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History 122 Women in Modern research guide has been developed by your instructor and librarian to help you complete your final project. Your assignment: Students may write a report of 4-7 pages of actual body on the papers on a significant American woman. The goal of this project is to teach the students how to find scholarly source history material on the Internet. This is an Internet search project. The report must contain citation of Internet sources within the body of the paper. Almanac of Famous People - A Comprehensive Reference Guide to More than 25,000 Famous and Infamous Newsmakers from Biblical Times to the Present source is a bibliography of articles or other reference sources 3 contains chronological, geographic and occupation indexes useful for selecting a person CT 214 G74 1987 volumes 1 to 5 Lives from History - American Series 5 to 6 page article on individual article contains Early Life, Lifes Work, Summary and Bibliography on the person Bibliography is very useful in finding books and essays CT 3202 C66 1989 Continuum Dictionary of Womens Biography articles have abbreviated bibliographies Index by Categories" in the back of the book is useful for selecting a person CT 3260 N57 volumes 1 to 3 American Women 1607 to 1950 1 to 2 page article on individuals article has a bibliography to other sources List of Selected Biographies in the back of the book E 185.86 B542 volumes 1 & 2 Women in America - A Historical Encyclopedia articles give a picture of the individual articles have useful bibliography Women in the United States: A Chronology (p.1309) and List of Biographical Entries (p.1353) in the back of volume 2 is useful for selecting a person to both volumes also in the back of volume 2 (p.1381) A: Womens History on pages 35 - 38 is useful for selecting a person HQ 1410 H36 1999 of American Womens History brief articles on topics as well as on individuals article has very useful bibliography in the back of the book; Bold type indicates name of article. type indicates name of topic within the article. For primary sources on the Internet, see the selective list of websites below: American Women's History: Research guide American Women's History: finding rimary sources Civil War Women: Primary sources on the Internet African American women: Primary sources on the Internet National Women Hall of Fame. American Women in history American Slave Narratives Beginnings to 1920 The southern experience in 19th century America slave narratives, memoirs, diaries of women and men. Maintained by University of North Carolina at Chapel the legacy - The Women's Rights Movement, 1984-1998. online archival collection maintained by Special Collections at Duke University Designed to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Women's Rights Movement, launched at the worlds' first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Includes history of the movement, detailed timeline, list of women's organizations, curriculum ideas. Biographies of women ancestors. Suffrage and the 19th Amendment Primary sources, maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration. and Social Movements In the United States (1830-1930) Introduction to a collection of primary documents posed and answered by students at SUNY-Binghamton. History Magazine vol2 Articles and biographies focusing on women and work. - American Women: A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States An expanded and searchable version of the print publication American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2001). Memory From the Library of Congress, the American Memory project is a collection of digitized documents, photographs, recorded sound, moving pictures and text from the Library of Congress Americana collections. There are over 70 collections included in the project. Go the the American Memory website and search a particular topic or browse through the collections. Women in baseball Primary sources of women in baseball. Women's suffrage (1820-1920) History websitesLibraries, Archives, and Research

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needle biopsy n. Removal of a specimen for biopsy by aspirating it through a needle or trocar that pierces the skin or the external surface of an organ and continues into the underlying tissue to be examined. Also called aspiration biopsy. |a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.| |a children's mummer's parade, as on the Fourth of July, with prizes for the best costumes.|

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a friend, a Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, whose father, Elimelech, had settled in the land of Moab. On the death of Elimelech and Mahlon, Naomi came with Ruth, her daughter-in-law, who refused to leave her, to Bethlehem, the old home from which Elimelech had migrated. There she had a rich relative, Boaz, to whom Ruth was eventually married. She became the mother of Obed, the grandfather of David. Thus Ruth, a Gentile, is among the maternal progenitors of our Lord (Matt. 1:5). The story of "the gleaner Ruth illustrates the friendly relations between the good Boaz and his reapers, the Jewish land system, the method of transferring property from one person to another, the working of the Mosaic law for the relief of distressed and ruined families; but, above all, handing down the unselfishness, the brave love, the unshaken trustfulness of her who, though not of the chosen race, was, like the Canaanitess Tamar (Gen. 38:29; Matt. 1:3) and the Canaanitess Rahab (Matt. 1:5), privileged to become the ancestress of David, and so of 'great David's greater Son'" (Ruth 4:18-22).

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(CNN) -- Gray goo or the future of medicine? CNN spoke to Naomi Halas, a professor at Rice University in Texas, about nanotechnology and her work on nanoshells, tiny particles that may hold the key to curing cancer. CNN: What exactly is nanotechnology? Naomi Halas works in nanophotonics, the interaction of nanostructures and light Naomi Halas: Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of everything at the nanometer scale. It's a bunch of different fields all united by working at the same length scale. CNN: Tell us about the field you work in. NH: My major interest is the interaction of nanostructures and light. It's a field within nanotechnology called nanophotonics and it's a very special, rapidly growing field because it has within it many practical applications for nanotechnology that range across a whole variety of different disciplines, from things like biomedical diagnostics to faster computer architectures. CNN: What does your work focus on? NH: We invented a nanoparticle called nanoshells. They have really quite unusual and special optical properties. If you were to look at them, they look like malted milk balls. They have glass cores and a thin metal shell -- the crunchy part of a malted milk ball is glass and the chocolate part is the metal shell. That's a very important geometry, because if we can control the relative size of the inner and outer layer of the shell we can tune what wavelength of light that particle absorbs. When light hits a nanoparticle then the nanoparticle converts the light to heat and literally focuses light around itself and heats the local surroundings. We can use that effect for photothermal heating in tumors to induce cell death. (Read more on how Professor Halas's nanoshells work.) CNN: What stage is your work at? NH: The work that we've done on photothermal cancer therapy has been extensively studied in animals -- rats, rabbits, mice -- and has now extended into large animals. We're anticipating that human trials will be undertaken at some point this calendar year, sometime in 2007. CNN: Does the medical world embrace this new way of treating cancer? NH: I've been quite surprised by how positively people have responded. People need to remember that people come into medicine because they want to alleviate human suffering. In general, when exposed to a new technology you have people who get very excited about it because they realize this is something that will actually help them achieve their goal. If we can make cancer a simple and manageable disease, as opposed to a disease that causes so much loss and grief in society, that's very exciting for people. CNN: Do you think the patients -- the public -- are ready for nanoscale technology? NH: There have been some unfair misrepresentations of nanoscale technology. Science fiction is delightful entertainment, but now nanotechnology really is a field and successes are being achieved in the laboratory, and one can really see what it does do. Unfortunately, nanotechnology has gotten off to a start that has caused controversy - it's been labeled in many ways as a controversial or fearful new technology, and I believe very strongly that's a misrepresentation. Of course we should be careful about our environment, but we're already dealing with conventional chemicals and conventional issues that relate to environmental contamination that will very likely far outweigh problems introduced by nanotechnology. CNN: What sort of environmental impact do your nanoshells have? NH: I know that our own nanoparticles are benign: they are essentially biocompatible, because they are made with gold. Gold is a highly biocompatible substance. They are non-toxic particles -- you could eat them, you could drink them, you could put them in your bloodstream and there's no harm whatsoever. When these particles are eventually approved for cancer therapy, they would, in fact, be the first non-toxic cancer therapy. Currently, all cancer therapies are toxins. They're poisons. For example, if you have a chemotherapy drug, as it passes through the bloodstream it destroys blood cells, sometimes to a great degree, en route to the tumor. It will eventually destroy the tumor as well, but chemotherapy drugs are so potent because they are toxins. This would be, by contrast, a completely different type of therapy because it's non-toxic. It would pass through the bloodstream essentially unrecognized by your immune system. Then, arriving at the tumor site, it would be completely inactive until the specific wavelength of light is shone onto the particles. They absorb light, do their photothermal task and destroy those local cells, and they would eventually leave the body through the liver. CNN: So there are no side effects? NH: One would anticipate that the side effects for a non-toxic therapeutic like this would be minimal. Of course, doctors don't determine the choice of treatment based on side effects: they determine a treatment based on whether a patient will survive -- what's the likelihood that health will resolve and that we can sustain this person and remove the cancer. CNN: What sort of success rate are you seeing with nanoshells? NH: In this case, we have tremendously high remission rates for treatment in animals -- above 90%. The only times when there have been tumors that have not been destroyed have been when the tumor was not recognized in the first place and so it was not irradiated. |Most Viewed||Most Emailed|

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The Fourth Estate (or fourth estate) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media; especially print journalism or "The Press". Thomas Carlyle attributed the origin of the term to Edmund Burke, who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of Press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain. Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the British queens consort (acting as a free agent, independent of the king), and to the proletariat. The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three Estates of the Realm. The Press In current use the term is applied to the Press, with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship: Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. In Burke's 1787 coining he would have been making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament: The Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the Commons. If, indeed, Burke did make the statement Carlyle attributes to him, the remark may have been in the back of Carlyle's mind when he wrote in his French Revolution (1837) that "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable." In this context, the other three estates are those of the French States-General: the church, the nobility and the townsmen. Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: Thomas Macknight, writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a teller at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate". If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are Henry Brougham speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824 and Thomas Macaulay in an essay of 1828 reviewing Hallam's Constitutional History: "The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm." By 1835, when William Hazlitt (another editor of Michel de Montaigne—see below) applied the term to an individual journalist, William Cobbett, the phrase was well established. Oscar Wilde wrote: |“||In old days men had the rack. Now they have the Press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism.||”| In United States English, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the "fourth branch of government", a term that originated because no direct equivalents to the estates of the realm exist in the United States. The "fourth estate" is used to emphasize the independence of the Press, while the "fourth branch" suggests that the Press is not independent of the government. Alternative meanings In European law In 1580 Montaigne proposed that governments should hold in check a fourth estate of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict: What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in a politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr. Latin: quatriesme estat] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...].—Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by John Florio, 1603 The proletariat None of our political writers...take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons...passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community...The Mob. This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as Il quarto stato—The Fourth Estate—in a painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo. A political journal of the left, Quarto Stato, published in Milan, Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning. Far-right theorist Julius Evola saw the Fourth Estate as the final point of his historical cycle theory, the regression of the castes: [T]here are four stages: in the first stage, the elite has a purely spiritual character, embodying what may be generally called “divine right.” This elite expresses an ideal of immaterial virility. In the second stage, the elite has the character of warrior nobility; at the third stage we find the advent of oligarchies of a plutocratic and capitalistic nature, such as they arise in democracies; the fourth and last elite is that of the collectivist and revolutionary leaders of the Fourth Estate. - (Julius Evola, “Men Among The Ruins,” p.164) British Queens Consort In a parliamentary debate of 1789 Thomas Powys, 1st Baron Lilford, MP, demanded of minister William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham that he should not allow powers of regency to "a fourth estate: the queen". This was reported by Burke, who, as noted above, went on to use the phrase with the meaning of "press". In his novel The Fourth Estate Jeffrey Archer wrote "In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the 'Estates General'. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy. The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred commoners." The book is a fictionalization from episodes in the lives of two real-life Press Barons: Robert Maxwell and Rupert Murdoch. See also - Schultz, Julianne (1998). Reviving the fourth estate. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-521-62970-6. - "estate, n, 7b". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. - Carlyle, Thomas (19 May 1840). "Lecture V: The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns". On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History. Six Lectures. Reported with emendations and additions (Dent, 1908 ed.). London: James Fraser. p. 392. OCLC 2158602. - OED: "estate, n, 6a" - "Chapter V. The Fourth Estate", The French Revolution, Sixth, London: Griffith Farrane Browne, pp. 146–148, retrieved November 12, 2009 - Macknight, Thomas (1858). History of the life and times of Edmund Burke 1. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 462. OCLC 3565018. - Ross, Charles (9 June 1855). "Replies to Minor Queries". Notes and Queries (London: William Thoms) 11 (294): 452. Ross (October 1800–6 December 1884) was chief parliamentary reporter for The Times. - Macaulay, Thomas (September 1828). "Hallam's constitutional history". The Edinburgh Review (London: Longmans) 48: 165. - Hazlitt, William (1835). Character of W. Cobbett M. P. Finsbury, London: J Watson. p. 3. OCLC 4451746. "He is too much for any single newspaper antagonist...He is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of the country." - de Montaigne, Michel; Cotton, Charles (1680). Hazlitt, William, ed. The Complete Works of Michael de Montaigne (1842 ed.). London: J Templeman. - Wilde, Oscar (February 1891). "The Soul of Man under Socialism". Fortnightly Review 49 (290): 292–319. - Martin A. Lee and Norman Solomon. Unreliable Sources (New York, NY: Lyle Stuart, 1990) ISBN 0-8184-0521-X - John Florio (tr.) (1603), Michel de Montaigne 1, Folio Society (published 2006), p. 104 - For a more recent translation, see Hazlitt's edition of 1842:"What can be more outrageous than to see a nation where, by lawful custom, the office of a Judge is to be bought and sold, where judgments are paid for with ready money, and where justice may be legally denied him that has not the wherewithal to pay...a fourth estate of wrangling lawyers to add to the three ancient ones of the church, nobility and people, which fourth estate, having the laws in their hands, and sovereign power over men's lives and fortunes, make a body separate from the nobility." (Hazlitt 1842: 45) - Fielding, Henry (13 June 1752). Covent Garden Journal (London) (47)., Quoted in OED "estate, n, 7b". - Paulicelli, Eugenia (2001). Barański, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J., ed. The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. For his painting, Pellizza transferred the action to his home village of Volpedo. - Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1999). Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-674-00053-7. - Edmund Burke, ed. (1792). Dodsley's Annual Register for 1789 31. London: J Dodsley. p. 112. The Whigs in parliament supported the transfer of power to the Regent, rather than the sick king's consort, Queen Charlotte. - "The Fourth Estate", Section V of French Revolution by Thomas Carlyle, as posted in the online library of World Wide School |Look up fourth estate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|

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|Flowers and leaves of Syringa vulgaris| It is a large deciduous shrub or multi-stemmed small tree, growing to 6–7 m (20–23 ft) high, producing secondary shoots ("suckers") from the base or roots, with stem diameters of up to 20 cm (8 in), which in the course of decades may produce a small clonal thicket. The bark is grey to grey-brown, smooth on young stems, longitudinally furrowed and flaking on older stems. The leaves are simple, 4–12 cm (2–5 in) and 3–8 cm broad, light green to glaucous, oval to cordate, with pinnate leaf venation, a mucronate apex and an entire margin. They are arranged in opposite pairs or occasionally in whorls of three. The flowers have a tubular base to the corolla 6–10 mm long with an open four-lobed apex 5–8 mm across, usually lilac to mauve, occasionally white. They are arranged in dense, terminal panicles 8–18 cm (3–7 in) long. The fruit is a dry, smooth brown capsule, 1–2 cm long, splitting in two to release the two winged seeds. Lilacs — both Syringa vulgaris and S. × persica, the finer, smaller "Persian lilac", now considered a natural hybrid — were introduced into European gardens at the end of the sixteenth century, from Ottoman gardens, not through botanists exploring the Balkan habitats of S. vulgaris. The Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, is generally credited with supplying lilac slips to Carolus Clusius, about 1562. Well-connected botanists, like the great herbalist John Gerard, soon had the rarity in their gardens: Gerard notes that he had lilacs growing “in very great plenty” in 1597, but lilacs were not mentioned by Shakespeare, and John Loudon was of the opinion that the Persian lilac had been introduced into English gardens by John Tradescant the elder. Tradescant's Continental source for information on the lilac, and perhaps ultimately for the plants, was Pietro Andrea Mattioli, as one can tell from a unique copy of Tradescant's plant list in his Lambeth garden, an adjunct of his Musaeum Tradescantianum; it was printed, though probably not published, in 1634: it lists Lilac Matthioli. That Tradescant's "lilac of Mattioli's" was a white one is shown by Elias Ashmole's manuscript list, Trees found in Mrs Tredescants Ground when it came into my possession (1662): "Syringa alba". In the American colonies lilacs were introduced in the eighteenth century. Peter Collinson, F.R.S., wrote to the Pennsylvania gardener and botanist John Bartram, proposing to send him some, and remarked that John Custis of Virginia had a fine "collection", which Ann Leighton interpreted as signifying common and Persian lilacs, in both purple and white, "the entire range of lilacs possible" at the time. The lilac is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks, because of its attractive, sweet-smelling flowers, which appear in early summer just before many of the roses and other summer flowers come into bloom. Common lilac tends to flower profusely in alternate years, a habit that can be improved by deadheading the flower clusters after the color has faded and before seeds, few of which are fertile, form. At the same time twiggy growth on shoots that have flowered more than once or twice can be cut to a strong, outward-growing side shoot. It is widely naturalised in western and northern Europe. In a sign of its complete naturalization in North America, it has been selected as the state flower of the state of New Hampshire, because it "is symbolic of that hardy character of the men and women of the Granite State". Additional hardiness, for Canadian gardens, was bred for in a series of S. vulgaris hybrids by Isabella Preston, who introduced many of the later-blooming varieties, whose later-developing flower-buds are better protected from late spring frosts; the Syringa x prestoniae hybrids range primarily in the pink and lavender shades. Most garden plants of S. vulgaris are cultivars, the majority of which do not exceed 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall. Between 1876 and 1927, the nurseryman Victor Lemoine of Nancy introduced over 153 named cultivars, many of which are considered classics and still in commerce today. Lemoine's "French lilacs" extended the limited color range to include deeper, more saturated hues, and they also introduced double-flowered "sports", with the stamens replaced by extra petals. - 'Andenken an Ludwig Späth' - 'Katherine Havemeyer' - 'Madame Lemoine' Syringa vulgaris 'Maréchal Foch' - Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. - Med-Checklist: Syringa vulgaris - Flora Europaea: Syringa vulgaris - Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315. - In second-growth woodlands of New England, a thicket of lilac may be the first indication of the cellar-hole of a vanished nineteenth-century timber-framed farmhouse. - Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2 - The botanic homeland of S. vulgaris was identified in 1828, when naturalist Anton Rocher found truly wild specimens in Balkans . - Their first appearance by name in English print the OED dated to 1625. - Loudon, Arboretum (1838:49), noted in R.T. Gunther, Early British Botanists and their Gardens (Oxford: Frederick Hall) 1922:339. - Written in the endpapers of his copy of John Parkinson's Paradisus, in the Bodleian Library; printed in Gunther 1922:346 - Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century (University of Massachusetts Press) 1986:445 - RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964. - B. Ing, "An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews", in The Mycologist 5.1 (1990:24-27). - New Hampshire Revised Statute Annotated (RSA) 3:5 - Chicago Botanic Garden - Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Syringa vulgaris|

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|President of the Republic of China 20 March 1940 – 10 November 1944 |Vice President||Zhou Fohai| |Succeeded by||Chen Gongbo| |Premier of the Republic of China| 29 January 1932 – 1 December 1935 |Preceded by||Sun Fo| |Succeeded by||Chiang Kai-shek| |1st Chairman of the National Government of the ROC (Guangdong)| |Succeeded by||Tan Yankai| 4 May 1883| Sanshui, Guangdong, Qing Dynasty |Died||10 November 1944 Nagoya, Empire of Japan Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei; 4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944; born as Wang Zhaoming (Wang Chao-ming), but widely known by his pen name "Jingwei" ("Ching-wei")), was a Chinese politician. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), but later became increasingly anti-Communist after his efforts to collaborate with the CCP ended in political failure. His political orientation veered sharply to the right later in his career, after he joined the Japanese. Wang was a close associate of Sun Yat-sen for the last twenty years of Sun's life. After Sun's death Wang engaged in a political struggle with Chiang Kai-shek for control over the Kuomintang, but lost. Wang remained inside the Kuomintang, but continued to have disagreements with Chiang until Japan invaded China in 1937, after which he accepted an invitation from the Japanese Empire to form a Japanese-supported collaborationist government in Nanjing. Wang served as the head of state for this Japanese puppet government until he died, shortly before the end of World War II. His collaboration with the Japanese has often been considered treason against China. His name in both mainland China and Taiwan is now a term used to refer to traitors, similar to "Benedict Arnold" for Americans or "Quisling" for Norwegians. Rise to prominence Born in Sanshui, Guangdong, but of Zhejiang origin, Wang went to Japan as an international student sponsored by the Qing Dynasty government in 1903, and joined the Tongmenghui in 1905. As a young man, Wang came to blame the Qing dynasty for holding China back, and making it too weak to fight off exploitation by Western imperialist powers. While in Japan, Wang became a close confidant of Sun Yat-sen, and would later go on to become one of the most important members of the early Kuomintang. In the years leading up to the 1911 Revolution, Wang was active in opposing the Qing government. Wang gained prominence during this period as an excellent public speaker and a staunch advocate of Chinese nationalism. He was jailed for plotting an assassination of the regent, Prince Chun, and readily admitted his guilt at trial. He remained in jail from 1910 until the Wuchang Uprising the next year, and became something of a national hero upon his release. During and after the Xinhai Revolution, Wang's political life was defined by his opposition to Western imperialism. In the early 1920s, he held several posts in Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Government in Guangzhou, and was the only member of Sun's inner circle to accompany him on trips outside of Kuomintang (KMT)-held territory in the months immediately preceding Sun's death. He is believed by many to have drafted Sun's will during the short period before Sun's death, in the winter of 1925. He was considered one of the main contenders to replace Sun as leader of the KMT, but eventually lost control of the party and army to Chiang Kai-shek. Wang had clearly lost control of the KMT by 1926, when, following the Zhongshan Warship Incident, Chiang successfully sent Wang and his family to vacation in Europe. It was important for Chiang to have Wang away from Guangdong while Chiang was in the process of expelling communists from the KMT because Wang was then the leader of the left wing of the KMT, notably sympathetic to communists and communism, and may have opposed Chiang if he had remained in China. Rivalry with Chiang Kai-shek Leader of the Wuhan Government During the Northern Expedition, Wang was the leading figure in the left-leaning faction of the KMT that called for continued cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party. Although Wang collaborated closely with Chinese communists in Wuhan, he was philosophically opposed to communism and regarded the KMT's Comintern advisors with suspicion. He did not believe that Communists could be true patriots or true Chinese nationalists. In early 1927, shortly before Chiang captured Shanghai and moved the capital to Nanjing, Wang's faction declared the capital of the Republic to be Wuhan. While attempting to direct the government from Wuhan, Wang was notable for his close collaboration with leading communist figures, including Mao Zedong, Chen Duxiu, and Borodin, and for his faction's provocative land reform policies. Wang later blamed the failure of his Wuhan government on its excessive adoption of communist agendas. Wang's regime was opposed by Chiang Kai-shek, who was in the midst of a bloody purge of communists in Shanghai and was calling for a push farther north. The separation between the governments of Wang and Chiang are known as the "Ninghan Separation" (simplified Chinese: 宁汉分裂; traditional Chinese: 寧漢分裂; pinyin: Nínghàn Fenlìe). Chiang Kai-shek occupied Shanghai in April 1927, and began a bloody suppression of suspected communists known as the "White Terror". Within several weeks of Chiang's suppression of communists in Shanghai, Wang's leftist government was attacked by a KMT-aligned warlord and disintegrated, leaving Chiang as the sole legitimate leader of the Republic. KMT troops occupying territories formerly controlled by Wang conducted massacres of suspected Communists in those areas: around Changsha alone, over ten thousand people were killed in a single twenty day period. Fearing retribution as a communist sympathiser, Wang publicly claimed allegiance to Chiang and fled to Europe. Political activities in Chiang's government Between 1929 and 1930, Wang collaborated with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan to form a central government in opposition to the one headed by Chiang. Wang took part in a conference hosted by Yan to draft a new constitution, and was to serve as the Prime Minister under Yan, who would be President. Wang's attempts to aid Yan's government ended when Chiang defeated the alliance in the Central Plains War. In 1931, Wang joined another anti-Chiang government in Guangzhou. After Chiang defeated this regime, Wang reconciled with Chiang's Nanjing government and held prominent posts for most of the decade. Wang was appointed premier just as the Battle of Shanghai (1932) began. He had frequent disputes with Chiang and would resign in protest several times only to have his resignation rescinded. As a result of these power struggles within the KMT, Wang was forced to spend much of his time in exile. He traveled to Germany, and maintained some contact with Adolf Hitler. The effectiveness of the KMT was constantly hindered by leadership and personal struggles, such as that between Wang and Chiang. In December 1935, Wang permanently left the premiership after being seriously wounded during an assassination attempt a month earlier. During the 1936 Xian Incident, in which Chiang was taken prisoner by his own general, Zhang Xueliang, Wang favored sending a "punitive expedition" to attack Zhang. He was apparently ready to march on Zhang, but Chiang's wife, Soong Meiling, and brother, T.V. Soong, feared that such an action would lead to Chiang's death and his replacement by Wang, so they successfully opposed this action. Wang accompanied the government on its retreat to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). During this time, he organized some right-wing groups under European fascist lines inside the KMT. Wang was originally part of the pro-war group; but, after the Japanese were successful in occupying large areas of coastal China, Wang became known for his pessimistic view on China's chances in the war against Japan. He often voiced defeatist opinions in KMT staff meetings, and continued to express his view that Western imperialism was the greater danger to China, much to the chagrin of his associates. Wang believed that China needed to reach a negotiated settlement with Japan so that Asia could resist Western Powers. Alliance with the Axis Powers In late 1938, Wang left Chongqing for Hanoi, French Indochina, where he stayed for three months and announced his support for a negotiated settlement with the Japanese. During this time, he was wounded in an assassination attempt by KMT agents. Wang then flew to Shanghai, where he entered negotiations with Japanese authorities. The Japanese invasion had given him the opportunity he had long sought to establish a new government outside of Chiang Kai-shek's control. On 30 March 1940, Wang became the head of state of what came to be known as the Wang Jingwei regime based in Nanjing, serving as the President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government (行政院長兼國民政府主席). In November 1940, Wang's government signed the "Sino-Japanese Treaty" with the Japanese, a document that has been compared with Japan's Twenty-one Demands for its broad political, military, and economic concessions. In June 1941, Wang gave a public radio address from Tokyo in which he praised Japan, affirmed China's submission to it, criticised the Kuomintang government, and pledged to work with the Empire of Japan to resist communism and Western imperialism. Wang continued to orchestrate politics within his regime in concert with Chiang's international relationship with foreign powers, seizing the French Concession and the International Settlement of Shanghai in 1943, after Western nations agreed by consensus to abolish extraterritoriality. The Government of National Salvation of the collaborationist "Republic of China", which Wang headed, was established on the Three Principles of Pan-Asianism, anti-communism, and opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. Wang continued to maintain his contacts with German Nazis and Italian fascists he had established while in exile. In March 1944, Wang left for Japan to undergo medical treatment for the wound left by an assassination attempt in 1939. He died in Nagoya on 10 November 1944, less than a year before Japan's surrender to the Allies, thus avoiding a trial for treason. Many of his senior followers who lived to see the end of the war were executed. Wang was buried in Nanjing near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, in an elaborately constructed tomb. Soon after Japan's defeat, the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek moved its capital back to Nanjing, destroyed Wang's tomb, and burned the body. Today the site is commemorated with a small pavilion that notes Wang as a traitor. Life under the Wang Jingwei Regime Chinese under the regime had greater access to coveted wartime luxuries, and the Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods, and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce in Japan proper, but consumer goods became more scarce after Japan entered World War II. In Japanese-occupied Chinese territories the prices of basic necessities rose substantially as Japan's war effort expanded. In Shanghai of 1941, they increased elevenfold. Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist Government-controlled Republic of China, and grew increasingly so as the war turned against Japan (c. 1943). Local residents resorted to the black market in order to obtain needed items or to influence the ruling establishment. The Japanese Kempeitai, Tokkō, collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese all worked to censor information, monitor any opposition, and torture enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the Tewu, was created with the aid of Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centres, concentration camps, and kamikaze training centres to indoctrinate pilots. Since Wang's government held authority only over territories under Japanese military occupation, there was a limited amount that officials loyal to Wang could do to ease the suffering of Chinese under Japanese occupation. Wang himself became a focal point of anti-Japanese resistance. He was demonised and branded as an "arch-traitor" in both KMT and Communist rhetoric. Wang and his government were deeply unpopular with the Chinese populace, who regarded them as traitors to both the Chinese state and Han Chinese identity. Wang’s rule was constantly undermined by resistance and sabotage. The strategy of the local education system was to create a workforce suited for employment in factories and mines, and for manual labour. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to the Chinese. Complaints and agitation called for more meaningful Chinese educational development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centres were built in order to instill Japanese culture and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war. Post-war assessment and legacy For his role in the Pacific War, Wang has been considered a traitor by most post-World War II Chinese historians in both Taiwan and mainland China. His name has become a byword for "traitor" or "treason" in mainland China and Taiwan. The mainland's communist government despised Wang not only for his collaboration with the Japanese, but also for his anti-communism, while the KMT downplayed his anti-communism and emphasised his collaboration and betrayal of Chiang Kai-shek. The communists also used his ties with the KMT to demonstrate what they saw as the duplicitous, treasonous nature of the KMT. Both sides downplayed his earlier association with Sun Yat-sen because of his eventual collaboration. Wang was married to Chen Bijun and had six children with her, five of whom survived into adulthood. Of those who survived into adulthood, Wang's eldest son, Wenjin, was born in France in 1913. Wang's eldest daughter, Wenxing, was born in France in 1915, and is now living in New York. Wang's second daughter, Wang Wenbin, was born in 1920. Wang's third daughter, Wenxun, was born in Guangzhou in 1922, and died in 2002 in Hong Kong. Wang's second son, Wenti, was born in 1928, and was sentenced in 1946 to imprisonment for being a hanjian. - Chiang Kai-shek - Sun Yat-sen - Japanese Empire - Second Sino-Japanese War - Reorganized National Government of China - Huang Yiguang, and his assassination attempt on Wang Jingwei - The Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Eds. Howard L. Boorman and Richard C. Howard,(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), p. 369. - The Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Eds. Howard L. Boorman and Richard C. Howard,(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 370–371. - Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. - Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p.34. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved 12 March 2011. - Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. PhD Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, p. 118. - Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. PhD Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, p. 148. - Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. - Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p.38. Retrieved 12 March 2011. - Gillin, Donald G. "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911–1930" The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 19, No. 3, May, 1960. p. 293. Retrieved 23 February 2011. - "CHINA: President Resigns". TIME Magazine. 29 September 1930. Retrieved 24 February 2011. - Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p.66. Retrieved 12 March 2011. - Cheng, Pei-Kai, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan D. Spence (Eds.) The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection, W.W. Norton and Company. (1999) pp. 330–331. ISBN 0-393-97372-7. - Wang Jingwei. "Radio Address by Mr. Wang Jingwei, President of the Chinese Executive Yuan Broadcast on 24 June 1941" The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection. Cheng, Pei-Kai, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan D. Spence (Eds.). W.W. Norton and Company. (1999) pp. 330–331. ISBN 0-393-97372-7. - Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. p. 449. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. - "Wang Ching-wei". Encyclopædia Britannica. - Lifu Chen and Ramon Hawley Myers. The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993. p. 141. (1994) - Frederic Wakeman, Jr. “Hanjian (Traitor) Collaboration and Retribution in Wartime Shanghai.” In Wen-hsin Yeh, ed. Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 322. - Wang Ke-Wan, “Irreversible Verdict? Historical Assessments of Wang Jingwei in the People’s Republic and Taiwan.” Twentieth Century China. Vol. 28, No. 1. (November 2003), 59. - David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu, eds.; Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation Stanford University Press 2001. - Gerald Bunker, The Peace Conspiracy; Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937–1941 Harvard University Press, 1972. - James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945 M. E. Sharpe, 1992. - Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945 University of Michigan Press, 1982. - Wen-Hsin Yeh, "Wartime Shanghai",Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wāng Jīngwèi| - Japan's Asian Axis Allies: Chinese National Government of Nanking |Party political offices| |Chairman of Central Executive Committee of Kuomintang (Nanjing) |Premier of the Republic of China

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One way to improve the way your students treat the computers is by encouraging ownership of the equipment. You can do this by assigning computers to individual students at the beginning of the year (or quarter if you are teaching an elective). The students can then be held accountable for any damage that occurs to the computers. It is a good idea to hold an orientation at the beginning of the term to discuss the rules for computer use in your classroom. One of the most important rules is to not allow any type of drink or food in the computer area. A spill from a soft drink can completely destroy a computer. At the orientation, you should also go over basic functions of the computer so that your students know how to properly take care of the computer.

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21st October 1600 has the Battle of Trafalgar has the American Civil War The battle of Sekigahara is Japan’s most notorious, and it was certainly one of the largest (if not the largest) in its recorded history. It was the culmination of the civil war between Tokugawa Ieyasu, daimyo of the Kanto plain and his rival Ishida Mitsunari. Mitsunari had hoped to catch his adversary in a pincer movement, between his Western Army and the forces of Uesugi Kagekatsu. While Ieyasu moved to counter the latter, his army could move up to threaten Ieyasu’s base at Edo. However Ieyasu moved against Ishida, taking Ogaki Castle and allowing him to move rapidly West along the Nakasendo road. In order to stop the Eastern Army’s advance, Mitsunari had to give battle to his foe. On the day of the battle, the two opposing armies were fairly balanced in terms of size - around 85,000 each. Both the Western and Eastern armies were larger as a whole, but sections of them had been delayed by fighting elsewhere. For Ieyasu, his son Tokugawa Hidetada’s army was slowed down by laying siege to the Sanada clan in Ueda. On Mitsunari’s side, divisions were tied up in the siege of Otsu and Tanabe castles. There was little difference in terms of fighting ability or equipment. By this time, both sides were using muskets, originally imported by the Dutch and later copied in Japan. Bows were still in use but considered somewhat quaint by many samurai. Mitsunari and part of his forces took up positions on the Nakasendo near the village of Sekigahara. The rest were deployed on the high ground ready to trap Ieyasu. Kobayakawa Hideaki stood above Ishida's right side, forming a V-shape, ready to crash into the Eastern flank. Further to the east, Kikkawa Hiroie commanded the Mori and a taskforce to come from the rear. This was the old Chinese tactic - the "Crane's Wings". It was an excellent plan but did not account for treachery. Though the armies may have been mostly equal in terms of size, they were not equal in terms of unity. The Western army was mostly bound together to fight for Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son, not for their loyalty to Mitsunari. On the other hand, Ieyasu's forces were loyal to him himself, actually defying the "law" as it were. Though it was a pretext to further his own aims, Mitsunari was technically fighting for the legal heir. Perhaps the most crucial turncoat was also the youngest. Kobayakawa Hideaki was only 17 at Sekigahara but the cause of his defection lay even earlier. At the age of 15 he had been appointed commander of the army in Korea in 1597. When the generals quarrelled and subsequently caused the collapse of the campaign, Mitsunari had blamed Hideaki. Ieyasu, however, had defended him. Hideaki remembered this. Also, his mother suggested siding with Ieyasu, when he went to her for advice. Kikkawa Hiroie had been more loyal to the Western cause. However as the result of a slight by Ishida to the Mori, forcing their clan leader Mori Terumoto to stay out of the fight, he sent a secret message to Ieyasu. The Mori would not fight for him but neither would they engage the Eastern army. On the morning of the 21st, fog lay heavily across the battlefield, such that when it burned off, the lead elements of each side found themselves no more than a quarter of a mile apart. Who gave the order to attack is unclear but sometime after 8am, 30 horsemen from the Eastern army moved to attack. These were the "Red Devils" of Ii Naomasa, so-called because they were clad head to foot in red. Even their lances were lacquered red. They fell against Ukita Hideie, causing another section of the line to attack in competition. Though the honour of leading the charge was rightfully Lord Fukushima's, his samurai were forced to join in the attack. Other daimyo joined in the assault. 20,000 men alone moved against Mitsunari's position. The fighting was horrendous as the attackers tried to break through the rings of defences around the command position. Battle was joined across most of the line across the Nakasendo. However Hideaki, the Mori and Shimazu had not yet joined in the fighting. Despite desperate signals and messages from Mitsunari, the forces did not engage. Kikkawa Hiroie of the Mori had decided to betray him, and Hideaki was undecided. However old Shimazu Yoshihiro merely decided not to come to Mitsunari's aid. Later on in the battle his forces were engaged by the Eastern army - he was no traitor. The reason for this inaction was due to a slight the night before. He had suggested a night attack but had been shouted down by Mitsunari's strategist, Shima Sakon, who called it cowardice. Mitsunari had not defended him, so he would not now. The crunch came when Hideaki joined the fray, sometime after 12pm. Ieyasu was determined to force him into the battle, so he ordered his musketeers to fire on the position just behind him. It spurred him into action and he fell upon Otani Yoshitsugu of the Western army. Yoshitsugu had placed divisions to deal with a flank attack, however these were engaged at the time. The buffer began to crumple and more Western commanders joined in the attack on their allies. Seeing the futility of the situation, Yoshitsugu, nearly blind and badly disabled, ordered a retainer to cut his head off. Yuasa Goro did as his master commanded and then hid the head, to stop it being taken as a trophy. Then he committed seppuku. The turncoats now fell upon Ukita Hideaki and the other Western positions. They had not prepared for treachery and were already hard-pressed. Confusion and fear raged amongst the Western ranks - the front started to crumble. Mitsunari, many of his best commanders slain, withdrew. The Western army began to retreat en-masse. The day was Ieyasu's. Mitsunari was eventually captured and executed. Ieyasu could now take Osaka Castle and remove the only possible threat to his control - Hideyoshi's son Hideyori. However many of the daimyo who had fought with Ieyasu were endebted to Hideyori's father. So Hideyori was allowed to remain in Osaka with the provinces of Izumi, Kawachi and Settsu. In 1603 Ieyasu promised his 6 year-old grand-daughter as Hideyori's wife. It wasn't until 1615 that Ieyasu finally laid siege to Osaka Castle, on the pretext of being insulted at the poor wording of a prayer bell cast by Hideyori. Many of the Western daimyo joined Ieyasu. Hideyori committed seppuku and his clan were destroyed. The battle played a great part in determining the future pecking order of daimyo and samurai during the Tokugawa Shogunate. Loyal retainers were given prime lands, whereas those who had opposed him were sometimes moved to remote areas, or fiefs with little income. After Sekigahara Ieyasu confiscated lands from 90 families - some 6.5 million koku, an incredible sum of money. Much of it filled Tokugawa coffers but many daimyo were rewarded for their help in the final battle. Hideaki received lands worth 520,000 koku, though he died only two years later and the lands returned to Ieyasu. But it was in 1603 that Ieyasu received the greatest prize possible. Emperor Go-Yozei granted him the title of Shogun and official dominion over Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries. At first Mitsunari looked to have been very unlucky to lose the battle. He had the superior plan and his enemy had no choice but to face him. However we must look at the events surrounding the battle to understand the reason for his demise. Mitsunari was cunning at politics but in one way, he was too clever, too devious. He made too many enemies or insulted too many allies - for example the Shimazu and Mori were loyal until they were slighted. The Western army as a whole was united only by a vague sense of duty to Hideyoshi's heir. On the other hand, the Eastern army was united behind Ieyasu. He was supposedly prone to bursts of anger, yet he was still diplomatic enough to keep his men loyal. As a result, Mitsunari's forces were far more open to betrayal than Ieyasu's. Ieyasu may have been banking too much on the planned defections, yet he was perceptive enough to know how sincere the turncoats were. Had he been unsure of their loyalty, doubtless he would have been more careful in the execution of his attack. As it was, he had been making his battle plans long in advance of the battle. Mitsunari ultimately failed because he was too short-sighted. Anthony Bryant, Sekigahara 1600

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Posters at War All the participants in World War I used posters to mold public opinion. The best of these had certain traits in common - simplicity of message and the ability to stir the emotions. Their immediate goals were varied - to raise money, to conserve food or resources, to promote enlistment or to instill patriotic fervor, to name a few. Placed at railway stations, bus stops, theaters, schools or any place that people may gather, their message could not be ignored. |"Enlist", a poster issued shortly after the sinking of the Luisitania The poster campaign in the United States actually began before America entered the war. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania brought pressure on Congress and President Wilson to increase America's "preparedness" for war. Evoking memories of the Lusitania tragedy and challenging young men to "prepare" for their country, the campaign was successful. In the summer of 1915, the War Department opened a training camp at Plattsburgh, NY where Regular Army officers operated a Boot Camp for the sons of well-to-do businessmen. The expenses of the camp where paid for by the trainees. |Recruiting poster used during the "preparedness" Within days after Congress declared war against Germany in April 1917, Charles Dana Gibson (creator of the "Gibson Girl") gathered a group of artists who pledged their talents to the promotion of the war effort. The organization was soon absorbed into the Committee on Public Information set up by President Wilson under the title of the Division of Pictorial Publicity. Extending from coast to coast, the Division of Pictorial Publicity enlisted the cream of the crop of artistic talent in the United States: N.C. Wyeth, Howard Chandler Christy, James Montgomery Flagg and a young Norman Rockwell among them. The organization eventually included over 300 artists, all volunteers and all unpaid. By war's end the organization submitted seven hundred poster designs to the U.S. government resulting in the printing of hundreds of thousands of posters. |Poster for the 3rd Liberty Loan The artists' immediate task of whipping up enthusiasm for the war was made difficult by Wilson's victory in the election of 1916. Wilson won on a campaign slogan of "He kept us out of war." Wilson's margin of victory was close, so close that it took three days before the election results were finalized. In the end he won by only twenty-three electoral votes. The anti-war movement was strong in the country and constituted much of Wilson's political support. A good deal of the early propaganda effort was therefore devoted to explaining why the country must fight. Pitz, Henry, 200 Years of American Illustration (1977); Rawls, Walton, Wake Up America, World War I and The American Poster (1988). How To Cite This Article: "Posters at War," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2000).

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|Description: This map of Florida shows railroad lines for the Atlantic Coast Line: the Standard Railroad of the South, current to the mid-1900s. Routes from Jacksonville to Tampa are indicated. The dashes lines represent branch lines, while the solid ones indicate through car lines. Each stop is marked with a white dot. | Place Names: 1950-1999, Jacksonville, Saint Johns River, Palatka, Magnolia Springs, Crescent City, De Land, Sandford, Lakeland, Tampa, Saint Petersburg, Dunnellon, Rochelle, Burnetts Lake, Green Cove Springs, Leesburg, Kissimmee, Haines City, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, ISO Topic Categories: boundaries, transportation, inlandWaters, oceans Keywords: Atlantic Coast Line, physical, political, transportation, swamps, everglades, wetlands, physical features, county borders, railroads, boundaries, transportation, inlandWaters, oceans, Unknown,mid 1900s Source: , (Chicago, IL: Poole Bros., 1900) Map Credit: Courtesy the private collection of Roy Winkelman.

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