in higher education, in popular culture. But despite that progress, we still have much work to do in the domain of fair opportunity. I learned a great deal about this during the six years before I came back to Cornell. From 1997 through 2003, while serving as the dean of the University of Michigan Law School, I spent six years as a named defendant in litigation concerning the use of affirmative action in university admissions. During those six years, as I had occasion to defend our admissions policy before many different audiences, I came to appreciate that, as contentious as the issue may have been, there were areas of convergence -- areas where almost all our critics and our supporters could find common ground. And in those areas of convergence one could chart the path of change since Dr. King's day. The first area of convergence was on the desirability of integration. A key element of our defense of our admissions policy was the need to prepare today's students for life in an integrated society. And our critics did not disagree with that goal. They argued only that, important though integration may be, it is not sufficiently important to justify affirmative action. But think about how remarkable that is. Even our critics agreed that America is, and of right ought to be, an integrated nation. Indeed, in its opinion upholding our policy, the Supreme Court went so far as to say that meaningful integration of our universities is critical to their democratic legitimacy. The second point of convergence was on the desirability of colorblindness. Both the critics and the supporters of affirmative action agreed that, in an ideal society, affirmative action would be unnecessary. We would enjoy the benefits of integration without even trying. In an ideal society, large institutions like corporations and universities would pay no attention to an individual's race in deciding how to interact with her or him, but they would still reflect the magnificent diversity of our country. Again, note how remarkable that is. In Dr. King's time, segregationists were willing to kill in order to prevent integration. They simply could not imagine a world in which large institutions would be expected to be colorblind. These points of convergence show how far we have come as a society since 1968, but they also show how far we have yet to go. For the reason that we continue to need affirmative action and the reason that many people find the practice problematic are one and the same: we are not yet the kind of society where racial integration happens "by accident," where colorblindness leads naturally to integration. It is not yet true in this country that newborns of all races can be expected to receive equal investments in their preschool, elementary, and secondary education. It therefore should not surprise us that the applicant pool at the highest levels of academic competition is not as diverse as the census shows our nation to be. The Supreme Court recognized the continuing appropriateness of affirmative action because of that fundamental inequality of opportunity. But at the same time, the Court reminded us that the availability of affirmative action does not absolve us of the responsibility to address the underlying inequality. In the majority opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor stated, "We expect that 25 years from now the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary to further the interest approved today." As we celebrate the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., we need to recommit ourselves to addressing the fundamental concern. We need to work together to bring about the day when the accident of birth will not influence whether a child has a meaningful opportunity to realize the full measure of her or his potential. We need to confront the disparities of resources in schools and families. We need to make sure that these disparities are not so significant that they, all on their own, predetermine children's life opportunities. We must complete the journey towards becoming a society where affirmative action is unnecessary and where genuine opportunity within an open and integrated community is the true birthright of every child. And in working to create that kind of society we might also consider the way in which Dr. King approached the matter of religious faith. As a Baptist minister who had also given serious study to the life and work of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. King grounded his social and political activism on a strong spiritual and moral foundation. When he spoke at Cornell's Sage Chapel, on November 13, 1960, he took his sermon, as he had many times before and after, from the Book of Revelations. In that sermon he talked about "The Three Dimensions of a Complete Life" -- length, breadth, and height. The length, he said, "is the inward drive to achieve one's personal ends...The breadth of life is the outward concern for the welfare of others. The height of life is the upward reach for God. Life at its best is a coherent triangle. ...Without the due development of each part of the triangle, no life can be complete." The religion clauses of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution were fashioned to enable our country to be one that is hospitable to religious faith, without establishing a state religion. Many people share King's belief that life cannot be complete without an upward reach for God. It is essential that they be free to pursue their vision of a complete life, without imposing that vision on others who have a different view. Here again, we still have some work to do as a society. A recent Cornell survey revealed that nearly half of those polled nationally believed the U.S. should, in some way, curtail the civil liberties of Muslim Americans -- by requiring Muslim Americans to register, by having law enforcement personnel monitor mosques, or by having undercover law enforcement agents infiltrate Muslim civic and volunteer organizations. There can be no doubt that the specter of terrorism has damaged our country, interrupting our progress towards a vision of universal religious tolerance. The final years of Dr. King's life were marked not only by the civil rights movement but also by the war in Vietnam, and the juxtaposition of those two social issues caused him to reflect not only on the future for African Americans and white Americans, but on the future of the world. In 1967, the year before he was killed, Dr. King wrote a book entitled, Where Do We Go from Here? And in the final chapter, he talked about the world beyond the issues of black and white. "We have inherited a large house," he wrote, "a great 'world house' in which we have to live together -- black and white, Easterner and Westerner, Gentile and Jew, Catholic and Protestant, Moslem and Hindu -- a family unduly separated in ideas, culture and interest, who, because we can never again live apart, must learn somehow to live with each other in peace." And then he shared the following insight. "Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice. Without this spiritual and moral reawakening we shall destroy ourselves in the misuse of our own instruments. ...This may well be mankind's last chance to choose between chaos and community." On this day of reflection and remembrance, as we celebrate what would have been Dr. King's 76th birthday, I am glad that we have chosen community. Thank you for inviting me to be part of this special day.

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Site fidelity and homing behaviour in coral reef cardinalfishes Marnane, M.J. (2000) Site fidelity and homing behaviour in coral reef cardinalfishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 57 (6). pp. 1590-1600. |PDF (Published Version) - Repository staff only - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader| View at Publisher Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1422 Tagged adult cardinalfishes Apogon doederlini, Cheilodipterus artus and Cheilodipterus quinquilineatus persisted to within an average of 36–79 cm of their initial resting positions within One Tree Reef lagoon for over 8 months in A. doederlini and over 16 months in C. artus and C. quinquilineatus. In addition, 56–81% of tagged fish displaced c. 1 km, and 33–63% of tagged fish displaced c. 2 km returned to their point of collection within 3 days. As cardinalfishes are often found densely aggregated at resting sites, their extended use of specific sites on reefs may represent a localized, predictable resource for predators and a significant source of spatial variation in nutrient input to reef systems via faeces. |Item Type:||Article (Refereed Research - C1)| |Keywords:||Apogonidae; cardinalfish; coral reefs; homing; site fidelity; tagging| |FoR Codes:||06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 0602 Ecology > 060205 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl Marine Ichthyology) @ 100%| |SEO Codes:||96 ENVIRONMENT > 9608 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity > 960802 Coastal and Estuarine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity @ 100%| |Deposited On:||26 Jul 2012 13:09| |Last Modified:||03 Dec 2012 12:10| Last 12 Months: 1 Repository Staff Only: item control page

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From whence this bag came How It’s Made: History of the Duluth Pack Two hours north of Minneapolis, up Interstate 35, after driving through farm and forest, you crest a high hill and the view explodes in your windshield. 1,000 feet below you sits the city of Duluth at the southwest corner of the largest lake in the world, Lake Superior. Its natural harbor is at the mouth of the St. Louis River and Duluth was once one of the busiest shipping ports in the world. The city once boasted the highest concentration of millionaires in the country, mostly shipping, lumber and iron ore barons. Their majestic mansions still line the shoreline of the big lake. Nowadays, with a depressed economy and changes in the way freight is transported, Duluth’s glory is a bit faded. The city is better known now as the gateway to a natural playground, up the rugged North Shore towards Canada. Two more hours north finds you in moose and wolf country, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, a multi-million acre protected swath of Minnesota where you can get lost in a canoe, portaging from lake to lake without the chance of seeing anyone else or hearing even a boat motor for weeks. The Boundary Waters are a popular backcountry destination for adventurers every summer and it is a rite of passage for many a boy growing up in the Midwest. They venture out for multi-day trips in Kevlar canoes, laden with camping and fishing gear. It is not a vacation for the faint of heart. In June and July, if it’s not snowing, you run the risk of being eaten alive by blackflies and mosquitoes, if not the hungry black bears who take pleasure in marauding unsuspecting campers. Paddling is only half the battle. Portaging is the real challenge. Some of the portages (muddy trails between adjoining lakes) can be miles long and transporting your boat and booty overland requires strong shoulders and sure footing. In 1882, French-Canadian immigrant, Camille Poirier, decided it was time to make a better way to transport gear through this wild country. He filed a patent for a new kind of portage sack. It was a large, canvas bag with a foldover flap and leather buckling straps. For carrying ease, he fitted it with a forehead tumpline similar to those used by Sherpa porters for hauling large loads and an innovative sternum strap. Poirer could never have known that this, the prototypical #4 Duluth Pack, would still be popular with Boundary Waters portagers to this day. The Duluth Pack factory is easy to miss as you drive down Superior Street. Nondescript, even slightly ramshackle from the outside, only a small awning and dusty window give hint to its presence. But step inside and you’re greeted by the sounds of industrial sewing machines rapping out staccato rhythms as they stitch together canvas and leather. In 1911, Poirer sold his pack-making business to Duluth Tent and Awning, a small outfit in Duluth’s industrial West End. The company has been making the Duluth Pack the same way ever since, and has expanded its line of products to include everything from diaper bags to briefcases to iPad cases. One hundred years later, Duluth Tent and Awning, now known as the Duluth Pack company, can still be found in their original building on the West End. As the company is preparing to celebrate its centenary, I had a chance to visit the factory, where all of their original products are still made by hand. The Duluth Pack Factory The Duluth Pack factory is easy to miss as you drive down Superior Street. Nondescript, even slightly ramshackle from the outside, only a small awning and dusty window give hint to its presence. But step inside and you’re greeted by the sounds of industrial sewing machines rapping out staccato rhythms as they stitch together canvas and leather. From a back room, you hear the metal-on-metal clang of the riveters, hand riveting snaps and reinforcement points. Everyone seems happy with their work, a satisfaction that comes from a pride in craftsmanship. This is the kind of place that reminds you of what American made really means. One floor down, in the basement, huge rolls of leather, canvas and wool are lined up like cord wood, waiting to be cut according to patterns and stacked, ready for the women upstairs to work their sewing magic. One room over is the shipping room, shelves largely empty as the company can barely keep up with demand. Business is booming, not only through their retail shop a few miles away in Duluth’s Canal Park, but also from Web and catalog sales and custom orders from individuals and companies, who want uniquely branded bags and packs, from north woods outfitters and even from more urban environs and decidedly non-woodsy retailers like Barneys New York. I left Duluth Pack with one of their waxed canvas Builder’s Portfolios to take home. Bearing a substantial heft that follows the tradition of fine leather and canvas luggage, the bag shows signs of its makers, with hammer marks on the rivets and a small tag inside hand-signed by the woman who stitched it together. Big enough for a long weekend getaway, the Builder’s Portfolio would make for a fine laptop bag for the office. A day after I arrived home, I packed enough clothes and my iPad and camera in it for a couple of days in Vegas. The bag handled Sin City as well as it would a muddy job site or cabin weekend. These days, “American Made” and “American Heritage” are hot trends and companies like Duluth Pack are riding the crest of the wave, filling back orders for customers from Sydney to Spokane to SoHo. But having spent some time in the 100-year old factory, watching bags being cut, stitched and riveted the same way they were in 1911, I have a feeling Duluth Pack will stay loyal to its roots and Boundary Waters paddlers will be hauling their gear over muddy portages in handmade Duluth Packs for many years to come. Our thanks to Lexus and the all new CT 200h for helping make this month’s features possible. Welcome to the darker side of green. Photos by Gishani for GP

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The Bible is the most widely printed and published book in the world. It is the source of the Christian religion and contains what Christians need to know about God, Jesus, salvation, and the Christian life. The Bible is a wonderful book of wisdom and revelation. "All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; 17 that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work," (2 Tim. 3:16) Introduction to The Bible Regarding the Bible - What is meant by the inspiration of Scripture? - Is the Bible inspired? - Bible Chronology of the Old Testament - Bible Chronology of the New Testament - Books of the Old Testament - Books of the New Testament - What is the Canon of Scripture? - Other books mentioned in the Bible - When was the Bible written and who wrote it? - When was the book of Acts written? - When were the gospels written and by whom? - The Greek and Hebrew Alphabet with numeric equivalents Regarding the Inspiration of the Bible - The Bible isn't the word of God; it contains the word of God - We don't have the originals, so how can you argue for inerrancy? - Do inerrantists elevate the Bible to the level of idolatry Major biblical themes The Greek biblical manuscripts - Illustration of Bible text manuscript tree and variant readings - Manuscript evidence for superior New Testament reliability - Papyri, p1 through p76; 200 AD to 700 AD copies - Letter Uncials; 4th to 10th century copies - Numbered Uncials, 046 through 0250; 2nd to 14th century copies - Numbered Minuscules, 1 through 1985; 9th to 16th century copies - Minuscules, 2 through 399; 9th to 16th century copies - Minuscules, 404 through 999; 8th to 16th century copies - Minuscules, 1012 through 2768; 9th to 16th century copies In Defense of the Bible - Non biblical accounts of New Testament events and/or people - Archaeological evidence verifying biblical cities - Prophecy, the Bible and Jesus - Scientific Accuracies in the Bible - The Documentary Hypothesis of the Pentateuch - An Answer to the Documentary Hypothesis - What is Redaction Criticism? Answers to Questions about the Bible - What is the Canon of Scripture? - Can we trust the New Testament as a historical document? - Wasn't the New Testament written hundreds of years after Christ? - Hasn't the Bible been rewritten so many times it can't be trusted? - Since the NT writers were biased, can we trust what they wrote? - What is the gospel of Q and does it prove the Gospels are false? - Why isn't there other evidence of the massacre of the babies? - Why isn't there any record of millions of Jews wandering in the desert? - Do the lost books of the Bible prove that the Bible has been altered? - Is there non-biblical evidence of a day of darkness at the crucifixion? - Does the Bible tell us if there is life on other planets? - What does the Bible say about divorce? - What does it mean when the Bible refers to the "third heaven"? - Does the Bible forbid Interracial Marriages? - What is biblical numerology? - Are the New Testament themes found in the Old Testament? - Doesn't Mithra prove that Christians borrowed from this myth? - Bible Bibliography for the Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry - Go to Bible Study Discussion Board This article is also available in: Español - Apologetics Dialogues - CARM Radio - Cut and Paste Information - Discussion Boards - Email and Responses - Evidence and Answers - Lost Books - Objections and Answers - Online Schools - Preachers and Teachers - Recommended Websites - Research Links - Responding to Critics - Verses Examined - OT - Verses Examined - NT - Women in Ministry - Women's Issues - About Angels - About Apologetics - About Baptism - About the Bible - About Bible Verses - About the Church - About Christianity - About Demons - About Doctrine - About End Times - About Ethics - About Evangelism - About God - About Heresies - About The Holy Spirit - About Jesus - About Man - About Marriage - About the Occult - About Pastors - About People - About Prayer - About Philosophy - About Religions - About Salvation - About Sanctification - About Science - About Sexuality - About Sin - About Theology - Other Questions - Skeptics Ask Help CARM by Liking It! Discount off of Logos Bible Program. CARM highly recommends using the Logos Bible Research Program. It is what we use. It is the best in the world. Just go to http://www.logos.com/carm. Use the coupon code of CARM6.

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AudioExploration:Dark Matter - Interview with Dr. David Spergel Princeton theoretical astrophysicist David Spergel is an intellectual adventurer, driven by curiosity and a thirst to know the unknown. Professor Spergel's eclectic interests have taken him in diverse directions, from probing the nature of dark matter, through his instrumental role in mapping the Big Bang's imprint on the universe in the form of the cosmic microwave background radiation, to engineering technologies to directly detect earthlike extrasolar planets. He focused much of his energy in the past few years on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). This satellite's data created a map of the universe as seen in microwave background radiation, which has been cooling unevenly in the 13.7 billion years since the Big Bang. The map reveals that only a small fraction of the mass of the universe is composed of the visible matter that makes up the stars and planets–the vast majority is dark matter. More recently Spergel has turned his attention to designing a new generation of instruments to visualize habitable, earthlike worlds in other solar systems. Travel along with David Spergel in his pursuit of the next big thing in this AudioExploration: Dark Matter. Segment 1:The Laws of Physics Beat Out the Laws of Civics [Time 5:27] A physicist's son—equally drawn towards physics, astronomy and law as a sophomore—is enchanted by the "elegant and striking description of our universe," general relativity. Going from Princeton and Oxford to Harvard, he asks "What would happen if dark matter were captured by the sun?" Segment 2:The Importance of Being Audacious [Time 6:19] Undaunted by inevitable setbacks of his constant exploration of new theoretical territory, Spergel follows where his curiosity leads—from dark matter interactions, to the texture and geometry of the universe and beyond—often finding that discarded strands of research become unexpectedly valuable in interesting ways years later. Segment 3:WMAP looks back... 3.7 billion years [Time 6:35] The leftover heat from the Big Bang fills the universe as microwave radiation, explains Spergel, but it pools unevenly. He helped design the experiment to detect the detailed patterns of this heat, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotrophy Probe (WMAP, successor to COBE, the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite). Spergel describes all that WMAP has revealed and what that means about dark matter. Segment 4: A Cold, Dark Matter [Time 6:21] COBE showed that we have a universe made not just of atoms but of dark matter that can gravitate, says Spergel, strengthening the Cold Dark Matter model. WMAP bolsters it more and a theoretician gets experimental dirt under his fingernails. Segment 5: Engineering a Left Turn [Time 6:24] Spergel moves further into outer space engineering; the Yin & Yang of particle physics vs. cosmology and how the current of ideas is reversing its flow. Segment 6: The Evolution of Dark Matter [Time 6:34] Spergel takes us through the history of thought on dark matter: from Zwicky's first inklings, through super symmetry, and to the possibility that dark matter may be explained one day by a new physics we don't yet understand. Segment 7: Detecting the Undetectable [Time 6:46] From dark matter to finding earth-sized extrasolar planets—Spergel throws himself into another problem, balancing on a brand new cutting edge. Credits: Interview with Dr. David Spergel for AccessScience AudioExploration: "Dark Matter" by Dorian Devins. Her previous work includes the National Academy of Sciences InterViews project and WFMU's Speakeasy. Podcast production by Jessa Forte Netting. Sound engineering by Neil Strachan of Tin Balloon Productions, New York, NY. Theme music by the Sacrosanct Wednesdays. Five Year Microwave Sky The detailed, all-sky picture of the infant universe from three years of WMAP data. The image reveals 13.7 billion year old temperature fluctuations (shown as color differences) that correspond to the seeds that grew to become the galaxies. [Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team] Content of the Universe WMAP data reveals that its contents include 4.6% atoms, the building blocks of stars and planets. Dark matter comprises 23% of the universe. This matter, different from atoms, does not emit or absorb light. It has only been detected indirectly by its gravity. 72% of the universe is composed of "dark energy" that acts as a sort of an anti-gravity. This energy, distinct from dark matter, is responsible for the present-day acceleration of the universal expansion. (WMAP data is accurate to two digits, so the total of these numbers is not 100%.) This reflects the current limits of WMAP's ability to define Dark Matter and Dark Energy. [Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team] Timeline of the Universe A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.7 billion years. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe. The afterglow light seen by WMAP was emitted about 380,000 years after inflation and has traversed the universe largely unimpeded since then. The conditions of earlier times are imprinted on this light; it also forms a backlight for later developments of the universe. [Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team] Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Artist's concept of the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) observatories. David Spergel is a member of Princeton's TPF research program, an interdepartmental effort to investigate the science and develop technologies to image extrasolar planets. The TPF mission will be explore the nearest 200 stars for evidence of Earthlike planets - planets within the habitable zone of the star that show evidence of life. [Credit: NASA/JPL] Wavelengths from the Sky How the WMAP sky image was created. Starting with an overview of the Milky Way, we move into position to see the view from our location on Earth. Then we unwrap it into an oval for easy viewing. Finally, we view the scene as it appears in light at different points on the spectrum, from visible wavelengths down to the microwave. These varied wavelengths reveal the presence of different sources of radiation across the sky. The sky's microwave radiation appears to be almost featureless until the contrast is increased to reveal the small variations in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The red band across the center of the sky image represents the strong radiation from our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The cooler blues and greens at the higher latitudes show the much larger portion of background radiation detectable in those areas.

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The article I just read was about the new discovery of new species of invertebrates in the Antarctic. “The six new species have been collected using sampling techniques for benthic fauna.”(Scientia Marina) The scientists discovered many new species in the Antarctic by using the modern technology. Four new species are from the area of the South Georgia islands. They are similar to the species we had discovered before, but they are considered as new species because, layout of the polyps and the branches inside. This article is very important to us, to our society. The more species we recover, the more our future generation will learn from us. Which will benefits the whole human society. We have to improve our technology more, so we can discover more about our world. If you want to read more, please click here.

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Teaching kids to draw realistically - Article by: NARA SCHOENBERG - Chicago Tribune - November 27, 2012 - 1:55 PM There I was, making sure my art-loving 8-year-old was drowning in the markers, paints and craft projects he craved, while ignoring his most straightforward request: "I want to learn how to draw." By draw he meant draw realistically, and by ignore I mean I stalled like a toddler at nap time. Like most parents of my generation, I assumed that drawing what you really see is for the talented few, and that if a kid isn't doing it naturally, you can't do much to help. Wrong. According to Betty Edwards, author of the classic "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" (Tarcher), a kid doesn't learn to draw by herself any more than she learns to read by herself. In the fourth edition of her beloved book, Edwards says that we're shortchanging our kids by not teaching drawing skills in school. Not only does drawing realistically enrich their lives, she says, but it also teaches them to use the right side of the brain, which is vital to perception and problem-solving -- but tends to get drowned out by the judgmental, language-based left brain. "In learning to draw, one must slow down and see many, many aspects of, let's say, a tree, so the experience is richer, by far, than simply the [verbal] category, 'tree,'" Edwards says. "Children are terribly curious about this. You've probably seen your child pick up a flower and examine it closely. And that trait is so important in later life for investigation, scientific or otherwise -- for thinking in general, really. And we are not nurturing that trait in school." We asked Edwards how to help our kids learn drawing and perceptual skills. The following is an edited transcript. Q How can we help young children develop perceptual skills? A Very young children say, "What is that? What is that? What is that?" and we answer with a single word: "That's a tree. That's a dog. That's a cat." As that goes on, children tend to see all trees through that symbolic word, "tree." It would be useful, for example, for parents to say, "Yes, that's a tree, but let's examine it. Let's see how this tree is different from that tree." But as parents we usually don't take time to do that so the child grows up thinking that the word "tree" is the important thing. Q Why do you recommend that adults and older children copy images upside-down? A The left brain has difficulty naming the parts of the image, and therefore seems to say, "I don't do upside down. Forget it. I can't name this, and if you're going to do that, I'm out of here." All of my work is based on that principle: to present the brain with a task that the left brain will turn down. You can't go up against this strong, powerful, dominant, aggressive language system and say, now you drop out of the task! You need to trick the left brain into dropping out so the right brain can take over and help you draw realistically. Q Can a parent teach perceptual skills to older kids? A If you were to go through the book, you'd understand negative space (so you could help with that). When my son was about 8, he was trying to copy a Superman drawing, and the figure was foreshortened, and he couldn't get it right. So, just in passing, I said, "Oh, Brian, don't draw the legs, draw the spaces around them." Kids pick up on this instantly, and from then on he used negative space in his drawings. Q And drawing? A If you can find someone to teach these skills -- it's only five skills -- drawing is not difficult [for kids about age 9 and above]. It's that the brain functions that you use for drawing are very hard to tap into unless someone tells you how to do it. © 2013 Star Tribune

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Since the fall of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and the creation of the Czech Republic, Prague has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Known as 'Praha' in the Czech language, it is without doubt one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, full of life, beer, music and puppets. But we'll get onto those later. The city is an architectural jewel, with buildings of all styles from medieval to Art Nouveau. Classical music abounds, from buskers on the street to the concerts which seem to take place every night in just about every church and hall. There are galleries of original art everywhere. Prague is also a place for some more unusual styles of performance art, including marionettes and Black Light Theatre. Most of all, Prague is a place to relax, eat and drink beer. This guide reveals all. Prague is now the capital of the Czech Republic, but it has been many things over the years, including the capital of Czech Bohemia, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, the second city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city came into existence in about 800 AD, when two castles were built, one on either side of the River Vltava. The Old Town (Staré Másto) and the Malá Strana quarter date from this time. By 900 AD, a Czech-speaking dynasty called the Premyslids ruled Prague and the surrounding countryside (Czech Bohemia). Kings had names like Wenceslas and Boleslav. They continued to rule until about 1300, when the area was taken over by a group called the Luxembourgs. These controlled a great empire. Charles IV chose Prague as the capital of his 'Holy Roman Empire', a political unit which was neither holy nor Roman. This was Prague's golden age. Charles greatly expanded the city, founded a University and laid out the New Town (Nové Másto) south of the Old Town (Staré Másto). Prague became a German-speaking city. The 15th Century saw an outbreak of protestors against the corruption of the Christian Church. These were the Hussites, followers of the religious reformer, Jan Hus. At that time, any opposition to the Church was considered heresy and was punishable by death. These people had to fight for their religious freedom, and became an efficient fighting force, holding Prague against enemy troops for most of the century. Normality was restored at the start of the 16th Century. The Hapsburgs became rulers of Prague, making it part of an enormous empire with the capital at Vienna. This became known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and took in most of Eastern Europe. As second city of the empire, Prague became immensely rich with beautiful buildings, music and art. The Hapsburgs ruled until the end of the First World War in 1918. After the war, the empire was in ruins and separated into numerous small countries. Prague became capital of the newly-created state of Czechoslovakia. But by 1938 it had been dragged into the control of Nazi Germany; Europe soon became plunged into the Second World War. Czechoslovakia was liberated from the Nazis by the arrival of the Russians in 1945, but this gave the USSR a stranglehold on the country. They established a communist government in 1948. During this period any remaining German-speaking people were encouraged to leave the country. To show their domination, in 1955, the Russians constructed the biggest statue ever seen of Stalin on a hill in Prague1. In 1968, a new political movement, the Prague Spring, led by Alexander Dubcek, attempted to liberalise the laws. The Russians responded by sending in the tanks; the Soviet army invaded Czechoslovakia, quashed all opposition, and administered retribution against those responsible. This state continued until 1989, when in the general collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the people of Prague assembled in massive demonstrations around the city in the so-called 'Velvet Revolution'. They demanded that the government should step down. The communists left quietly. The two nations of Czechoslovakia (the Czechs and the Slovaks) disagreed on the running of the country, the Czechs favouring privatisation of all state-run industries. This, together with re-emerging nationalism among the Slovaks, led to the decision that they would be better off as two separate countries. By 1993, a peaceful separation had been carried out and the Czech Republic was established, once again with Prague as its capital. There is one airport, which is north-west of the city. Within the airport, all signs are in English, but if you are getting a bus to the airport, you should be able to recognise the phrase Letiste Ruzyne, which is the name of the airport in Czech. Public transport is very cheap. For example, the combined bus and metro journey from the airport to the centre of the city, which takes about 30 minutes, costs only 15 Kc at the time of writing (about 50 cents), although you will have to pay extra for large bags and suitcases. Trams, buses, the Metro (underground railway) and even the funicular railway on Petrin Hill are all run by the state transport company. This means that if you buy a 'transfer ticket' (prestupní jízdenka2) you can use any means of transport for 90 minutes, even if it involves changing from one form to another along the way. The 90-minute factor also means that if you go somewhere and spend an hour there, you can still use your original prestupní jízdenka to travel to your next location - this, combined with the fact that they're so cheap, means that it's not worth buying any sort of unlimited travel card. You buy the tickets in shops, at ticket machines or in the Metro stations at cash desks. When you start the journey, you should stamp your ticket in the machine marked with the triangle. After this, there are no barriers or ticket collectors, but you should hold on to your ticket - the system relies on occasional spot checks by inspectors with heavy fines for defaulters. From airport to the centre, take the 119 bus as far as Dejvická (pronounced 'dayvitska'). This is the terminus of the underground Metro. You can take a train from here to Mústek, the centre of Prague. Public transport is so cheap in Prague that taxis may seem like a rip-off. But in comparison to taxi prices in other European countries, they seem like great value! So by all means take a taxi if you want to avoid the trouble of public transport. Czech is a Slavic language, related to Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. It looks off-putting because it has lots of accents on it and very few vowels. Nevertheless, Czech is actually quite easy to pronounce, so there's nothing to stop you from being able to read the signs you see around Prague and from using a few simple phrases to say 'please' and 'thank you' to the locals. The entry on the Czech Language gives all the details. While most things in Prague are cheap, accommodation is very expensive. So many tourists visit the city each year that all hotels are booked out and can charge inflated prices (by Czech standards). Make sure you book your accommodation well in advance of your trip. There are a number of backpackers' hostels which provide basic accommodation at budget rates, for example the Travellers' Hostel in Dlouha in the Old Town. These are very central and perfectly adequate. Gone are the days when hostelling meant you had to mop out the toilets in the morning and clean the room. You will be expected to carry your plate to the wash-up after breakfast, but that's about it as far as duties. Even in the hostels, you should book your accommodation in advance. Food and Drink Czech food is traditionally based on meat and dumplings (knedlícky) - the guidebooks politely describe Czech cuisine as 'robust', and it's true3, there isn't a lot beyond meat and dumplings. So you tend to know in advance what sort of thing you're going to get - but if good, hearty grub floats your boat, you're not going to be disappointed. The meat is usually pretty high-quality, and the knedlícky (based on either bread or potato) are extremely welcome on a wintry day in Prague. Other Czech staples are smazený sýr (cheese deep-fried in breadcrumbs, not unlike the Italian mozzarella in carrozza) and bramborak (a kind of fried potato pancake). The majority of restaurants in Prague base their menus on traditional Czech cuisine, but there are many that serve the kind of international food available pretty much everywhere, including Italian-style pastas and pizzas. If you look hard, you will find Indian, Vietnamese and other world cuisines. If you are a vegetarian, there is a good self-service vegetarian restaurant called 'Country Life' just off the Old Town Square. Czech beer is delicious and there seem to be places serving it everywhere. It's also cheap - a half-litre in a restaurant will typically set you back about 30 Kc (1 Euro) and it is cheaper in pubs. The most popular beers are lagers: Staropramen, Pilsner Urquell and Krusovice. Also of note are Gambrinus and Budejovice Budvar, also known as Budweiser. This last one comes from the town of Budweis and should not be confused with the American beer of the same name. All Czech lagers have a good strong taste. There are also dark Czech beers which are almost black in colour and have a much stronger taste. Krusovice, for example, comes in dark and lager forms. The Main Sights Prague is clearly divided into a number of areas. Every street sign bears the name of the area as well as the street name, so you can't be mistaken. The main tourist area is the Old Town (Staré Másto) on the east side of the river. The Old Town Square The centre and focal point of the Old Town is the Old Town Square, which is surrounded by amazing churches, baroque buildings, restaurants and the Old Town Hall. There are markets in the square where souvenirs can be bought. The Old Town Hall and Clock Most prominent in the square is the Old Town Hall, a giant building with an enormous tower. You can climb the tower to a viewing gallery. The biggest attraction of the tower, however, is the Astronomical Clock which dates from 1410. As well as telling the time in three different formats and showing the position of the Sun and Moon, it has animated wooden figures which perform on the hour. The Church of Our Lady before Tyn The skyline of the square is dominated by the multiple spires of the church of Our Lady before Tyn. This church is just off the square, behind a line of houses, but the pointed roofs are very visible. High up on the front of the church is a golden statue of Our Lady standing in front of a sunburst motif. This church was the main church of the Hussites during their control of the city. They put a golden chalice on the front of the church. After the Hussites were ousted, the chalice was melted down to make the present statue. The church contains the tomb of the famous astronomer, Tycho Brahe. Tycho perfected the art of observation and he recorded everything meticulously. It was based on his measurements that his student Kepler came up with the theory that the planets revolve around the Sun in ellipses. Kepler's laws are still used today as a model of the solar system for all but the most precise work. Heading west from the Old Town Square, a succession of small streets infested with souvenir shops leads down to Prague's most famous sight: Charles Bridge (Karluv Most). This was originally the only bridge across the Vltava River, so it has a massive defensive tower at each end. At some point in its history, defence became less of a priority and statues were erected at intervals along the bridge, showing heroes of Czech history and mythology. The whole thing is very pretty. Atmospheric photos of the bridge surrounded by mist are available in all the tourist shops. These are misleading, as they show a deserted bridge - in reality it is packed with tourists, souvenir vendors and artists all the time. On the other hand, if you find a quiet seat in a bar near the Bridge, drink a beer and watch the sunset; it is extremely impressive. When John Lennon died, some artists in Prague created a memorial wall for him, just off Charles Bridge on the west side of the river (turn left immediately after crossing the bridge and walk along the riverside for about 200 metres). The wall has a big picture of Lennon's face in the middle, and the whole thing is smothered in artwork and graffiti from all round the world. Lennon's face should not be confused with Lenin's face, which has considerably less hair altogether and wasn't responsible for the song 'I am the Walrus'. Prague Castle and the Cathedral of St Vitus On the west side of the river is the area known as Malá Strana (the Little Quarter) which lies at the bottom of a steep hill. This is a pleasant spot to stop for coffee and cake or for a beer. On the top of the hill stands Prague Castle (Prazský Hrad). This is not a defensive fortress, although it started out that way. The castle is now a series of palaces and grand mansions built around squares, with the Cathedral of St Vitus in the middle. This is still the official residence of the President of the Czech Republic, so there are ceremonial sentries standing guard at both entrances. You will often see groups of guards marching around. The insides of the palaces, the street of the artisans (Golden Lane) and about half the cathedral are cordoned off and you must pay to see them. Golden Lane is a street of artisan's cottages which were occupied until the 1950s. It is said to be the most picturesque street in Prague. The writer Franz Kafka lived there for a few months. The cathedral is worth a visit even if you don't want to pay to see all of it. The modern stained glass windows fit in very well with the gothic architecture. The window designed by Art Nouveau artist Alphonse Mucha is well worth a look. The Jewish Quarter Just north of the Old Town, on the east side of the river, is the Jewish Quarter (Josefov). The tale of the Jews of Prague is a sad one. Reviled by the Christians who controlled the city over the last thousand years, they were forced to live in this one small part of the city. Every night, the gates of the ghetto were locked, with the Jews inside. When they died, they had to be buried within the ghetto, so over time, the cemetery became crammed with bodies. Unable to expand outward, it grew upward. It is estimated that over 100,000 people were buried over the years in this tiny cemetery, although there are only about 12,000 gravestones. The cemetery was in use from 1478 until 1787. After that, a new cemetery outside the ghetto started to be used. The most famous resident of the Jewish Quarter was Rabbi Löw. He was a scholar of Hebrew scripture. According to the legend, he used his knowledge to build a man of clay, which he brought to life by placing the name of God inside its head. This golem was immensely strong and could carry out simple repetitive tasks. Like most stories of artificial humans, it ran amok. The golem lives on to scare children who can't sleep at night, but Rabbi Löw's grave can be seen in the cemetery. The buildings of the ghetto also grew up on top of each other into one giant slum. At the end of the 19th Century the authorities decided to demolish the ghetto and move the Jews to a new location. The old buildings were knocked down and replaced with modern multi-storey apartment-style housing. Some of this is noted for its 'cubist' style but in general it is very bland. After the destruction of the ghetto, only the synagogues, the graveyard and some ceremonial buildings were left intact. In the mid-20th Century, Adolf Hitler decided that the Jews were an inferior race and most of the Prague Jews were shipped off to the concentration camps, from which they never returned. But in a bizarre twist of history, Hitler decided it would be a good idea to keep a record of the culture of the Jews, a 'Museum of an Extinct Race'. He ordered all Jewish artefacts to be collected up, catalogued and stored. For many Jews, their last task before heading to their deaths was the cataloguing and sorting of their sacred artefacts. Much of the items associated with Judaism were thus preserved although the people themselves died. This was all returned to Prague after the war and is on display in four of the synagogues around the Jewish Quarter (the Maisel, Pinkas, Klausen and Spanish Synagogues). The Museum of Prague manages the exhibition, and a combined ticket will give you entry into all of these, as well as the cemetery. All these are closed on Saturday. The most important synagogue is the oldest one in Europe. It bears the strange title of the 'Old-New Synagogue' (Staronová); originally this title distinguished it from another called the 'New-New', but this one no longer exists. The Old-New Synagogue is managed by the Jewish Community of Prague and is still used as a place of worship. It also is closed to the public on Saturdays. A short walk south of the Old Town lies the New Town (Nové Másto) which is really the centre of modern-day Prague. Here the buildings are much newer and more like any other modern European city. The centre of the New Town is Wenceslas Square (Václavské Námestí). This is not a square at all but a wide boulevard. Here you will find all the shops and boutiques of a modern city. At the south end of Wenceslas Square is an imposing building4, which is the Czech National Museum. In front of it stands an enormous statue of Saint Wenceslas (sv Vaclav) on horseback. This man was one of the first kings of the land that is now the Czech Republic. By all accounts, he was not quite the Good King of the song; the popular carol was made up in the 19th Century and featured Wenceslas merely because the name sounded good. In 1969, in protest at the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia, a philosophy student called Jan Palach burned himself to death in front of the statue of Wenceslas. Three-quarters of a million people turned up for his funeral. This spot is thus an important symbol of political protest in the minds of the Czech people. There are still fresh flowers marking the spot where he died, a monument to the victims of the communist regime. Another sign of the fall of Communism is the names of the shops along Wenceslas Square: Tesco, Marks and Spencer, McDonald's. You will find some home-grown successes as well, such as the Bata shoe store. For a piece of bizarre Roman Catholicism, visit the Loreto on the hill behind the Castle. It was built as a place of pilgrimage in the 17th Century. The centrepiece of the complex is a replica of the supposed room in which Mary was told by the angel Gabriel that she was to be the mother of God. This stands in a stucco-encrusted building in the centre of the courtyard. Around the courtyard are cloisters (covered walkways opening onto the courtyard), with small chapels set into the outer wall dedicated to various saints, such as Saint Starosta, the bearded lady. In the big chapel at the back of the Loreto you will find the most gruesome exhibits. Four saints in particular are remembered here. You will see an altar to Saint Agatha, who was tortured for her beliefs by her husband, but refused to renounce her religion. There is a portrait of her carrying her severed breasts on a plate. Opposite Agatha is Saint Apolena, who had her teeth smashed in, also with the aim of persuading her to abandon her beliefs. She is now the Patron Saint of Dentists. She is accompanied by a statue of a cherub carrying a vicious-looking set of pliers and a bloody molar. On either side of the altar are glass cases which tourists are told contain the skeletons of Saints Felicissimus (which means extremely lucky) and Marcia. The corpses have been dressed in clothes and wax replicas of their faces cover the skulls, so you can't actually see the skeletons except for Marcia's bony hand. Upstairs is an impressive collection of treasure - there are various gold and jewel-encrusted items associated with the rites of Roman Catholicism. One of them, the Sun of Prague, is said to contain 6,222 diamonds. The Municipal House The Obecni Dum (Municipal House) is an enormous building in Republic Square. It was built in 1912 as a centre for Czech official and social gatherings. The building is a masterpiece of the Czech Art Nouveau style, although it embraces many other styles as well, such as Neo-Baroque. Today it is home to the French & Pilsner Restaurant5 and the Smetana Hall6, as well as many smaller reception halls. Vyšehrad - the Other Castle South of the New Town lies the Vyšehrad - the High Castle. This was one of the two original castles of Prague but there's not much left of the castle itself except the ramparts. Within the ramparts stands the Church of St Peter and St Paul. This is done up in Art Nouveau style - all the religious figures are depicted in the style of the classic French 1920s cigarette adverts. A cemetery was created around the same time as the church, and all the greats of the nation are buried there - Smetana, Dvorák, Mucha and Jan Neruda to name but a few. Not too much else has survived the ravages of history, but the gardens are pleasant and it's a good place to get a view of the city. To get there, take a number 3, 16, or 17 tram along the River Vltava and get off at 'Vyton', just before the big railway bridge. As the Vyšehrad is at the top of the hill, it's not hard to find; if you aim for the top of the hill, all roads feed into the one that takes you there. Walk under the railway bridge, turn left and then right after about 100 yards and head up the hill. There's a pretty good pub that does reasonable food on the junction by the right turning - much cheaper than the restaurant opposite the church in the Vyšehrad. Alternatively, take Metro line C (the Red one) in the direction of Háje and get off at Vyšehrad. Again, if you aim for the top of the hill you can't go far wrong. At the bottom of the hill, near the railway bridge, you will see houses in the Cubist style. You'll pass some of them on the walk up to the Vyšehrad, but if you don't turn left just after the railway bridge, there are a couple of others further along. These were designed by Josef Chochol in 1912-1913. Prague was always an important centre of Classical Music. In the time of Mozart, Prague was the second city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was here that Mozart's greatest opera, Don Giovanni, was first performed. Mozart also gave a first performance of one of his symphonies here. Ever since, it has been called 'The Prague Symphony'. In the 19th Century, Czech composers tried to establish themselves as a distinct voice in the tapestry of European music. Both Smetana and Dvorák are world-renowned. There are museums dedicated to each of them in Prague. These are very much designed as exhibits for the Czech people and do not have much in the way of explanatory texts in English, but are worth a visit if you know any of their music. Other Czech composers who are well known in the musical world are the 20th Century composers Janacek and Martinu, although their names would not be known to the casual listener. To cater for the tourists, modern day Prague has countless music concerts. Every church and major hall has posters outside advertising a concert tonight. Most these are of the 'Classic FM Easy Listening' style, featuring a few of the most popular works by Bach, Mozart and Vivaldi, with a small group of musicians. They are good value and a great way to spend an enjoyable evening in this beautiful city. Bigger concerts with a symphony orchestra are more expensive, as they are anywhere else in Europe. The Rudolfinum is a full-scale concert hall and home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, the Prague Conservatory and the Academy of Performing Arts. According to one Researcher, you should make sure you check out a live country band while in Prague: by all accounts country music in the Czech Republic incorporates yodelling, Czech lyrics and American bluegrass. Allegedly this is a good thing. Black Light Theatre In a darkened theatre with black backdrops, the only illumination is ultraviolet lamps (black light). These cause certain items to glow brightly while others remain invisible. Ballet dancers dressed mainly in black have some portions of their costumes glowing. The result is a surreal dance with bizarre creatures floating above the stage and sometimes above the audience. There are several black light theatres in Prague, so you should take the opportunity to experience this uniquely Czech form of entertainment. You'll want to bring back some mementoes of your trip. There is no shortage of kitsch, particularly in the area between the Old Town Square and Charles Bridge: Russian nested dolls, decorated eggs (particularly around Easter), puppets, and pictures of Charles Bridge. Getting away from the kitsch, the Czech Republic has a very good crystal glass industry and you can get beautiful cut glass. Puppets? Oh yes, the puppets. Check out the National Marionette Museum for traditional handmade puppets - they're ugly. Really. And they perform too: the museum even has a production of The Beatles' Yellow Submarine, which has to be seen to be believed. Another marionette theatre, near to Charles Bridge, shows a reduced performance of Mozart's opera Don Giovanni every day. This lasts about an hour and a quarter and is very entertaining, but it would help if you were reasonably familiar with the plot before you go. The fire exits in this theatre leave a lot to be desired. If you just want to buy a puppet, you will find them on sale everywhere in Prague. They range from traditional ugly 'kitchen witches' (used to bring good luck to your kitchen) to Harry Potter and Gandalf. Day Trips Out of Prague For one of the most macabre sights you'll ever see, take a day trip to Kutna Hora and look for the Gothic chapel with the incredible underground ossuary, or room for the bones of the dead. The tens of thousands of skeletal remains are creatively arranged on every available surface. A huge bony chandelier hangs from the ceiling, four enormous bells of bones fill each corner of the crypt and the Schwarzenberg coat of arms that you'll see all over Bohemia takes on a whole new perspective. All this cadaverous display is because some medieval cleric claimed to have sprinkled the graveyard with holy soil from Golgotha7, thus creating a hugely popular final resting place and a surplus of skeletons built up over the following centuries. The town also has an old silver mine and a nice cathedral, making it a highly recommended day trip if you can work out the bus timetables. For a similar sort of outing, go to Melnik. There is an ossuary there as well, but the bones are placed in even more interesting and aesthetically-pleasing patterns. One wall has the skulls arranged in the shape of a heart, one wall spells INRI8, and another is decorated in a rather fetching cross-hatch pattern. To cap it all off they play really eerie music in the ossuary. Melnik is also known for its wine, which is excellent, and is on a hill overlooking a beautiful river. Both these links point to the front page of Czech-language sites, but if your Czech isn't up to it yet, click on the Union Jack and you'll be taken to the English version. This Czech map website will help you find your way around - it has maps of Prague, as well as the Czech Republic in general. The Prague Public Transit Co website has everything you'll need to get around the city, including maps of the integrated transport system and full details of fares.

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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Video Graphics Array Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a computer display standard first marketed in 1987 by IBM. VGA belongs to a family of earlier IBM video standards and largely remains backward compatible with them. VGA can be seen as an enhancement of and successor to the previous EGA and CGA graphics adapters. MCGA, also produced by IBM, was similar except that it was a simpler version of the VGA hardware. VGA is referred to as an "array" instead of an "adapter" because it was implemented from the start as a single chip (a gate array), replacing the Motorola 6845 and a full-length ISA board full of discrete components that the MDA, CGA and EGA used. This also allowed it to be placed directly on a PC's motherboard with a minimum of difficulty (it only required video memory, timing crystals and an external RAMDAC), and the first PS/2 models were equipped with VGA on the motherboard. Since it wasn't restricted to being an add-on board, the name refers to the chip itself. As with most IBM hardware the VGA was extensively cloned by other manufacturers. While the VGA has been obsolete in original form for some time it was the last IBM standard that the majority of PC clone manufacturers decided to follow, making it even today the only standard graphics interface that can be relied on to be present on the PC architecture. VGA was technically superseded by IBM's XGA standard, but in reality it was superseded by the numerous extensions to the VGA by clone manufactuers that came to be known as Super VGA. VGA remains a relevant graphics standard. It forms the "lowest common denominator" that all PC graphics cards need to support prior to a device-specific driver being loaded. On Windows machines, the Microsoft Windows splash screen appears while the machine is still operating in VGA mode, which is the reason that this screen always appears in reduced resolution and color depth compared to following screens. The VGA specifications are as follows: - 256KByte Video RAM - 16 colour and 256 colour modes - 262144 (2^18: six bits [64 values] each for red, green, and blue) colour palette - Selectable 25MHz or 28MHz master clock - Maximum of 720 horizontal pixels - Maximum of 480 lines - Refresh rates at up to 70 Hz - planar mode: up to 16 colours (4 bit planes) - packed-pixel mode: 256 colours (Mode 13h) - Hardware smooth scrolling support - Some 'Raster Ops' support - Barrel shifter - Split screen support - Soft fonts The VGA supports both All Points Addressable graphics modes, and Alphanumeric Text modes. Standard graphics modes are: The term "VGA" is also often used to refer to a resolution of 640×480, regardless of the hardware that produces the picture. For embedded devices, there now exist QVGA (320×240) and QQVGA (160×120) and 1/8 VGA (240×160). An XVGA display has 1024 by 768 pixels of 256 colours. IBM calls this mode "8514" after the model number of the first IBM monitor capable of displaying this resolution. An undocumented, but popular 256 colour mode called Mode X was used to make available programming techniques and graphics resolutions not possible in the standard Mode 13h. This was a trade off for extra complexity and performance loss in some types of graphics operations. Several higher-resolution display modes were possible, but 320×240 was probably the best known and most-frequently used since it was a regular 4:3 resolution with square pixels. Another popular feature of Mode X was 'page-flipping', known in DirectX terminology as "double-buffering." Since the official Mode 13h was not capable of double-buffering, a double-buffered 256-color display could only be achieved through Mode X. Through register-level manipulation, screen-resolutions as high as 800x600 (16-color) or 640x400 (256-color) can be displayed. However, non-standard resolutions may not display correctly on all (cloned) VGA-adapters. Furthermore, they may use a non-standard refresh-rate, which makes their use potentially particularly hazardous to older fixed-scan rate VGA monitors. Standard alphanumeric text modes for the VGA are 80×25 and 40×25 text cells. Each cell may choose from one of 16 available colours for its foreground and 8 colours for the background. The character may also be made to blink, or at the expense of the blinking option, the background may be selected from 16 colours. VGA adapters usually support both a monochrome and a color text mode, even though the monochrome mode is almost never used. Black and white text on nearly all modern VGA adapters is drawn by using gray colored text on a black background in color mode. In color text mode, each screen character is actually represented by two bytes. The lower, or character byte is the actual character for the current character set, and the higher, or attribute byte is a bitfield used to select various video attributes such as color, blinking, character set, and so forth. The video memory of the VGA is mapped to the PC's memory via a window in the range between 0xA000 and 0xBFFFF in the PC's real mode address space. Typically these are: - 0xB000 for monochrome text mode - 0xB800 for colour text mode and CGA-compatible graphics modes - 0xA000 for EGA/VGA graphics modes Due to the use of different address mappings for different modes it is possible to have an Monochrome Display Adapter and a colour adapter such as the VGA, EGA or CGA installed in one machine. At the beginning of the 1980s, this was used to eg. display Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets in high-resolution text on MDA and associated graphics on low-resolution CGA. Later, many programmers used such a setup, with the monochrome card displaying debugging information while a program ran in graphics mode on the other card. Notably, Microsoft's CodeView debugger could work in a dual monitor setup to debug Windows. There were also DOS device drivers, usually named ox.sys, which implemented a serial interface simulation over the MDA, and eg. allowing to get crash messages from debugging versions of Windows without using an actual serial terminal. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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Last modified: 2006-03-18 by antonio martins Keywords: liberia | star: 5 points (white) | stripes: 11 | stripes: 13 | united states | cross: couped (white) | doubt | Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors Flag of 11 red and white stripes with blue canton containing a white five-pointed star. Most modern sources agree on 10:19 ratio of the flag (based also on the US flag ratio), but older sources seem to ignore it. Seems that the exact construction of the flag was never established in other way then by Željko Heimer, 09 May 2002 The eleven stripes stand for the eleven signatories of the Liberian declaration of independence. Roy Stilling, 04 Dec 1996 Following the declaration of independence in on July 26, 1847, the founders of that first African Republic scheduled August 24, 1847 as the date of unfurling a new flag for the new Republic. The new flag was similar to an earlier flag attributed to the Colony except that in place of a “Christian cross” in the upper left corner, was a single star. One local poet — in describing the describing the flag in a publication on August 26, 1847 — said of the star «after ages of wandering, has at length found its orbit». While also similar to the American “Stars and Stripes”, the Liberian flag had eleven stripes representing the eleven individuals elected to the Constitution Convention of 1847. At the special program Susanna Waring-Lewis, chairperson of the committee appointed to sew the new flag, gave a “patriotic” speech which, according to an attending correspondent as a «testimony of female patriotism and ardor in the cause of Liberia’s independence». Another correspondent described the ceremony this way: «During the ceremony of presenting the flag, many eyes were suffused with tears. And indeed, who that remembered the past could forbear to weep? Who that looked back to America and remembered what he saw and felt there, Could be otherwise than agitated». (Complied from: Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970, by Dr. Carl Burrowes Earl Burrowes, for the Liberian Human Rights Network) The Liberia’s national flag is called “LONE STAR”. The eleven horizontal stripes represent the eleven signers of the declaration of independence and the constitution of the Republic of Liberia; the blue field symbolizes the continent of Africa; the five pointed white star depicts Liberia as the first “independent republic” on the continent of Africa; the red color designates “valor”; the white, “purity”; and the blue, “fidelity”. Although these representations are uniquely Liberian, the flag itself is a replica of “Old Glory”, the national flag of the United States. Pascal Gross, 07 Sep 1998 the flag was legally established in an "Annex to the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia" of 16 June 1847, and the relevant part reads as follows: The Flag shall consist of six red stripes alternating with five white stripes arranged in sequence. In the upper corner of the flag next to the staff is a square, blue canton covering the first five stripes, and in the centre of blue is a white star. The proportions were fixed at 10:19 by a Flag Law (amending a previous Code of Law of an unknown date and) approved by the National Legislature on 11 April 1961, together with details of the design and the shades of red and blue. The relevant Sections read as follows: Description of the Flag: The National Flag of the Republic shall consist of eleven horizontal red and white stripes. The stripes shall alternate and the first and the last shall be red. There shall be a square blue canton extending from the left top corner of the Flag to the bottom of the third red stripe, and a large five-pointed star superimposed in the exact centre of the blue canton. Distinguishing characteristics of the Flag: The following shall be the distinguishing characteristics of the Flag: - The exact shade of blue in the Flag shall be Navy Blue, which symbolizes liberty, justice and fidelity; - The exact shade of the white in the Flag shall be pure white, meaning the chromatic color of the highest brilliance and symbolizing purity, cleanliness and guilelessness; and, - The exact shade of red in the flag shall be ruby red, which signifies steadfastness, valor and fervor. Sizes and general uses of the Flag: The following shall constitute the different sizes and uses of the Flag: - Garrison Flag 29 feet × 39 feet. - Port Flag 10 feet × 19 feet - Storm Flag 5 feet × 9 feet 6 inches - Interment Flag as Storm Flag - Vehicle Flag Note larger than 14 inches in the fly. Christopher Southworth, 17 Mar 2004 Most modern sources agree on 10:19 ratio of the flag, but older sources seem to ignore it, as well as the relative size of the canton and the star within. So [neu92] has 2:3 image, and [gmc17] has an image that measures 20×33 mm. Today it seems it is taken for granted that the canton is square, but the two other sources has the canton about 2:3 and 4:5 respectivly. They all agree that the height of the canton is five stripes. The star seems to be inscribed in a circle with diameter about 3 stripes width (though with minor differences in all three soruces). Željko Heimer, 09 May 2002 As you can see there is no size given in the laws for the star only the instruction that it should be «large». Christopher Southworth, 17 Mar 2004 Flaggenbuch (1939-1941) [neu92] shows the National flag, but with proportion 2:3 instead of 10:19. Ivan Sache, 01 Jun 1999 This flag has the number 764 in the flag number of National Geographic Magazine (1917.10) [gmc17]. Željko Heimer, 10 May 2002 One of Smith’s books describes the flag from 1827, based on US flag, but with a white cross instead of the stars. The proclamation of independence arose out of an incident in 1845 when the British captured a Liberian ship flying that flag, considered illegal by the British. Željko Heimer, 01 May 1996 I read a book at my library written by an American missionary who visited Liberia shortly after its declaration of independence. He describes this flag, which bears a Christian cross (bottom arm of double length), but describes a British vessel as the first to salute it. In fact, the first salute was refused by the Liberians because it occurred on the Sabbath, so the whole scene was replayed by the British captain on Monday. Flag salutes were a big deal in those days; it was tantamount to recognition by a foreign nation. Steve Kramer, 02 May 1996 The original (1827) flag of Liberia had a white cross on a blue canton. I presume this was changed to the current single star when Liberia became independent in 1845. Liberia may be the only country in the world to have gained independence because of its national flag. British warships operating against the slave trade in West Africa didn’t recognize the Liberian flag and so in order to legitimize it (the flag) the territory was declared Stuart A. Notholt, 20 Sep 1996 Smith [smi80] says «Liberia had had a flag since 1827. Understandably, the American flag constituted the basic design except that a white cross substituteed for the stars. In 1845 a Liberian ship flying that flag was seized by British authorities for lack of a recognized ensign; to give this flag international standing the decision was made to proclaim Liberian independence.» The flag was altered by reducing the number of stripes to 11 and replacing the cross with a single white star 26 July Dave Martucci, 21 Apr 1997

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In the early 1900s, most people traveled between cities by rail. In some U.S. cities, people still commute via regular, fixed-rail service. In California, however, intra-city rail has gone through a number of cycles. In the 1990s, it began a resurgence with a number of different intra-city (between cities) rail routes. The San Diegan train service carried nearly 1.6 million passengers in 1998. The route between San Luis Obispo on the north - through Los Angeles and to San Diego, in the south - carried an average of 130,000 passengers monthly. The San Joaquin provides service between Sacramento and Oakland and then Bakersfield via Stockton and Fresno. Ridership totaled more than 665,000 in 1998, with an average of 55,422 passengers a month. The Capitol runs on a route that links San Jose, Oakland, and Sacramento/Roseville. A total of 469,119 passengers traveled that route in 1998. The Caltrain seems to be growing in popularity on the peninsula between San Francisco and San Jose. The ridership reached an all time high of 8.6 million passengers in 1998. Since becoming operational in 1992, ridership on the Metrolink has increased each year. In 1998, a total of 6.7 million passengers were served. The commuter train system connects commuters living and working in six Southern California counties: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego and Ventura. For more on California intra-city rail transportation, contact Amtrak California. Other on-line resources: Amtrack California Map

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