Datasets:

reflex-ai

/

fineweb-ultra-mini

like 1

Follow

Reflex AI 1

- Historic Sites A Spirit and Power Far Beyond Its Letter The Emancipation Proclamation opened the door for Pennsylvania's African-American soldiers Summer 2010 | Volume 60, Issue 2 “My hand is almost paralyzed,” he explained to startled onlookers. “If my name ever goes down in history, it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles when I sign the Proclamation, all who examine the document will say, ‘He hesitated.’” After a few moments, he took up the pen again, and, as one witness remembered, “slowly, firmly wrote that ‘Abraham Lincoln’ with which the whole world is now familiar. He looked up, smiled, and said: ‘That will do.’” For African American men who had long wished to take up arms for their country, the Emancipation Proclamation lifted the barriers that had held them back. The document promised that “such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.” In August 1863 Lincoln prepared a speech to give to his old neighbors in Springfield, Illinois, defending the Emancipation Proclamation and the new corps of black soldiers it had encouraged. Ultimately the president did not travel to his hometown Union rally, but he asked a neighbor to read these tough words: There would be some black men, he warned, “who can remember that, with silent tongue, and clenched teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have helped mankind on to this great consummation; while, I fear, there will be some white ones, unable to forget that, with malignant heart, and deceitful speech, they have strove to hinder it.” Frederick Douglass, too, understood how important it was that African Americans could take up arms to defend their country. Around the same time that Lincoln was writing his message to Springfield, Douglass was working to enlist black men in the Union army. “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship,” Douglass wrote. He knew that the proclamation would never stand the test of time as literature, line by line. But Douglass read between the lines. Even though Lincoln’s most important piece of writing had been inspired, Douglass insisted, by “the low motive of military necessity,” he ultimately realized it was “a little more than it purported.” In that legalistic document Douglass sensed a “spirit and power far beyond its letter”—one that placed “the North on the side of justice and civilization, and the rebels on the side of robbery and barbarism.”

<urn:uuid:3573a638-4cf8-4f6f-a174-64ce38ea2de1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanheritage.com/content/spirit-and-power-far-beyond-its-letter?page=2&nid=96327

2013-05-22T08:21:38Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Switching Colors with Electricity Electrochromic materials can be used in glare reduction, energy conservation and chameleonic fabrics A low jolt of electricity has an unusual effect on certain materials: It changes their color. Such electrochromic materials may change color, darken or go clear in response to the current, and then maintain that change when the power is switched off. A second jolt can completely reverse the change. The reaction occurs due to the chemical process of oxidation and reduction (collectively called redox processes), where electrons are lost or gained, respectively. Redox causes a shift in the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum where the chemical will absorb light, and such shifts in the visible region induce color changes. The effect has been observed since the early 19th century, but Mortimer describes recent experiments to elucidate the cause, as well as how materials are being engineered for practical use. Current commercial devices include car mirrors and plane windows that dim automatically to reduce glare. Proposed applications include multicolor displays, protective eyewear, camouflage materials and chameleonic fabrics. Go to Article

<urn:uuid:ff15369f-4b46-4609-b499-b439bcc10dd8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2013/1/switching-colors-with-electricity

2013-05-22T08:26:29Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Slicing a Cone for Art and Science Albrecht Dürer searched for beauty with mathematics Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), master painter and printmaker of the German Renaissance, never regarded himself as a mathematician. Yet he used geometry to uncover nature’s hidden formulas for beauty. It was concern for young artists that motivated Dürer to write an ambitious handbook for all species of artists. “The ancients have shown that one can cut a cone in three ways and arrive at three differently shaped sections,” Dürer writes. “… I want to teach you how to draw them.” The curves themselves would accompany a revolution in astronomy. Silver explains that Dürer used geometry to search for beauty, but he never regarded mathematics as a substitute for aesthetic vision. It was a tool to help the artist avoid errors. However, the Painter’s Manual demonstrates that mathematics and, in particular, geometry, meant much more to Dürer. His efforts would influence mathematicians including Cardano and Tartaglia as well as scientists such as Galileo and Kepler. Go to Article

<urn:uuid:e1050cc0-8319-4e1a-94bf-637c68025b8c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.15908/issue.aspx

2013-05-22T07:55:13Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Macquarie Island science Macquarie Island is a breeding place for millions of seabirds, mostly penguins. The island is home for 25 bird species, including four penguin species. Seals, including the world's largest species, the elephant seal, also haul out on the beaches for breeding, so biological sciences are high on the program. Other scientific programs undertaken on Macquarie Island include upper atmosphere physics, geoscience, medicine, meteorology and climate change studies. More information on current science programs at Macquarie Island is available by search.

<urn:uuid:04d2f37d-d7ae-4f1c-9756-d8aa4fd44ad8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/stations/macquarie-island/macquarie-is-science

2013-05-22T08:26:32Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What is natural gas? Gas is a reliable, cleaner-burning fuel. It is flexible and plentiful and underpins growing domestic and export production sectors. Natural gas is also known as methane. It is found in several different types of rocks, including sandstone, coal seams and shales. Uses of gas Of all fuel types, gas offers the best combination of abundance, cleanness, affordability, reliability and flexibility. Gas is used to generate electricity and to power appliances such as heaters and stoves. It is also important in many industrial processes, including making fertilisers, glass, steel, plastics, paint, fabrics and many other products. The Australian gas industry Australia’s rapidly expanding gas industry is driving enormous investment in this country, creating hundreds of thousands of jobs and delivering more than $7 billion a year in tax revenue. Australia has an estimated 400 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves (enough to power a city of 1 million people for 8000 years). Geologists are optimistic that exploration will uncover more gas to add to this base.

<urn:uuid:e3cba7ed-e79e-406a-baae-03503842d685>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.appea.com.au/oil-gas-explained/oil-and-gas/what-is-natural-gas/

2013-05-22T08:33:29Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Related Essay(s):Degree VII Lecture 1. What is the practical value of justice? 2. What personal qualities should ideally be exhibited by a judge or member of a jury? 3. "Punishment is not the execution of a sentence but the occurrence of an effect". — Albert Pike. a. Illustrate by example how the natural consequences of a wrong action might be construed as punishment. b. In what circumstances may it be necessary to modify "natural" justice by "human" justice? 4. "God will not interpose between the cause and its consequence; and in that sense there can be no forgiveness of sins." — Albert Pike. Consider whether and how this assertion can be reconciled with your personal religious beliefs. 5. "Repentance for a wrong done bears, like every other act, its own fruit, the fruit of purifying the heart and amending the Future; but not of effacing the Past." — Albert Pike. How much importance should be given to repentance as an objective of "human" punishment systems? 6. "The power of gentleness is too little seen in the world." — Albert Pike. Does this statement have any relevance to the causes of, and appropriate reactions to, terrorism? 7. In what respects, if any, would the views expressed in this lecture help you to become a better judge, juror, colleague, or neighbour?

<urn:uuid:fac47b05-738c-4295-bc2e-5436c8de3ca0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ardue.org.uk/university/questions/q07.html

2013-05-22T08:01:24Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- PART 2 OF ALL WORKSHOPS & TUTORIALS - ART CLINIC - COLOUR MIXING - PAUL'S GALLERY A. Solid colour can only be achieved by forcing the pastel into the texture (tooth) of the pastel paper. These soft, dark areas of solid colour are an excellent foil to the staccato highlight strokes. Keep unfocussed so that the highlights can be seen sharply against them. B. Stark black becomes more acceptable when overlaid with other colours. Different pressures on the overlaid colour determine the degree to which the black shows through. Even when heavily covered, its presence darkens the C. The secret of transparency is simply to allow colours and values to show through from behind the glass. Highlights thenestablish the sharp reflective edges of the cut crystal. D. Allowing the pastel to ride the texture of the paper, rather than pushing it fully into its bed, encourages the surface of the paper to become a textural feature. The colour of the paper, peeping through, is also allowed to play its part. E. White works as a colour against the coloured pastel paper. Here it provides a sparkling light, which defines the edge of the glass (negative drawing - a drawing of the space rather than the object). F. Definition along the silhouette edge of the glass varies from hard to soft, dark to light. The glass is hard, but the surface at the edge is moving away. Should the edge become too hard, the glass will 'lift' from its background. Too soft and the hard material will seem like range demands use of black for accents. |Black is enriched by overlaying middle value colours. solidifies colour blocks... colour layers - black re-emerges. value colours to once again add richness to the black. gently into surface gives soft lights (surface mixing). highlights need real pressure to adhere - often causing shape or size of highlights to distort. |If so, scratch away excess with erasing or pen knife. TO THIS WORKSHOP

<urn:uuid:d20d2f8a-10cb-4b8d-8467-0b7933884ac0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.artworkshopwithpaul.com/pastelstutorial.asp

2013-05-22T08:18:23Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What Is Fiber? Dietary fiber is a form of carbohydrate found in plants that cannot be digested by humans. All plants contain fiber, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes. Fiber is often classified into two categories: soluble and insoluble . - Soluble fiber draws water into the bowel and can help slow digestion. Examples of foods that are high in soluble fiber include oatmeal, oat bran, barley, legumes (eg, beans and peas), apples, and strawberries. - Insoluble fiber speeds digestion and can add bulk to the stool. Examples of foods that are high in insoluble fiber include whole-wheat products, wheat bran, cauliflower, green beans, and potatoes. Why Follow a High-Fiber Diet? A high-fiber diet is often recommended to prevent and treat constipation , hemorrhoids , diverticulitis , and irritable bowel syndrome . Eating a high-fiber diet can also help improve your cholesterol levels, lower your risk of coronary heart disease , reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes , and assist with weight loss. How Much Fiber Should I Eat? A high-fiber diet should contain between 20 and 35 grams of fiber a day. This is actually the amount recommended for the general adult population; however, most Americans eat only 15 grams of fiber per day. Digestion of Fiber Eating a higher fiber diet than usual can take some getting used to by your body’s digestive system. To avoid the side effects of sudden increases in dietary fiber (eg, gas, cramping, bloating, and diarrhea), increase fiber gradually and be sure to drink plenty of fluids every day. Tips for Increasing Fiber Intake - Whenever possible, choose whole grains over refined grains (eg, brown rice instead of white rice, whole-wheat bread instead of white bread). - Eat more vegetarian-based meals. Here are some ideas: black bean burgers, eggplant lasagna, and veggie tofu stir-fry. - Choose high-fiber snacks, such as fruits, popcorn, whole-grain crackers, and nuts. - Include whole-grain cereal or whole-grain toast as part of your daily breakfast regime. - When eating out, whether ordering a sandwich or dinner, ask for extra vegetables. High-Fiber Diet Eating Guide |Food Category||Foods Recommended||Notes| |Meats and Beans| |Fats and Oils| |Snacks, Sweets, and Condiments| BC Health Guide Dietitians of Canada Fiber. Harvard School of Public Health website. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/fiber.html . Accessed January 12, 2006. Fiber. The Linus Pauling Institute. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/fiber/ . Accessed January 12, 2006 Fiber facts. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center website. Available at: http://patienteducation.upmc.com/Pdf/FiberFacts.pdf . Accessed January 11, 2006. Shield J, Mullen MC. Patient education materials. Supplement to the Manual of Clinical Dietetics. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2001. Last reviewed May 2008 by Dianne Scheinberg, MS, RD, LDN Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Copyright © 2011 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.

<urn:uuid:8b83f072-930e-4b66-b949-20b53025a7ee>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/getcontent.aspx?cid=%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09111894

2013-05-22T08:14:34Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Monday, December 17, 2012 Should I Make My Kids Apologize? A Parenting Tip... Often reconciliation requires that an offender come back to try to make things right. How do we teach children to handle these situations? Saying "I'm sorry" is a reflection of an emotion that one feels inside. If a child truly feels sorrow for doing the wrong thing, then saying, "I'm sorry" is certainly appropriate. Sometimes children don't believe they’ve done anything wrong. Or they believe that the person offended was also wrong or was the instigator. Of course, even when children believe that they’ve been treated unfairly, they’re still responsible for their part of the problem. A sarcastic answer or a returned punch can't be excused because the other person started it. To avoid having children say one thing (I'm sorry) while feeling something different in their hearts, we encourage children to say, "I was wrong for… Will you forgive me?" This statement doesn't require an emotion but is an act of the will. A child should be required to take responsibility for an offense whether it was provoked or not. Be careful about disciplining only one child in an argument. Both are usually at fault in some way. Trying to figure out who started it rarely leads to peace. Victims are often instigators. Discipline children separately and teach them each how to respond to offenses. When they make a mistake teach them how to admit it and ask for forgiveness.? Of course, older children can learn to say, "I'm sorry" even if they aren't at fault. Sometimes we say it because we're wrong and know it. Other times we apologize because we truly are sorry that the relationship is damaged and we’re saddened that the other person is in pain. That's a great concept to teach teens. Teaching children to admit mistakes and seek to make things right, is an important part of correction. In fact, correction teaches us all valuable things. It’s often in the correction times that heart moments happen. Helping kids respond well to correction is an important part of heartwork. To learn more about the heart and how to parent for heart-change consider the book, Parenting is Heart Work, by Dr. Scott Turansky and Joanne Miller, RN, BSN. If you’d like to learn more about helping your kids develop a positive view of correction, consider the children’s curriculum, Treasure Hunters. In these lessons we teach children about the treasures hidden in correction.

<urn:uuid:2c846b75-7a60-4036-b118-6de800aea18d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.biblicalparenting.info/2012/12/should-i-make-my-kids-apologize.html

2013-05-22T08:19:50Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Best Known For Marxist Cuban political leader Fidel Castro helped lead the Cuban Revolution, and served as president of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. A look at the CIA's failed attempts at the assassination of Fidel Castro. A brief look at Fidel Castro and the Cuban Missile Crisis. CIA and a Cuban brigade planned an invasion on Castro and Cuba, but the plan quickly unravelled. A brief history of the Cuban Revolution and the rise of Fidel Castro. Think you know about Biography? Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.Play Now During this time, Castro repeatedly denied being a Communist, but to many Americans, his policies looked like Soviet-style control of the economy and government. In April 1959, Castro and a delegation visited the United States as guests of the National Press Club. Castro hired a renowned public relations firm to help promote his tour. President Dwight Eisenhower, however, refused a meeting with him. That May, Castro signed the First Agrarian Reform Law, which limited the size of land holdings and forbade foreign property ownership. The intent was to develop a class of independent farmers. In reality, this program led to state land control with the farmers becoming mere government employees. By the end of 1959, Castro's revolution had become radicalized, with purges of military leaders and the suppression of any media critical of Castro's policies. Castro's government also began to establish relations with the Soviet Union. The USSR sent more than 100 Spanish-speaking advisers to help organize Cuba's defense committee. In February 1960, Cuba signed a trade agreement to buy oil from the Soviet Union and established diplomatic relations. U.S.-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil, so Castro expropriated the refineries. The United States retaliated by cutting Cuba's import quota on sugar. This began a decades-long contentious relationship between the two countries. The year 1961 proved to be pivotal in Castro's relationship with the United States. On January 3, 1961, outgoing president Dwight Eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations with the Cuban government. On April 16, Castro formally declared Cuba a socialist state. The following day, 1,400 Cuban exiles invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow the Castro regime. The incursion ended in disaster; hundreds of the insurgents were killed and nearly 1,000 were captured. Though the United States denied any involvement, it was revealed that the Cuban exiles were trained by the Central Intelligence Agency and armed with U.S. weapons. Decades later, the National Security Archive revealed that the United States had begun planning an overthrow of the Castro government as early as October 1959. The invasion was conceived during the Eisenhower administration and inherited by President John F. Kennedy, who reluctantly approved its action but denied the invaders air support in hopes of hiding any U.S. participation. Castro was able to capitalize on the incident to consolidate his power and further promote his agenda. On May 1, he announced an end to democratic elections in Cuba and denounced American imperialism. Then at year's end, Castro declared himself a Marxist-Leninist and announced the Cuban government was adopting communist economic and political policies. On February 7, 1962, the United States imposed a full economic embargo on Cuba, a policy that continues to this day. Castro intensified his relations with the Soviet Union by accepting further economic and military aid. profile name: Fidel Castro profile occupation: Sign in with Facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons. Your Friends' Connections Included In These Groups Political Criminals 7 people in this group Hispanic Political Figures 25 people in this group Because they're in the public eye, celebrities are subject to being the butt of many jokes, and on the Internet, it seems the best way to knock 'em dead is to ... well, claim that they're dead. Among the most famous celebrity death hoaxes, favorites include Bill Cosby, Margaret Thatcher, Barack Obama, Britney Spears, Sean Connery, Eddie Murphy and Morgan Freeman, among many others. Celebrity Death Hoaxes 51 people in this group

<urn:uuid:ced81920-cb70-42cc-8f14-b28fd95099e9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.biography.com/people/fidel-castro-9241487?page=3

2013-05-22T08:26:33Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Classification & external resources Dysthymia is a mood disorder that falls within the depression spectrum. It is typically characterized by a lack of enjoyment or pleasure, clinically referred to as anhedonia, that continues for an extended period. Dysthymia differs from major depression in that the former is both longer-lasting and less disabling. Dysthymia can prevent a person from functioning effectively, disrupt sleep patterns, and interfere with activities of daily living (ADLs). Many dysthymia sufferers have a more specific subtype called Atypical depression. Dysthymia sufferers exhibit fairly mild symptoms on a day-to-day basis. Over a lifetime the disorder may have more severe effects, such as a high rate of suicide, work impairment, and social isolation. The psychiatric term describing a personality with opposite characteristics to dysthymia is hyperthymia. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, characterizes Dysthymic disorder as a chronic depression, but with less severity than a major depression. The essential symptom involves the individual feeling depressed almost daily for at least two years, but without the criteria necessary for a major depression. Low energy, disturbances in sleep or in appetite, and low self-esteem typically contribute to the clinical picture as well. Sufferers have often experienced dysthymia for many years before it is diagnosed. People around them come to believe that the sufferer is 'just a moody person.' Note the following diagnostic criteria: - During a majority of days for 2 years or more, the patient reports depressed mood or appears depressed to others for most of the day. - When depressed, the patient has 2 or more of: - Appetite decreased or increased - Sleep decreased or increased - Fatigue or low energy - Poor self-image - Reduced concentration or indecisiveness - Feels hopeless or pessimistic - During this 2 year period, the above symptoms are never absent longer than 2 consecutive months. - During the first 2 years of this syndrome, the patient has not had a Major Depressive Episode. - The patient has had no Manic, Hypomanic or Mixed Episodes. - The patient has never fulfilled criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder. - The disorder does not exist solely in the context of a chronic psychosis (such as Schizophrenia or Delusional Disorder). - The symptoms are not directly caused by a general medical condition or the use of substances, including prescription medications. - The symptoms cause clinically important distress or impair work, social or personal functioning. As with other forms of depression, a number of treatments exist for dysthymia. Doctors most commonly use psychotherapy, including cognitive therapy, to help change the mind-set of the individual affected. Additionally doctors may prescribe a variety of antidepressant medications For mild or moderate depression, the American Psychiatric Association in its 2000 Treatment Guidelines for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder advises psychotherapy alone or in combination with an antidepressant as possibly appropriate. |WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioural disorders (F · 290–319)| |Neurological/symptomatic||Dementia (Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia) · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome| |Psychoactive substance||alcohol (drunkenness, alcohol dependence, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse) · opiods (opioid dependency) · sedative/hypnotic (benzodiazepine withdrawal) · cocaine (cocaine dependence) · general (Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal)| |Psychotic disorder||Schizophrenia (disorganized schizophrenia) · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder| |Mood (affective)||Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia| |Anxiety disorder (Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety) · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder (Ganser syndrome) · Somatoform disorder (Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia) · Neurasthenia| |Eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) · Sleep disorder (dyssomnia, insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, night terror, nightmare) · Sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, dyspareunia, hypersexuality) · Postpartum depression| |Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation| |Mental retardation||Mental retardation| |Specific: speech and language (expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp) · Scholastic skills (dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome) · Motor function (developmental dyspraxia)| Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome |Behavioural and emotional,| childhood and adolescence onset |ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech (stuttering · cluttering)|

<urn:uuid:3667a74b-5824-464e-ab3b-0e5512f43c2c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Dysthymia.html

2013-05-22T08:12:26Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Despite their rapid adoption and major contribution to the reduction of operating costs, disposables are misunderstood by many. By their very nature, disposables must be manufactured in a manner that minimizes costs. In theory, at least, disposables should not cost any more than it would to use the corresponding reusable item one time. This is where the advantages of disposables lie. However, the cost of using an item once cannot be estimated simply by dividing it by the number of expected uses. The cost of recycling, which usually involves cleaning and storing, also must be considered. The requirements for a cleaning validation, storage space and facilities for this recycling will often add a significant cost. When disposables were introduced to the quality control laboratory, one of the first areas of savings was in cleaning costs. Previously, many large laboratories had full-time dishwashers who worked in a central facility or circulated among specialty laboratories. In organizations too small to gain the efficiency of a dedicated worker, cleaning consumed considerable amounts of employee time; even when the job was assigned to the most junior analyst, the cost of the work, including periodic breakage, With some measuring devices, a major cost arose from wear and tear that required periodic recalibration or maintenance activities. Pipettes and syringes wear out through slow chemical corrosion or the mechanical abrasion of surfaces. It is necessary to validate the cleaning procedure and prove that the calibrations are maintained when the items are reused. The need for recalibration or proper maintenance often caused difficulties for people who attempted to reuse disposables. Many laboratories found disposables attractive because of their relatively low initial cost, and then, in a misguided attempt to extend their savings, they tried to reuse items that were really designed for a single use. In one laboratory, disposable plastic cuvettes were routinely reused by rinsing them with deionized water, followed by an ethanol rinse to help them dry rapidly. The ethanol leached material from the plastic and eventually caused a change in the surface properties of the cuvettes. The result was that the chromophore was adsorbed on the cuvette surface, and then removed during the rinse. The bound chromophore did not have the same absorbance maximum as the chromophore in solution. The net effect was to change the limit of detection for the assay. The actual effect was to displace the standard curve to the right, along the concentration axis, so that the zero absorbance reading actually occurred at a concentration that was a significant quantity. In this laboratory, the problem was compounded because a standard curve was not used, but the chromophore's extinction coefficient was used to calculate its concentration from a single point reading. A related problem would have arisen if they had run a standard curve, and instructed the software to force the line through zero, as is done in many laboratories. It is easy to understand why a laboratory trying to save money by reusing disposable cuvettes would also use a single-point assay without a standard curve. In this situation, the problem did not come to light until the changed limit of detection was found during a revalidation of the assay. The revalidation occurred only after an FDA investigator "suggested" that a four-year old assay might be due for a revalidation. As might be expected, the company was trying to save money by minimizing While this may seem to be a minor event, the deliberate reuse of disposables has caused many clinically significant problems. These have ranged from missionary hospitals reusing syringes and needles and contributing to an outbreak of Ebola virus, to US hospitals reusing venous catheters and introducing pyrogens into unsuspecting patients. Environmental issues come in two forms. First there are the problems that arise from the sheer quantity of the material that is being discarded. The use of inexpensive glass items such as pipettes and flint glass test tubes produces material that is easy to recycle and is relatively inert even if not recycled. Also, the production of glass is not really depleting the world of critical material. Some plastics are very stable and in this respect they resemble glass; the primary problem they create is one of volume in landfills. Most plastics are made from petroleum, but the amount of petroleum consumed for making plastics is relatively small compared with the amount consumed as fuel.

<urn:uuid:4e6550ee-3e04-4835-a545-c19141158908>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.biopharminternational.com/biopharm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=423543&pageID=1&sk=&date=

2013-05-22T08:02:12Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Observational Trial of Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients on Calcineurin Inhibitors Hepatitis C Virus is constantly evolving genetically, particularly in response to the immune system. This is an observational study to examine if immunosuppressants particularly calcineurin inhibitors taken by transplant patients in order to avoid organ rejection causes predictable changes in the genetics of this virus that might be important in order to treat it effectively. Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional Hepatitis C Virus University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin, Madison Results (where available) - Source: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00819026 - Information obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov on July 15, 2010 Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK). Hepatitis A Virus A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively. INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. Hepatitis A Virus, Human A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route. INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown. The purpose of the study is to investigate the immune response to hepatitis C virus to determine why some people clear the virus and others develop chronic infection. Changes in immune re... PPI-668 is an antiviral agent (a hepatitis C NS5A inhibitor) that is being developed as a potential treatment for hepatitis C virus infection. This study is being done to assess the safet... Acute hepatitis C is a liver disease related to a virus: hepatitis C virus (HCV). The type of Hepatitis C Virus present in Egypt (genotype 4), has the reputation to respond poorly to treat... The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of GB virus C (GBV-C) on the natural history of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in subjects co-infected with HIV and HCV. The o... Individuals with resolved hepatitis B, characterized as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative and hepatitis B core antibody-positive, have latent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection i... We address the observation that, in some cases, patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are cleared of HCV when super-infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). We hypothesise that this phe... The hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus with 4 genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 2 only affect humans and produce epidemic acute hepatitis in endemic regions (Asia and Africa). Genotypes 3 and 4 are considered... ABSTRACT: We reported a 23 years old male with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, discontinued from pegylated interferon/ribavirin combination therapy due to a lack of early virological response. He... Hepatitis C virus infection is a common liver disease worldwide, leading to the development of steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection t...

<urn:uuid:09d22fcf-9bda-46ae-9632-8911ffa626eb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/trial/81215/Observational-Trial-Of-Hepatitis-C-Virus-Infected-Patients-On-Calcineurin-Inhibitors.html

2013-05-22T08:20:34Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Public Register of Environmental Information The Environmental Information Regulations 2004 which came into force on 1 January 2005 give the public access rights to information held by public authorities. The regulations promote the release of as much environmental information as possible to enable increased public participation in environmental decision making. Set out below are a number of links to pages on this website where environmental information can be found. However, please note that not all such information is held by Birmingham City Council and where this is the case then there are links to the relevant public body holding that information. Common Land & Village Greens Pollution from Industry Rights of way Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI's) Eco-Management & Audit Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) Agreements Genetically Modified Organisms

<urn:uuid:32f94dab-90c8-4fd1-be0f-d3d0ae8bb4b5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Environmental-Health%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092716272&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FInlineWrapper&rendermode=live-vS

2013-05-22T08:35:41Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

"Many of the Munster men broke into rebellion in October 1598, and joined themselves with Tyrone's forces, spoiled the country, burnt the villages, and pulled down the houses and castles of the English, against whom (especially the female sex) they committed all abominable outrages. . . The Munster rebellion broke out like lightning, for in one month's space almost all the Irish were in rebellious arms, and the English were murdered, or stripped and banished. After they inflamed Munster with the fire of rebellion the Ulster forces returned back to Tyrone. Tyrone found it easy to stir up revolt, because of the hatred which the Munster lords bear to those English settlers which possessed their ancestors' lands." About the Source Extract from the Itinerary of Fynes Moryson, published in 1617. From 1600-1603 Fynes Moryson was Chief Secretary to Baron Mountjoy, the Lord Deputy of Ireland. He travelled widely in England, Ireland and Europe, collecting stories as he went. His Itinerary was a description of what he saw and heard on his travels. Fynes Moryson was a loyal Englishmen and no friend of the rebels. Also, he did not actually witness many of the events he describes, so historians need to be careful about accepting what he says completely. However, he does seem to accept that in Munster Plantation made rebellion more likely. What were the causes of the rebellion from: a) An Irish point of view? b) An English point of view?

<urn:uuid:f81716ae-7fc6-46b7-9b37-ade4b762dd92>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/uk/ireland/source4/munstrebellion.html

2013-05-22T08:28:43Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

March 20, 2008 UPTON, NY - A new technique for assessing the damage radiation causes to DNA indicates that the spatial arrangement of damaged sites, or lesions, is more important than the number of lesions in determining the severity of the damage. The technique, developed by scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Brookhaven National Laboratory, helps reveal why high-energy charged particles such as the heavy ions in outer space are more potentially harmful than lower-energy forms of radiation such as x-rays and gamma rays. The research could help clarify the risks faced by future astronauts flying long-term missions to the moon or Mars. It will be published in the March 19, 2008 issue of the journal Nucleic Acids Research. The technique uses different colored fluorescent "tags" instead of radioactive ones to monitor repair of damage to DNA, life's genetic instruction molecule. Because these fluorescent tags reduce the amount of hazardous waste associated with the research (and its cost) the Brookhaven scientists, Betsy Sutherland and Brigitte Paap, now at Arizona State University, have been recognized by DOE's Office of Science for their "Best in Class" pollution prevention innovation. "Understanding the effects on humans of radiation exposure - whether in the natural environment, in outer space, in the workplace, or due to radiation therapy - requires insight into the induction and repair of damage to DNA," said Sutherland, an expert in the study of space radiation. "It's very rewarding to come up with a new technique that helps us understand this process while at the same time reducing the waste associated with traditional techniques." Radiation can damage the DNA "double helix" - a two-stranded, twisting molecule - in a variety of ways: 1) by knocking off one or more of the DNA "bases" known by the letters A, T, G, and C, which form the bonds between the two strands of the double helix; 2) by oxidizing these bases; or 3) by breaking through one or both strands. All can result in a failure of the molecule to perform its main task - telling cells which proteins to make. That can lead to out-of-control cell growth (cancer) or death. Cells can often repair radiation-damaged DNA, using specialized enzymes to excise and patch up the damaged segments. But damage from ionizing particle radiation appears to be harder to repair than that caused by lower-energy forms of radiation such as x-rays and gamma rays. Scientists have long hypothesized that the reason for this difference was that the high-energy ionizing particles caused more complex damage containing many lesions close together on the DNA, leading to slower and less-accurate repair. The technique developed by Sutherland and Paap allowed them to test this hypothesis. Sutherland's team found that clustered DNA lesions that occur "upstream" of a reference lesion on the opposite DNA strand (blue marker) are repaired well (indicated by green), while lesions that occur "downstream" or to both sides of the reference lesion are repaired poorly (red). X-rays tend to produce equal numbers of up and downstream lesions, so about half the lesions are readily repaired. High-energy charged particles, on the other hand, produce much more complex two-sided clusters of lesions, making them harder to repair. Using standard techniques of molecular biology, the scientists created synthetic DNA with known lesions in a variety of spatial arrangements with a red fluorescent tag attached to one end of the strand and a green fluorescent tag at the other end. They then applied a DNA repair enzyme, which clips the DNA at damaged sites. The scientists then used gel electrophoresis to separate the fragments according to their length. By looking at the red- and green-tagged bands, and determining their length, the scientists were able to measure how well the repair enzyme recognized and repaired the DNA damage. The results were surprising: Instead of being dependent on the number of lesions, the ability of the repair enzyme to recognize the damaged sites appeared to be most affected by the spatial arrangement of lesions on the DNA strands. The scientists found that the enzyme readily recognized and repaired lesions on one of the DNA's two strands that occurred all to one side of a reference lesion on the opposite strand (think of it as "upstream"). These upstream lesions were successfully repaired regardless of whether there were only two or many lesions in the damage. If the lesions occurred "downstream" from the reference lesion, however, the repair enzyme was unable to work properly, no matter whether the clustered damage was a simple, two-lesion cluster, similar to those caused by x-rays, or a complex multi-lesion cluster like those induced by space radiation. When the lesions occurred in a two-sided cluster both up and downstream from the reference lesion, again the repair enzyme worked poorly. "Since x-rays produce about half upstream, easily repaired clusters and about half downstream, repair-resistant clusters, about half of them would be readily repaired," Sutherland said. "The heavy, charged particles in space radiation, on the other hand, produce much more complex, two-sided clusters, containing so many lesions that most of them are repair-resistant. This directional dependence of the ability to repair lesions explains why damage from charged-particle radiation, such as that encountered in outer space, is more harmful," she said. The technique using fluorescently labeled synthetic DNA fragments replaces a technique in which radioactive isotopes are used as tags. While efficient, radioactive isotopes are more expensive than the fluorescent tags. Also, using radioactive tracers requires frequent preparation of freshly labeled DNA, and disposal of the experimental samples as hazardous waste - which further increases the cost of the research. Fluorescently labeled molecules can be stored frozen for long periods. So the new method minimizes waste generation and improves worker safety by avoiding the handling of radioactive material. The technique may now be used throughout the DOE labs and in universities and industry, and may be considered for other awards, including the White House "Closing the Circle" award competition. This research was funded by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the National Space Biomedical Institute; the National Institutes of Health; and the Brookhaven Lab Pollution Prevention Program. 2008-760 | Media & Communications Office

<urn:uuid:5bd5393a-b5db-4cb3-b3e9-20cf87447989>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=1760

2013-05-22T08:18:59Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A Northern invasion of Virginia and of Kentucky, if necessary, carrying along with it the Canadian line of African freedom, as it must do from the very nature of civil war, will produce a powerful Union reaction. The slave population of the border States will be moved in two directions. One branch of it, without the masters, will be moved Northward, and the other branch, with the masters, will be moved Southward, so that, by the time the Northern army will have penetrated to the centre of the border slave States, they will be relieved of the substance and abstract rights of slave property for all time to come. Finally, the revolted States having appealed to the sword of revolution to redress their wrongs, may soon have to choose between submission to the Union or the bloody extinction of slavery, from the absence of any law, any wish, any power for its protection.— Ibid, April 20. By land and water, if she places herself in the attitude of rebellion, Maryland may be overrun and subdued in a single week, including the extinction of slavery within her own borders; for war makes its own laws. We are less concerned about Washington than about Maryland. Loyal to the Union, she is perfectly safe, negroes and all; disloyal to the Union, she may be crushed, including her institution of slavery. Let her stand by the Union, and the Union will protect and respect her— slavery and all.—Ibid, April 21. Virginia, next to Maryland, will be subjected to this test. She has seceded, and hence she will probably risk the breaking of every bone in her body. If so, we fear that every bone in her body will be broken, including her backbone of slavery. The day is not far off when the Union men of the revolted States will be asked to come to the relief of their misguided brethren, for, otherwise, the war which they have chosen to secure their institution of slavery may result in wiping it out of existence.—Ibid, April 23. In advance of this movement, President Lincoln should issue his proclamation, guaranteeing the complete protection of all loyal Union men and their property, but warning the enemies of the Government of the dangers of confiscation, negroes included. If Virginia resists, the contest cannot last very long, considering her large slave population, which will either become fugitives or take up arms against their masters.—Ibid, April 24. That we are to have a fight, that Virginia and Maryland will form the battle-ground, that the Northern roughs will sweep those States with fire and sword, is beyond peradventure. They have already been excited to the boiling point by the rich prospect of plunder held out by some of their leaders, and will not be satisfied unless they have a farm and a nigger each. There is no sort of exaggeration about these statements, as the people of the border States will shortly ascertain to their cost. The character of the coming campaign will be vindictive, fierce, bloody, and merciless beyond parallel in ancient or modern history.—Ibid, April 28.

<urn:uuid:a4ee706a-ec7c-4562-b243-380c915decc1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17971/12.html

2013-05-22T07:57:52Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Quiz: Chapter 1 to Chapter 5 |Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________| This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. Multiple Choice Questions Directions: Circle the correct answer. 1. What common factor is there in all of the writings the narrator reads about women? a) Nothing. Each scholar has a differing opinion on them. b) They all claim that women are inferior. c) They are all written by women. d) They are all written by the same person. 2. In Chapter 2, what bill does the narrator give the waiter to pay for her meal? a) Ten shilling. b) One hundred dollar. c) One dollar. d) Five shilling. 3. What does a woman need in order to write fiction, according to Woolf? a) A college education. b) Some money and a room of her own. c) A loving husband. d) A pen and... This section contains 317 words| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

<urn:uuid:874edc9b-3333-4ce9-9ec5-c40ef0990a33>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/roomonesown/quiz1.html

2013-05-22T07:57:41Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Pop-up book of Ancient Egypt, £14.99 Explore / Articles Iron Age Britain: changing ways of eating and drinking Many aspects of life changed in the last one hundred years of the Iron Age in Britain. These changes were most strongly felt in south-eastern England. Aspects of everyday life, such as dress, facial appearance and jewellery altered dramatically. Pottery is the most obvious evidence that eating and drinking changed: the introduction of new and modified pot shapes are evidence for new foods and cooking equipment. The new shapes of pot were wheel-made when previously British pots had been handmade. The type of pots shown are typical of those that might have been used at dinner by a moderately well off Iron Age family living in Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent or West Sussex in about AD 20. Only a hundred years before, a similar family would have dined from very different shaped pots. The tall thin pot is a Butt Beaker. This and the small cone shaped cups were two new shapes of pot used exclusively for drinking alcohol: beer, mead or – less commonly – wine. Beer and mead were also drunk in the centuries before, but not from special vessels. The plate shown was a new innovation and before this time people ate meals from bowls. The food eaten was probably a stew or porridge and several people may have even shared a single bowl. The introduction of plates indicates that the type of food people ate at this time had probably changed: it is difficult to eat stew or porridge from a plate. These new ways of eating and drinking came from north-eastern France. The most powerful people showed their importance by using the finest plates and cups, which were made in what is today France. Such people also used Roman cooking utensils and could import wine and olive oil from Roman Italy or Spain in large transport jars called 'amphorae'. After the Romans conquered Britain in AD 43 these new ways of eating continued and spread with only a few changes. These included the use of mortaria, bowls specially designed for pounding and puréeing ingredients to produce the complex blends of flavours typical of Roman cuisine.

<urn:uuid:e89f7fa9-f6b7-497e-bad3-e863490ab79b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/i/iron_age_britain_changing_way.aspx

2013-05-22T08:19:26Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

For schools and communities seeking to advance their bullying prevention efforts, the importance of developing cultural competency strategies, skills and programs that are inclusive cannot be overstated. In fast-growing mountain communities, impoverished rural areas and inner-city neighborhoods alike, BPI grantees have grappled with enormously complex challenges and issues, including: - Cultural norms that contribute to and reinforce bullying behavior in schools, homes and other settings - Language barriers that hinder communication and partnership building with parents Emerging or previously undetected problems within communities traceable to demographic shifts, differences in socioeconomic status, or conflicting beliefs and traditions. - Following are several examples of efforts on the part of BPI grantees to recognize, value and adapt to the diversity of the children and families they serve. Lowry Family Center Lowry Family Center’s programs include after-school groups for children and youth in two predominantly black northeast Denver neighborhoods who are at risk of bullying and other aggressive behavior. The character-education curriculum that Lowry initially chose was Words Can Heal, which promotes respect, tolerance and awareness that “what we say, and how we say it” matters. But as they moved forward, the Lowry staff grew increasingly concerned that the curriculum was neither culturally relevant nor age-appropriate for the group of teens they were working with. - The center has taken a number of steps to address this challenge, including: - Creating its own program, Cool Heads for Cool Youth, that uses some of the same strategies of the Words Can Heal program - Hiring an African-American male to co-facilitate sessions, and providing additional training for staff - Augmenting the curriculum with activities such as a presentation and group discussion of the movie “Crash,” and bringing in guest speakers with diverse backgrounds and perspectives. African Community Center (ACC) ACC’s Youth Outreach/Anti-Bullying Project is designed to help the growing number of African refugee youth in northeast Denver schools and neighborhoods avoid and limit bullying behavior. Refugee youth, according to ACC staff, are often fearful of “mainstream” African-American youth, who are so often portrayed in movies and on television as gang members. At the same time, mainstream black teenagers typically are unaware of the many challenges that refugee youth are facing, and can’t fathom why the newcomers dress differently and don’t seem to understand American culture. ACC is focusing on several strategies to reduce these conflicts, including (1) teaching refugee youth proper hygiene and day-to-day living skills and (2) sponsoring workshops for mainstream teens at two high schools that serve a large number of African refugee youth. Back to top Children’s Health Foundation The Roaring Fork Valley region of Colorado has experienced an increase in immigrant and Spanish-speaking families. To help students address the different cultural dynamics that exist in schools and communities, the Children’s Health Foundation (CHF) committed to increasing dialogue on the value of diversity and fostering understanding across cultures. As part of its bullying prevention efforts, CHF has developed intercultural awareness/anti-bias trainings for high school students. It invited an intercultural diversity trainer from Florida, Dee Palazzo of Perspectives Unlimited Inc., to spend two full days with about 25 high school students. The training was focused on identifying the strengths of individual differences, and finding ways in which the students were more similar than initially thought. They were then encouraged to discuss what was happening at their school and what forms of bias and prejudice existed. After the training, the group was charged with creating a follow-up plan and has subsequently decided to have student-led discussions and activities on diversity as part of their homeroom classes. As the intercultural work has progressed, CHF has invited Palazzo back to train school staff in how to conduct such workshops on their own. This “training of trainers” model will allow teachers to not only have their own personal insights into cultural competency, but also be able to sustain the work with students from year to year. Back to top

<urn:uuid:2ec5bebd-75db-47ba-bd5c-91bed6969371>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bullyingprevention.org/index.cfm/ID/20

2013-05-22T08:26:07Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Book Description: A painter and architect in his own right, Giorgio Vasari (1511-74) achieved immortality for this book on the lives of his fellow Renaissance artists, first published in Florence in 1550. Although he based his work on a long tradition of biographical writing, Vasari infused these literary portraits with a decidedly modern form of critical judgment. The result is a work that remains to this day the cornerstone of art historical scholarship. Spanning the period from the thirteenth century to Vasari’s own time, the Lives opens a window on the greatest personalities of the period, including Giotto, Brunelleschi, Mantegna, Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian. This Modern Library edition, abridged from the original text with notes drawn from earlier commentaries, as well as current research, reminds us why The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects is indispensable to any student interested in Renaissance art.

<urn:uuid:49d83469-4f5d-4cd1-9df0-bca76a4c23a1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.campusbooks.com/books/arts-photography/general/9780375760365_Giorgio-Vasari_The-Lives-of-the-Most-Excellent-Painters-Sculptors-and-Architects-M.html

2013-05-22T08:29:42Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

© 2005-2012 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). All rights reserved worldwide. Lung cancer affects more than 200,000 Americans each year. Although cigarette smoking is the main cause, anyone can develop lung cancer. Lung cancer is always treatable, no matter the size, location, whether the cancer has spread, and how far it has spread. About the lungs When a person inhales, the lungs absorb oxygen from the air and bring the oxygen into the bloodstream for delivery to the rest of the body. As the body's cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide. The bloodstream carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs, and the carbon dioxide leaves the body when a person exhales. The lungs contain many different types of cells. Most cells in the lung are epithelial cells. Epithelial cells line the airways and produce mucus, which lubricates and protects the lung. The lung also contains nerve cells, hormone-producing cells, blood cells, and structural or supporting cells. About lung cancer There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. Small cell lung cancer begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. The term “small cell” refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A cancerous tumor is a collection of a large number of cancer cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body in a process. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes, the tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Lymph nodes are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body. The natural flow of lymph out of the lungs is toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. The stage of lung cancer is determined by the location and size of the initial lung tumor and whether it has spread to lymph nodes or more distant parts of the body. The type of lung cancer (NSCLC versus small cell) and stage of the disease (discussed later in Staging) determine what type of treatment is needed. Find out more about basic cancer terms used in this section. Looking for More of an Overview? If you would like additional introductory information, explore these related items on Cancer.Net: - ASCO Answers Fact Sheet: Read a one-page fact sheet (available in PDF) that offers an easy-to-print introduction for this type of cancer. - Cancer.Net En Español: Read about lung cancer in Spanish. Infórmase sobre cáncer de pulmón en español. Or, choose “Next” (below, right) to continue reading this detailed section. To select a specific topic within this section, use the icon panel located on the right side of your screen.

<urn:uuid:14f8a7db-e186-44ba-ba80-ad6798bfd2fd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/lung-cancer

2013-05-22T08:27:29Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Other common name(s): vegan, ovo-vegetarian, lactovegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, fruitarian. (People who eat mainly plant-based foods but include small amounts of certain meats sometimes call themselves semi-vegetarian, partial vegetarian, pesci-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, pescetarian, flexitarian, and other names) Scientific/medical name(s): none Vegetarianism is the practice of eating a diet consisting mainly or entirely of food that comes from plant sources such as grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. Vegetarian diets vary widely. Some people use no animal products at all, while others who describe themselves as vegetarian may eat dairy products, eggs, or even fish and poultry. Some studies have linked vegetarian diets to lower risk for heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer. A strictly vegetarian diet must be properly planned to be sure it provides all the required nutrients. How is it promoted for use? Many proponents believe a vegetarian diet promotes health because it contains less saturated fat, protein, and cholesterol than diets in which both plant and animal foods are eaten. Vegetarian diets also provide more fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other phytochemicals (plant chemicals) than diets that contain meat (see Phytochemicals). Some vegetarians believe it is more natural for humans to eat plant-based foods. Still others choose to reduce or stop using animal products because of religious, cultural, moral, or philosophical reasons. What does it involve? All vegetarian diets include plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and fruits, but they vary based on whether and what kinds of animal products are consumed. For example, a vegan diet excludes all animal products such as meat, fowl, fish, dairy, and eggs. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet adds dairy products and eggs; a lacto-vegetarian diet adds only dairy products; and ovo-vegetarian diets add only eggs. One small group of vegetarians called fruitarians eat only raw or dried fruits and fruit vegetables (like tomatoes). They believe that cooking fruit damages its nutritional properties. Fruitarians eat all types of fruits, nuts, and seeds, including non-sweet fruits such as olives, cucumbers, and avocados. Semi-vegetarians may eat mostly plant-based foods with small amounts of fish and/or poultry. Pesci vegetarians add only fish or seafood. Pesci vegetarians also call themselves pesco vegetarians or pescetarians. The macrobiotic diet, which is discussed in a different document, focuses on whole organic grains. It is mainly plant-based, although certain fruits and vegetables are not eaten. Some types of fish may be allowed (see Macrobiotic Diet). What is the history behind it? Vegetarianism has long been a part of many cultures. In the United States, the vegetarian movement began in the mid-1800s. The American Vegetarian Society was founded in 1850. Today, vegetarianism is very popular in the US and abroad because it is thought to be a healthier approach to diet and nutrition. The American Cancer Society's most recent nutrition guidelines recommend eating a balanced diet with an emphasis on plant sources, which includes: - 5 or more servings of vegetables and fruit each day - choosing whole grains over processed and refined grains - limiting processed meats and red meats - balancing calorie intake with physical activity to get to or stay at a healthy weight - limiting alcohol intake For more information, see ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention, which is online at www.cancer.org. Or you can get a copy by calling our toll-free number. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) also recommends a diet that balances food intake with exercise and includes plant foods like fruits and vegetables to decrease cancer risk. Because vegetarianism is becoming more common, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) has put out a position paper that supports its benefits. The ADA reported that in 2006, around 2.3% of US adults surveyed -- nearly 5 million -- followed vegetarian eating plans. They also reported a 2005 survey of children that showed 3% of 8 to 18 year-olds were vegetarian. What is the evidence? Studies that look at people and their habits have linked vegetarian diets with a decreased risk of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and colon cancer. A review of studies looked at the effects of vegetarian diets among Seventh-Day Adventists, whose religious doctrine advises against eating animal flesh. The review found that Seventh-Day Adventists had less heart disease and fewer cases of some types of cancer than most people. For instance, vegetarians tended to have lower rates of prostate and colon cancer. On average, Seventh-Day Adventist males had serum cholesterol levels and blood pressures that were lower than average. And, their overall cancer death rate was about half that of the general population. The overall cancer death rate of females was also lower. The report cautioned that abstinence from tobacco and alcohol was very likely responsible for some of the health effects that are often credited to vegetarian diets in Seventh-Day Adventists. A study that looked at groups of people in Germany found the death rate for colon cancer was lower among moderate and strict vegetarians compared with that of the general population. The authors of this study also noted vegetarians tend to be more health conscious than average. In Great Britain, a 17-year study followed 11,000 vegetarians and health-conscious people. They concluded that eating fresh fruit every day was linked to a significant reduction in deaths from ischemic heart disease, stroke, and all causes of death combined. Another population study found men who ate a diet rich in grains, cereals, and nuts had a lower risk of prostate cancer. In 1991, two nutritionists studying the benefits and risks of vegetarian diets reported that vegetarians are not necessarily healthier than non-vegetarians. They found that well-planned omnivorous diets (which include meats) can provide health benefits as well. The nutritionists also pointed out that many vegetarians adopt a healthier lifestyle, including more physical exercise and not smoking. These factors would likely improve the overall health of vegetarians and account for part of the health benefit that was first thought to be due to their diet. To look at these other health factors, a study published in 2005 compared more than 1,000 German vegetarians with nearly 700 health-conscious non-vegetarians over a 21-year period. This study found that there were no major differences between the groups in terms of death and disease, although the vegetarians had slightly less heart disease. Both groups were healthier than the general population, in part due to less smoking and more physical activity. Most human evidence about vegetarianism consists only of studies that observe people (observational studies) and their risk for various diseases such as cancer. These studies don't test different diets; they only look at what people are already doing. Because of this, the studies often can't control for non-food differences (like exercise and other healthy habits) between vegetarians and other people. Very few clinical studies have been reported in which people are put on different diets and studied over time. A few studies of men with prostate cancer have reported that major life changes including vegetarianism, exercise, and stress reduction can slow the rise in blood PSA levels. How much the vegetarian diet contributed to these benefits remains unproven. Are there any possible problems or complications? Strict vegetarians, such as vegans (who eat no animal products at all), must be careful to eat enough protein. Other nutrients that may be missing from some vegetarian diets include vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and iron (see Calcium, Vitamin B, Vitamin D, and Zinc). Some health care professionals consider vegan diets potentially risky, especially for infants, toddlers, and pregnant women. The American Dietetic Association (ADA) now holds the position that even children can be vegetarians if the diet is planned and set up properly. But the ADA also says that anyone who plans to be a vegetarian should be assessed by a registered dietitian before starting. This is because vegetarians vary greatly in what they actually eat, and some will not get all the nutrients they need. Seeing a dietitian is even more important for children and pregnant women. Vegan diets must be carefully planned to be sure that enough nutrients are consumed to ensure normal growth and development. Vegan women who breastfeed their infants may want to take supplements containing sufficient vitamin B12. Severe B12 deficiencies in breast-fed infants of vegan mothers have caused failure to thrive, poor brain development, and other serious problems. A person who switches to a vegetarian diet may increase the amount of dietary fiber consumed, which can cause short term problems like bloating, discomfort, and gas. Dietitians suggest a gradual rather than quick diet change. Relying on this type of treatment alone and avoiding or delaying conventional medical care for cancer may have serious health consequences. More information from your American Cancer Society The following information on complementary and alternative therapies may also be helpful to you. These materials may be found on our Web site (www.cancer.org) or ordered from our toll-free number (1-800-ACS-2345). The ACS Operational Statement on Complementary and Alternative Methods of Cancer Management Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. A Report to the National Institutes of Health on Alternative Medical Systems and Practices in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1994. NIH publication 94-066. American Dietetic Association. Vegetarian Lifestyle. Accessed at www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=6372 on March 2, 2010. American Dietetic Association. Position of the ADA: Vegetarian Diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:1266-1282. Accessed at www.eatright.org on March 2, 2010. Chang-Claude J, Hermann S, Eiber U, Steindorf K. Lifestyle determinants and mortality in German vegetarians and health-conscious persons: results of a 21-year follow-up. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2005;14:963-968. Dingott S, Dwyer J. Vegetarianism: healthful but unnecessary. Accessed at www.quackwatch.org/03HealthPromotion/vegetarian.html on March 3, 2010. Fraser GE. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3 Suppl):532S-538S. Frentzl-Beyme R, Chang-Claude J. Vegetarian diets and colon cancer: The German experience. Am J Clin Nutr.1994;59:1143S-1152S. Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Olendzki BC, et al. Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1637-1647. Key TJ, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775-779. Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:254-281. Ornish D, Weidner G, Fair WR, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;174:1065-1069. Saxe GA, Major JM, Nguyen JY, et al. Potential attenuation of disease progression in recurrent prostate cancer with plant-based diet and stress reduction. Integr Cancer Ther. 2006;5:206-213. Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:761-764. US Department of Agriculture. Vegetarian Diets. Accessed at www.mypyramid.gov/tips_resources/vegetarian_diets.html on March 2, 2010. Note: This information may not cover all possible claims, uses, actions, precautions, side effects or interactions. It is not intended as medical advice, and should not be relied upon as a substitute for consultation with your doctor, who is familiar with your medical situation. Last Revised: 05/13/2010

<urn:uuid:51c72c95-3316-493f-a3a5-4fd774a7684b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/dietandnutrition/vegetarianism

2013-05-22T07:55:59Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Anthropologists at the University of Texas at Austin say they’ve discovered a previously unknown species of fossil primate in the Devil’s Graveyard badlands of West Texas. Researchers say the bones discovered at the site belong to Mescalerolemur horneri, a small lemur-like animal belonging to an extinct primate group — the adapiforms — from the Eocene Epoch about 43 million years ago. “These Texas primates are unlike any other Eocene primate community that has ever been found in terms of the species that are represented,” said physical anthropologist Chris Kirk. “The presence of both Mescalerolemur and Mahgarita, which are only found in the Big Bend region of Texas…is significant because it provides further evidence of faunal interchange between North America and East Asia during the Middle Eocene.” Researchers say the fossils show Mescalerolemur was a small primate, weighing only about 13 ounces (370 grams). The fossils’ dental anatomy reveals a close evolutionary relationship with adapiform primates from Eurasia and Africa, including a German fossil primate previously claimed to be a human ancestor. However, the discovery of Mescalerolemur provides further evidence that adapiform primates like Darwinius are more closely related to living lemurs and bush babies than humans. Mescalerolemur‘s lower jaws were two separate bones with a joint along the midline, a common trait for lemurs while Mahgarita stevensi, the closest fossil relative of Mescalerolemur, had a completely fused jaw joint like that of humans. Image: Mescalerolemur horneri's partial right lower jaw (scale = 2 mm). Credit: University of Texas at Austin Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may not reflect those of Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.

<urn:uuid:9300bddb-100c-4e4a-89b0-3d03030aad9e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.care2.com/causes/scientists-uncover-new-primate-fossil-in-texas.html

2013-05-22T08:35:48Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Formative Assessment for Students and Teachers (FAST) Since 2006, the Formative Assessment for Students (FAST) SCASS has expanded the implementation of formative assessment in the classroom to positively impact teaching and learning. This work focuses on advancing the thinking of states about formative assessment. The FAST SCASS develops materials and resources to support the implementation of formative assessment and advocacy nation-wide. FAST SCASS work has been strongly grounded in research on formative assessment practices and has been consistently guided by experts in the field. Most recently, the FAST SCASS has worked with Jim Popham and Dylan Wiliam to create a paper that sets formative assessment practice in the broader context of assessment. The group has also worked with Education Testing Service to create a formative assessment observation tool for peer-coaching and teacher self-evaluation. Throughout the year, PARCC and SBAC have provided representatives with whom members have had actively engaged discussions regarding formative assessment. In 2012-2013 the FAST SCASS will continue to develop resources to support the implementation of formative assessment across states. Members will engage with experts to advance thinking on areas of particular interest, including formative assessment in relation to the Common Core State Standards, and learn from each other with respect to states' formative assessment implementation programs. FAST Collaborative Advisor: Margaret Heritage Margaret Heritage, a recognized expert on formative assessment, is assistant director for professional development at the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing (CRESST) at UCLA. She has written two books on formative assessment and is currently writing a third to be published by Harvard Education Press. In addition, she has written numerous papers on formative assessment and has made presentations on the topic all over the U.S, in Europe, India and Australia. Members: Arkansas, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina Associate Members: CTB/McGraw-Hill, Measured Progress, NEA, Northwest Evaluation - PublicationLearning About Assessment: An Evaluation of a Ten-State Effort to Build Assessment Capacity in High Schools - PublicationAssessing Students' Affect Related to Assessment for Learning - PublicationAttributes of Effective Formative Assessment - PublicationFormative Assessment: Examples of Practices - PublicationLearning Progressions: Supporting Instruction and Formative Assessment - PublicationFormative Assessment and Next-Generation Assessment Systems: Are We Losing an Opportunity?

<urn:uuid:fc9c5a00-6b79-44d3-aeee-6cf91787ed1c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ccsso.org/Resources/Programs/Formative_Assessment_for_Students_and_Teachers_(FAST).html

2013-05-22T08:32:53Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Chronic exposure of bumblebees to agricultural pesticides impairs natural foraging behaviour, which has a knock-on effect on brood care and colony productivity. These observations are made in Nature this week and have clear implications for the conservation of insect pollinators in areas of agricultural intensification. They hint that existing guidelines for testing the toxicity of pesticides on bees may be insufficient. As bees are crucial pollinators, contributing to around 80% of insect pollination, it is important to understand and mitigate the causes of current declines. Exposure to pesticides has been shown to affect bee behaviour and has been associated with colony declines; bees frequently encounter neonicotinoid pesticides when foraging on flowering crops. Richard Gill and co-workers establish a link between the effects on individual bees and the success of the colony by exposing bumblebee colonies to neonicotinoid and pyrethroid pesticides at levels found in the field for 4 weeks. They also find that exposure to the combination of pesticides increases the propensity of colonies to fail. Current guidelines only test the effects of pesticides on bees for up to 96 hours, and do not consider exposure to multiple pesticides, despite this being common in the field. Gill and colleagues say that their results emphasize the importance of performing longer tests and investigating the effects of combined exposure when assessing the risks of pesticide use.

<urn:uuid:5bb55887-8556-4075-9a52-c5492f9259c6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.celsias.co.nz/article/knock-effects-pesticides-bees/

2013-05-22T08:26:05Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

An ancient mass burial pit has been found by Chinese archaeologists close to the world-renowned Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi'an, capital of northwest Shaanxi Province. "It is the first time that a pit containing such a large number of corpses buried together has been found. The initial research shows that those buried in the pit were potters from the Qin Dynasty (221-206BC), the first feudal dynasty in Chinese history," said Wen Xinhua, an official with the local archaeology administration. The grave pit is located some 300 meters northeast of the main gate of the Qin Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum, and contains a large number of skeletons, said Wen. "The dead were buried layer upon layer carelessly which makes us think they were thrown into the pit and buried without particular respect. So far, some thirty skeletons have been unearthed, we expect more to be discovered later," Wen added. Not far from the grave pit, to the east, two pottery kilns dating from the Qin Dynasty have also been discovered. They have proved to be the best preserved Qin pottery kilns found to date, said Wen. By piecing together historical records and other evidence, experts have concluded that a large number of buildings surrounded the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang (256-210 BC) the first Qin emperor, and therefore there would have been many kilns for producing bricks and tiles. Over the passage of time, however, the kilns were mostly destroyed, so these two newly-discovered ones are of great significance in providing clues for greater understanding of the pottery skills of the period. "Those buried in the mass burial pit are believed to be the potters who worked in these kilns making pottery bricks and tiles for the construction of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and were killed after the project was completed," explained Wen. Fetters and chains were found on some of the skeletons which suggests that many of the potters were criminals put to work, said Wen. The official went on: "Because the digging work is still ongoing, archaeologists do not, as yet, have all the details about the kilns, although it's believed they were not the kilns used for making the terra-cotta army." The Qin terracotta warriors and horses, named the eighth wonder of the world, were discovered in 1974. The museum built to cover and house the treasures opened to the public in 1979. (China Daily March 26, 2003)

<urn:uuid:33b5b01a-048b-4330-ba71-527d22b0a9da>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/59701.htm

2013-05-22T07:56:22Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Statins are a type of medicine used to treat high cholesterol. These medicines block an enzyme the body needs to produce cholesterol, thereby lowering the total amount of it in the blood. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, help reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. Along with reducing cholesterol levels in the blood, statins reduce inflammation around the cholesterol buildup (called a plaque). By stabilizing the plaque, there is less risk that it will rupture and cause a blood clot that can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

<urn:uuid:606758e3-4726-41a3-b7f0-7b72eedcf576>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cigna.com/individualandfamilies/health-and-well-being/hw/statins-tx4364.html

2013-05-22T08:26:17Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Previously, I mentioned Yahoo Finance’s latest feature on teaching children about money. This post continues with that feature. Lynne Ticknor acknowledges that schools often don’t have the resources to teach classes beyond core curriculum. Personal finance classes are therefore difficult to find in public schools. Thus, the responsibility falls on the parents, who as many would argue are ultimately responsible for the education of their children to a point. From the article: One point on which all of the experts agree is that parents must be willing to allow children to make mistakes in their purchasing decisions if they want to teach financial responsibility. It’s much better to let children make, and learn from, those mistakes early with small amounts of money than later in life when they can find themselves in serious financial trouble. The point is to give the children some control over their money, whether the source of the funds is a gift or allowance. The article offers suggestions for various age groups. * 3 Years and Younger. They can receive an allowance and begin to understand that money has value and should be kept safe. * Ages 4 to 5. At this age you can begin to teach your kids about delayed gratification — that it may be better to have two later than one now. * Ages 6 to 8. The difference between “wants” and “needs” becomes apparent during this development stage. This lesson can be related to the advertising the kids will likely see on television. * Ages 9 to 12. Children of this age will have a sense of social responsibility. Parents can talk to their kids about the value of charitable donations. * Ages 13 to 18. During this time, children will be able to handle more responsibility and should be encouraged to learn how to wisely use money-management strategies, including responsible use of a credit or debit card, monitored by the parents. The article is full of good tips for parents, but it’s important to note that the age groupings above are a very generalized guide. Different children develop differently and at different times. Perhaps it would help all parents to understand Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Updated February 6, 2012 and originally published October 25, 2005. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to the RSS feed or receive daily emails. Follow @flexo on Twitter and visit our Facebook page for more updates.

<urn:uuid:46c5f44f-16e2-48b6-ba71-d9a5b2859b47>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.consumerismcommentary.com/teaching-kids-about-money-part-2/

2013-05-22T08:33:00Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Unlike most elementary books on matrices, A Combinatorial Approach to Matrix Theory and Its Applications employs combinatorial and graph-theoretical tools to develop basic theorems of matrix theory, shedding new light on the subject by exploring the connections of these tools to matrices. After reviewing the basics of graph theory, elementary counting formulas, fields, and vector spaces, the book explains the algebra of matrices and uses the König digraph to carry out simple matrix operations. It then discusses matrix powers, provides a graph-theoretical definition of the determinant using the Coates digraph of a matrix, and presents a graph-theoretical interpretation of matrix inverses. The authors develop the elementary theory of solutions of systems of linear equations and show how to use the Coates digraph to solve a linear system. They also explore the eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and characteristic polynomial of a matrix; examine the important properties of nonnegative matrices that are part of the Perron–Frobenius theory; and study eigenvalue inclusion regions and sign-nonsingular matrices. The final chapter presents applications to electrical engineering, physics, and chemistry. Using combinatorial and graph-theoretical tools, this book enables a solid understanding of the fundamentals of matrix theory and its application to scientific areas. Some Classical Combinatorics Basic Matrix Operations The König Digraph of a Matrix Powers of Matrices Matrix Powers and Digraphs Permutations with Restrictions Definition of the Determinant Properties of Determinants A Special Determinant Formula Classical Definition of the Determinant Laplace Development of the Determinant Adjoint and Its Determinant Inverse of a Square Matrix Systems of Linear Equations Solutions of Linear Systems Solving Linear Systems by Digraphs Signal Flow Digraphs of Linear Systems Spectrum of a Matrix Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues The Cayley–Hamilton Theorem Similar Matrices and the JCF Spectrum of Circulants Irreducible and Reducible Matrices Primitive and Imprimitive Matrices The Perron–Frobenius Theorem Tensor and Hadamard Product Eigenvalue Inclusion Regions Permanent and Sign-Nonsingular Matrices Electrical Engineering: Flow Graphs Physics: Vibration of a Membrane Chemistry: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Exercises appear at the end of each chapter. "The originality of the book lies – as its title indicates – in the use of combinatorial methods, specifically Graph Theory, in the treatment . . . An original and well-written textbook within whose pages even the most experienced reader should find something novel." – Allan Solomon, Open University, in Contemporary Physics, May-June 2009, Vol. 50, No. 3 |Cross Platform||October 26, 2009||Info & Slides||click on http://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/projects/results144015.htm|

<urn:uuid:a421bd57-e46e-46a3-9111-581dd8917404>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420082234

2013-05-22T08:32:58Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Because it is based on speculation about the capabilities of future science cryonics is not a science. Few scientists are qualified to say whether future science can or cannot realize the dream that motivates cryonics because scientists are only trained in current science. Many outstanding scientists have made false predictions about future technology. In 1885 Lord Kelvin declared that "Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible." A few decades ago nearly all scientists believed that cloning is impossible. Conversely, cryonicists cannot guarantee that cryonics will work. Only the future will tell whether the predictions of cryonicists are correct. If cryonics works and a person has not been cryopreserved, that person has no chance of ever being restored to an enduring youthful and healthy condition. If cryonics does not work at any moment in time, it may be made to work in the future. Those who have been cryopreserved will simply wait. Q. Why freeze dead people? Legally, cryonics can only be applied to a person who has been pronounced dead by an authorized health professional. But the criterion for death is nearly always the cessation of heartbeat. Almost all cells of the body, including those in the brain are generally still alive when death is pronounced. The main damage within the first hour after the heart stops is due to clotting and blood vessel injury. It usually takes many hours for all cells to die at room temperature, including those in the brain. Cryonicists, however, do not want to wait hours or days before attempting to slow tissue degradation. Cooling and, if possible, cardiopulmonary support (like CPR, but without intention to resuscitate), should be begun immediately or very soon following pronouncement of death. If all of the tissues in the body can be preserved by cooling soon after the heart stops, deterioration is minimized. No one knows how much deterioration can happen after the heart stops before there is no hope of future life, youth and health. Cryonicists make best efforts to minimize tissue deterioration to maximize the future potential for life. For this reason, cryonicists refer to people who have been cryopreserved as patients, rather than as corpses. Cryonics is regarded as an experimental medical treatment, not as processing of the dead. Just because cryonics preserves people at very low temperatures does not mean that cryonics patients have been frozen. Freezing involves the formation of ice, which can be very damaging to body tissues. Cryonics procedures involve replacing body water with anti-freeze mixtures called "cryoprotectants". By perfusing these biologic anti-freeze substances through blood vessels for a few hours most body water can be removed and replaced by cryoprotectant. At very low temperatures these cryoprotectants harden like glass, without forming damaging ice crystals. This glass formation is known as vitrification. Vitrification is an important part of the efforts of cryonicists to preserve people and pets in the best possible condition to maximize the chance of future youthful life. Although cooling a human or animal to below −200ºF can potentially preserve them unaltered for thousands of years, this process can cause additional damage to that caused by aging and disease, such as damage due to thermal stress, cryoprotectant toxicity and even freezing damage when cryoprotectant perfusion is poor. But just as future medicine may be able to cure all disease and rejuvenate people to a youthful condition, future medicine may be able to repair damage associated with perfusion and cooling to extremely low temperatures. Q. What happens to the soul of a cryonics patient? Many people who arrange to become a cryonics patient upon death — rather than be buried or cremated — do not believe in the existence of a soul. But many cryonicists do believe in a soul. If cryonics is simply an unproven medical procedure there may be no more reason to believe that the soul goes away during cryopreservation than during a night's sleep. Human embryos have been cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for decades, yet many religious authorities believe these embryos have a soul. The same could be said for cryopreserved cryonics patients. Cryonics is not in conflict with religion any more than medicine is in conflict with religion. Heart transplantation extends human life and is fully compatible with religion. Similarly, cryonics may extend human life by preserving people for future medicine. Cryonics patients are not regarded as dead by cryonicists. Many cryonicists believe that extending human life is not in conflict with religion. How long can future medicine potentially extend human life? Perhaps by hundreds or thousands of years or more. Plans of an omniscient God could not be thwarted by human efforts to extend human life hundreds or thousands of years. Hundreds or thousands of years is not a significant amount of time in the context of eternity. Some have said that to refuse new life extension technologies could be a sin comparable to suicide. Q. What is the Cryonics Institute (CI)? The Cryonics Institute is a membership organization composed of Members who want to make cryonics arrangements for themselves and for their loved-ones. The Cryonics Institute began operation in 1976 under the leadership of Robert Ettinger, widely regarded as "the father of cryonics". CI is currently located in Clinton Township, Michigan, a northeast suburb of Detroit. For regulatory purposes, the Cryonics Institute is a licensed cemetery in the State of Michigan, although the authorities are fully aware that cryonics does not comfortably fit into the cemetery pigeon-hole. To the Members of CI, the Cryonics Institute is more like a hospital. The Cryonics Institute is a non-profit corporation wholly owned by the Members and run by a Board of Directors who select Officers: President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer. Four of the twelve Directors are elected by CI Members before the Annual General Meeting each year. What drives CI is not the profit motive, but the survival motive. CI Members join because they want much longer living time for themselves and for their loved-ones to find and fulfill their destiny in life. CI Members are like people building their own lifeboats. With around a thousand CI Members in the world and less than a few thousand people who might call themselves "cryonicists" we must bootstrap our survival through cryonics. We want to arrive in the future with as many of our friends, family and fellow cryonicists as we can bring on our lifeboat. The Cryonics Institute has a few employees, but CI also has contractors and a large number of volunteers, including the Directors and Officers, who devote a great deal of unpaid working time to the Cryonics Institute. CI's vitrification solution was developed by Dr. Yuri Pichugin, PhD, a professional cryobiologist who was CI's Director of Research. The Cryonics Institute works closely with the Immortalist Society (IS). Every two months IS publishes a magazine called LONG LIFE which reports on CI activities as well as on other subjects of interest to cryonicists and life-extensionists. Cryonics patients destined for storage at CI are perfused and vitrified by a local funeral director at his nearby funeral home in accordance with the cemetery laws of Michigan. Then the patients are brought to the CI Facility where they are cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature in our computer-controlled cooling box. The patients are then transferred to one of our cryostats for long-term storage. A cryostat is like a big thermos bottle where patients are stored in a center portion containing liquid nitrogen. As with a thermos bottle, surrounding the center portion is a vacuum chamber. Over 100 patients are currently in storage at CI. Unlike other cryonics organizations, which cryopreserve human heads, the Cryonics Institute only allows its Members to arrange for whole body cryopreservation. CI Members can cryopreserve their pets, and we have many pets currently in low-temperature storage. We also offer DNA and tissue cryopreservation to our Members. The Cryonics Institute does not offer Standby or Transport as part of its service. A CI Member living outside of Michigan will be packed in ice by a local funeral director for low-temperature shipment of his or her body to Michigan. Some funeral directors will charge a fee to do Standby, ie, stand by the Member's bedside during a terminal illness in order to be able to act as quickly as possible when the heart stops and death is pronounced. Standby and Transport can also be purchased at extra cost from the cryonics organization Suspended Animation, Inc., with whom CI has a contract. Suspended Animation has custom-made equipment for rapid ice-water cool-down and simultaneous application of cardio-pulmonary support. They also have expertise in blood washout and cryonics Transport. Q. What are the procedures to become a CI Member and to make cryonics arrangements with CI? To make cryonics arrangements with CI you must first become a CI Member. Becoming a CI Member simply means paying a membership fee and completing an application form which contains all the necessary information required for the cryonics contracts. Cryonics arrangements are complete when the required contracts have been executed and funding is in place. There are two classes of CI Membership. A Lifetime Member pays a one-time fee of $1,250 and can arrange for cryopreservation at CI for $28,000, usually by making CI the beneficiary of a life insurance policy. Other close family members can join for an additional $625 (there is no charge for minor children). A Yearly Member pays a $75 initiation fee plus $120 yearly (or $35 quarterly) and can arrange for cryopreservation at CI for $35,000. Every Yearly Membership family member must pay the same price. Neither of these fees include the cost of preparation or shipment by a local funeral director, which must be arranged separately (often with a Local Help Rider). Our goal is to maintain our patients in liquid nitrogen for as long as is necessary. CI's hope is that maintenance costs would be covered by interest from principal (capital), not from the principal itself. If and when technology permits revival of cryonics patients, hopefully the capital can be used to pay for the repair, rejuvenation and revival costs. When the Member is ready to sign the cryopreservation contracts, these are custom-printed using the information provided on the membership forms and mailed to the Member for completion. Core documents include the Cryonic Suspension Agreement, the Uniform Donor Form and the Next-of-Kin Agreement. The contracts must be witnessed or notarized so that there can be no doubt about a CI Member's desire for cryonics arrangements. It is valuable (but not always essential) for cryonicists that their next-of-kin are informed and will not interfere (at worst) or will lend assistance (at best) in implementing cryonics arrangements when and if the time comes to implement them. Funding must be arranged in advance. Most often funding is arranged by means of life insurance, which makes the cost affordable by most people. In some cases Members fund by full prepayment or by Transfer on Death accounts. Those who prepay are guaranteed against possible future price increases. Q. Where can I get more information about cryonics and Cryonics Institute? The best source of information about the Cryonics Institute is our website: www.cryonics.org . The Site Contents page gives a good overview of information available on the website. The Frequently Asked Questions page is often a good place to start. To become a Member, you need only pay a Membership fee and complete an application form. Details can be found on our Membership Application page . CI Members automatically receive a copy of LONG LIFE magazine, and non-Members can receive the magazine by subscription. To subscribe, to join or for more information about CI call us at (586) 791-5961 or send e-mail to [email protected] .

<urn:uuid:e4e2471f-c89c-47f6-a978-9820293e8911>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cryonics.org/reprise.html

2013-05-22T08:33:06Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Prehistoric one-ton 'super snake' ate alligators for lunch From deep in a vast open-pit coal mine in northern Colombia comes a tale of enormous pythons and a really warm climate in the tropics.Skip to next paragraph Lego figures to Jupiter on Juno spacecraft. Why send toys into space? Paul the Octopus gets own memorial Paul the Octopus has died. Who will predict the next World Cup outcome? San Diego whale unearthed at the zoo Killer shrimp assault British shrimp, threaten ecosystem Subscribe Today to the Monitor The new species, dubbed Titanoboa cerrejonensis, stretched some 43 feet long. It tipped the scales at more than a ton, the international research team estimates. The context for the find: fossilized plant remains of the oldest known rain forest in the Americas, dating to between 58 million and 60 million years ago. What a giant snake says about the ancient climate Finding a monstro boa is intriguing enough. But the team also uses the fossil as a kind of thermometer to estimate a rough temperature range for that spot in the topics at the time. If their analysis holds up, it has some interesting implications for the future of the tropics as greenhouse gases – mainly carbon dioxide – continue to rise and global climate continues to warm. The site currently is just over 11 degrees north of the equator, thanks to continental drift. But back in the day, the site was only an estimated 5.5 degrees north. The researchers calculate that a cold-blooded creature the size of Titanoboa would require a minimum annual average temperature of between 30 and 34 degrees Celsius (86 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit) to survive. That's warmer than annual average temperatures inferred from fossil plants in the same rock formation, notes Purdue University climate researcher Matthew Hubert. And it's roughly 3 to 4 degrees C. warmer than today's average temperature for the tropics. The analysis suggests that the tropics may lack the natural heat-controlling thermostat that some have proposed, Dr. Hubert writes in a commentary on the research in the Feb. 5 issue of the journal Nature. (The issue also carries a formal description of the discovery.) Thus the tropics could warm substantially as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases – mainly carbon dioxide – continue to rise. Caution: Big inferences, little data For now, however, take the temperature inferences with a hefty dose of caution, Hubert adds. This is a first-of-its-kind chain of inference – ancient snakes to ancient climates. It's not clear if one can scale up temperature tolerance of today's big snakes to cover Titanoboa. Nor is it clear that a small sample of backbone segments from the specimen truly represents the species's size. Still, apart from what prehistoric temperatures may imply for today's warming world, they speak volumes for the ability of forests in the tropics to thrive in temperatures significantly warmer than today's. The team notes that the layer of rock deposits bearing the snake fossils represent a coastal plain with large rivers meandering through it. Large turtles and crocodilelike animals – the team speculates they frequently appeared on Titanoboa's menu – also show up in the rock formations from this period, suggesting an ecosystem much like the type inhabited by modern-day anacondas. Taken as a whole, the picture suggests that forerunners of several modern types of animals found in tropical regions were well in place some 6 million to 7 million years after the extinction event that closed the age of dinosaurs.

<urn:uuid:4133ccc7-2a11-4c19-918c-78cca8775318>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/Discoveries/2009/0204/prehistoric-one-ton-super-snake-ate-alligators-for-lunch

2013-05-22T08:14:46Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Part of Unit: Employment Portfolio for SkillsUSA Lesson Plan Overview / Details Students will understand the importance of letters of recommendation, and how and who to ask for them. Many students ask teachers to write them a letter and by teaching them how to look at the job, look at themselves and see what qualities they possess they can write a stronger letter of recommendation. Many times the applicant knows more about themselves and the job than the person who is asked to write the letter. The student will send the letter electronically according to the specifitions of the teacher's letterhead. - 1 Class Period California Career and Technical Education Standards Objectives and Goals - Students will be able to do a self assessment and write a letter of recommendation about themselves. - Students will use full block style of letter writing with proper heading, salutations and closings. Activities in this Lesson - Students will obtain 3 letters of recommendations - Hooks / Set During roll: Directions on board- Make a written list of 10 positive things about themselves in which the teacher would agree. Think about personal characteristics, classroom and on the job attributes (good things about you!) It could include, attendance, attitute, willingness to go the extra mile, etc. Instructor announces: What do you think an employer would think about you, as a person and as an employees after he/she reads a letter with these positive comments? Guess what, you are going to get a letter from me with all these comments for your portfolio. Students will need 3 letters of recommendations, one from their ROP site, one from a counselor, other teacher, neighbor,etc. The third will be from you (the teacher). The students all get excited thinking you, the teacher will be writing the letter. But, then you announce the student will have to write the letter themselves, looking at their own strenghts and the truth! They may use the list they made during roll. Teacher will only sign it if they agree with what ever the student writes, teacher will also only sign it if there are no errors (it has your name on it). Students must write it, and then send it electronically to you so you may read it and print it if it is appropriate. You then print it off on letterhead. Our letterhead is printed down the left hand side so students must send the letters with the proper margins. - What is a letter of recommendation. - Lecture A letter of recommendation is a letter acknowleging your strenghts and skills. It is usually written by someone who knows you and what you can bring to the job. They are usually from past employers, teachers, coaches or other professional people that can attest to your skills and character. Sometimes these people do not have time or know how to write a letter and may tell you to write it yourself and they will sign it. If this is for a specific job, this is actually a good time to write your own letter as you probably know more about the job, what the employer needs and your own attributes than the person you have asked. If it is for a general letter, you can still write a great letter. But remember the person will only sign if they agree to what you have written in the letter. - How to write a letter of recommendation. - Demo / Modeling There are two types of letters of recommendation: a general letter which can be used for many jobs and one which is specific to the organization in which they are applying. The letters students will be writing will be of the generalized nature. Show power point. The following is information on power point. First paragragh will introduce the student, it generally starts with a sentence such as: It is with pleasure I write this letter of recommendation for__________ I am happy to write this letter of recommendation for ____________ As a teacher for ________County ROP, it is my pleasure to write this letter of recommendation for _________________.As the ROP teacher, I work closely with many students. I consider ______________ to be one of the most studious and responsible members of my class.This opening sentence is generaly followed with how long and in what capacity you have known the person.He/She was a student in my _________________ class this past 2010-2011 school year.The second paragraph is where you share skills and attributes such as:great attendanceteam playerpositive attitidudegreat reviews from his/her job site supervisorsgoing above and beyond expectationsalways willing to step up to a leadership rolework is done in a timely, neat mannercan always be counted onvolunteers for extra projectshigh integrity/honestyetcThe third paragraph is reiterating the recommendation and how to contact the teacher is case of questions.Again, I want to say how much I believe __________________ would do a great job at what ever position he/she sees fit to apply. If you have any further questions please feel free to call me at (XXX) XXX-XXXX.Sign off with:Sincerely,Name of TeacherPosition or titleName of organiztionStudents may search the internet for other samples to word the letter. - Template for Letter of Recommendation [ Download ] Template for Letter of Recommendation - Personal characteristics assessment - Group Work Have students work in groups and come up with positive attributes and skills they have accomplished that would be good to use in a letter of recommendation. You might have them work in three different groups, one group thinking about accomplishments on the job, second group- characteristics and accomplishments in the classroom and the third group- personal characteristics in which an employer might be looking. Students work in groups for a period of time you feel is sufficient, (maybe 15 minutes), they report back to the large group. Go to this web site for additional ideas after the groups have reported out. Here is a web site that might help. http://www.modot.org/jobs/employeeattributes.htm Students will make their own list of at least three of their top ideas from each of the three groups. They should have at least nine characteristics or accomplishments. The formative assessment is to have them make that list and hand it in or somehow share it with you. You could give more feed back at this time. Have students choose the appropriate skills for their letter. Students write a rough draft, students critique each others work (this is good so students may get stronger ideas for their paper). - Assessment Types: - Writing Samples, Demonstrations, Formative assessment: List of strenghts that the student can use in the middle paragraph, this is done after the group activity for possible characterics. Formative: Rough draft with peer reviews. Rough drafts may be hand written or typed, but must use proper formatting. Summitive assessment: Letter of recommendation the student wrote and sent to you electronically, to be printed on letterhead. This will only be printed when there are no errors and the teacher agrees to the information in the letter.

<urn:uuid:8e5da629-5a65-4901-b98f-26b2729f9311>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cteonline.org/portal/default/Curriculum/Viewer/Curriculum?refcmobjid=272422&action=2&view=viewer&cmobjid=305319

2013-05-22T08:02:04Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

"The Town of Greenwich, Fairfield County, Connecticut (named after Greenwich, Kent, England) lies on the southwest corner of the state and is bounded on the west and north by Westchester County, New York; on the east by the town of Stamford; and on the south by Long Island Sound. On July 18, 1640, Daniel PATRICK and Robert FEAKE, in the name of New Haven Colony, purchased all lands between the Asamuck and Potommuck brooks, in the area now known as Old Greenwich from the native american "owners" living in the area for a sum of "twentie-five coates." The deed was signed by representatives of the tribe and witnessed by Robert A. HEUSTED, Andrew MESSENGER, RASOBITITT, SAPONAS, WHONEHORN, AKEROQUE, WHONEHORN, AKEROQUE, PAUONOHAS, POWIATOH. Greenwich thus became the tenth town established in Connecticut between 1633 and 1640.The first couple of years were rough for the early settlers because of disputes over who held control of the colony. The Dutch claimed the area and in fear of not being protected by New Haven Colony, the early settlers signed a 1642 allegiance to "the Noble Lord States General, His Highness, the Prince of Orange, and the West India Company." Greenwich then became a "manor" and Captain Daniel PATRICK and Robert FEAKS, the "patroons of the manor." (Captain Daniel PATRICK had married Annetje VAN BEYEREN, a Dutch woman from New Amsterdam.) From 1642 to 1650, the settlement of Greenwich was officially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland. In 1650, the colony of New Haven and the Dutch agreed to boundary lines and once again, the small town of Greenwich reverted back to control by the New Haven Colony. For the most part, the citizens continued to live as they had previously, with everyone doing pretty much whatever they wished. In 1656, claims are made in New Haven that the residents of Greenwich "live in a disorderly and riotous manner, sell intoxicating liquors to the Indians, receive and harbor servants who have fled their masters, and join persons unlawfully in marriage." On October 6, 1656, Greenwich, represented by 12 men, submitted to the New Haven jurisdiction and was then told to "fall in with Stamford." On February 5, 1664, the Seven Proprietors made a formal request to the General Assembly in Hartford to be allowed to separate from Stamford and to support its own minister and lay out its own lands. The Seven Proprietors were John MEAD, Jonathan RENALDS, John HOBBY, Joseph FERRIS, Joshua KNAPP, Angell HUSTED, and Jeffrey FERRIS. On May 11, 1665, the General Assembly in Hartford declared Greenwich a separate township, and authorized funds for the hiring and support of an orthodox minister. In 1672, the so-called "27 Proprietors" bought land from the few remaining Indians to the west of the "Myanos River." This land became known as "Horseneck" because of the neck of land now known as Field Point was the common HORSE PASTURE. Official title was not obtained from the Indians until 1686, but the land was laid out for home lots, divided and granted to those so-called "27 Proprietors." The town of Greenwich expanded and prospered steadily, supplying the packet boats with shipments of locally grown produce and other wares. Greenwich played an active role in the Revolutionary War. Its most famous event was the race through Greenwich by General Israel PUTNAM, who made a daring escape from the British on the morning of February 26, 1779. While the British were able to pillage and loot Greenwich, they were not able to prevent General PUTNAM from rushing to warn Stamford. General PUTNAM's tricorn hat, with a bullet hole pierced through its side, is displayed at "Putnam's Cottage," the tavern belonging to Israel KNAPP. General PUTNAM stayed in the tavern the night before his famous ride, and the site is now maintained as a museum by the DAR (Daughters of the American Revolution), and is located at 243 East Putnam Avenue, Greenwich, CT. Visiting hours are Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM. (203) 869-9697. With the construction of the railroad in 1848, the town of Greenwich grew even more, with job possibilities opening for the young men of the community that reached far beyond On January, 1990, more than 1,000 people kicked off the year long celebration of the 350th Anniversary of Greenwich. Greenwich is now a community of lovely residences, schools, churches, libraries and parks. With its proximity to New York City and the shores of Long Island Sound, Greenwich is beloved by its citizens and admired by its visitors. Sources: 1. Mead, S. P. Ye Historie of Ye Town of Greenwich, County of Fairfield and state of Connecticut. New York, New York: Knickerbocker Press (1911). Reprint Camden, Maine: Picton Press If you have questions, comments or contributions to this collective please E-mail Maureen Mead. © Copyright 1996 to 2011. Created 25 June 1999. Updated Thu, Nov 13, 2003

<urn:uuid:fc8a7745-e0d0-41f0-ac8b-9796cd0e88c7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ctgenweb.org/county/cofairfield/pages/greenwich/greenwich_hstry.htm

2013-05-22T08:25:54Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Choking on food first; aid; choking; CPR; food; safety; airway; choke; Have you ever heard someone coughing while they were eating or drinking then afterwards saying "Oh that went down the wrong way?" At the back of your throat food and air both travel through the same tube for a short distance until the tube divides into two tubes – the oesophagus (say oss-off-a-gus) which carries food down into the stomach, and the trachea (trak-ee-a)(windpipe) which carries air to the lungs. There is a small flap at the top of the trachea called the epiglottis (ep-i-glot-iss) and this closes off the top of the trachea when you swallow some food or a drink. Sometimes food slips past the flap and into the windpipe – which can block the windpipe. This is called 'choking'. Coughing is an automatic reaction by the body trying to push the lump of food up out of the windpipe. Most of the time we can cough the lump out, but sometimes the food lodges in the windpipe and a person can actually die. You can keep yourself safe from choking by: - Chewing every mouthful of food until it is small and soft enough to swallow. - Not talking or moving around when you're chewing food. (Talking with your mouth full looks gross as well!) - Not putting anything into your mouth other than food or drink. after the 'littlies' Little kids are only just learning to eat. They may only have a few teeth and no back teeth to help them grind up their food until it's small and soft enough to be safe to swallow. They often put small things into their mouths, like small parts of toys. You can help little kids by: ||Cutting up their food into small pieces.| ||Taking off skin and fat from meat such as sausages. | ||Grating hard food like carrots and apples so that they're safer to eat. | ||Mashing hard veggies for them.| ||Don't give them nuts, popcorn, hard lollies or whole grapes.| ||Don't let them eat while they are running around playing.| ||Don't force them to eat any thing that they don't want to eat.| ||Keeping them away from toys with small parts.| if someone is choking? If the person is coughing, wait and see if the person can cough the food up. If the person can then breathe normally, usually nothing more needs to be done - but get a grownup to check that the person is okay. If the person is not able to breathe normally get help as soon as possible. - In Australia ring 000 and ask what to do. If someone is choking and not able to cough out the object then she may need some help to get rid of whatever is blocking the airway. Get help or if you can't then you may be able to help her by: ||Checking her mouth and getting anything out using your finger like a scoop. ||Keeping calm and talking quietly, saying what you are doing.| ||If the person is small then sit and bend her face down over your knees with her head lower, like the picture.| ||Give up to 5 sharp blows between her shoulder blades using the heel of your hand. (That's the bottom of your hand where it bends at the wrist.)| ||Check her mouth to see if you can get the blockage out now or it may have already come out.| If the child is not breathing you need to call 000 or start CPR if you have been trained to do it. If you are not trained, put the phone on loudspeaker and do what the emergency service person tells you to do. It is scary when you are choking. There is a topic on the Parenting and Child Health part of this site called Choking - preventing choking on food. It might be useful for your parents to look through it. We've provided this information to help you to understand important things about staying healthy and happy. However, if you feel sick or unhappy, it is important to tell your mum or dad, a teacher or another grown-up.

<urn:uuid:2e2fa93f-248d-4e00-8203-24cf2db72a4a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cyh.sa.gov.au/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetailsKids.aspx?p=335&np=288&id=2714

2013-05-22T08:32:20Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Databases for Country Research: World and Its Peoples We own this publication in print, also. Check the cart in the library. No login is necessary at school. At home, use the username and password Mrs. Woo gave you. The easiest way to access your country information for this project is to key in the name of your country in the search bar next to "Quick Search." Typically the first result will be a detailed article about your country. Username and password are on your citation sheets. You may search all the ebooks at once, or choose one to search. This one works for specific key words: apartheid, caste system India, Khmer Rouge. Gale Virtual Reference Library Search our entire collection of ebooks at once, but make sure after your first search that you UNCHECK "search within this database" for future searches. Or, search individual ebooks that you will find if you click "History" underneath the search bar. You will see a list of e-books that might be useful for this project. Additional Gale Databases Includes Global Issues in Context, KidsInfoBits, Junior Edition K-12, The New York Times, World History in Context, and more. Click on the name of the database you would like to search. Free Web for Country Research: CIA The World Factbook Useful and concise information on every country in the world from the Central Intelligence Agency. Includes a current overview of the country: people, government, economy, issues. Country Profiles from the BBC Under the correct heading, click on your country on the choose your country drop-down menu. You'll find information on the history, politics, and economic background of individual countries. InfoPlease Countries of the World Click on the name of your country. Explore the links from your country page for maps, Almanac information on population and culture, and encyclopedia articles on the land and people. Click on the correct continent. Then click on the name of your country to find facts and figures, and maps. Country Studies - Library of Congress Web site Offers good background and historical information on 101 countries. (See List of Countries.) Also contains brief, more up-to-date Country Profiles on select countries. (See Choose a Country Profile) Also provides a link to Portals to the World, which provides a lot more information on more countries. Click on People and Places to learn facts about the people, culture, geography, and politics of individual countries. U.S. Department of State Background Notes Includes facts about the land, people, history, government, politicial conditions, economy, and foreign relations.

<urn:uuid:8fb30d0b-362e-41ce-a491-bfe5e3cdecf3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.danvers.mec.edu/hrmslibrary/BatesGlblPersp.htm

2013-05-22T08:01:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Modernising defence - DEFENCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, June 2004 Accuracy in the dead of night* Jim Hardman, Survival & Airborne Delivery IPT, outlines the history and innovative technology used in airborne night vision goggles. Traditionally, the night has provided succour to armies, giving them respite from combat, and allowing them to regroup and recover. It also allowed them to manoeuvre into position for an attack at dawn. In order to prevent these manoeuvres from happening, and to exploit the darkness themselves, commanders have tried to exploit technology to enable their forces to operate effectively at night. During the First World War, bombing raids conducted by Zeppelins over London had a disproportionate effect on the morale of the populace compared to the damage they caused; this was primarily due to the lack of defences. All the Royal Flying Corp could do was to fly aircraft over London and hope to 'bump' into the enemy, but in order to destroy him, you had to see him! Little changed before the advent of the Second World War. Rapid advances in technology during WW2 meant that, with the advent of airborne radar, aircraft flying at night could be detected, but they still had to be seen and positively identified before they could be attacked. Furthermore, the very act of flying at night was much more demanding due to the lack of visual references and cues to aid situational awareness. Bombing targets was much less precise and so carpet bombing evolved, and in order to improve accuracy, pathfinder forces developed. Even so, they relied upon bomb aimers being able to see target markers. Once again, the watchword is see. To counteract troop movements at night, interdictor aircraft relied on targets being illuminated by flares dropped either by themselves or accompanying aircraft. Later conflicts, such as the Korean War and Vietnam, still relied on these techniques of illuminating targets before attacking them. Because the Vietcong operated extensively at night, the US invested heavily in the development of night vision devices to the extent that, now, the darkness does not provide a hiding place. It still remains true, however, that, in order to attack a target, it must first be seen and positively identified, especially in today's political climate. Development of night vision devices began during the Second World War when infrared (IR) sights were developed. These devices needed active IR searchlights in order to work, the problem with them being that, if the enemy fielded similar technology, then the IR searchlight gave away the position. Development concentrated on passive devices that wouldn’t give away the user's position. Image Intensifiers, which are a key element of modern NVGs, work by capturing ambient or existing light, and intensifying it. Generation 1 used anodes and cathodes to accelerate electrons, but the drawback was that the image was distorted and life was relatively short. The next major improvement was Generation 2, which introduced a microchannel plate. Incoming light strikes a photocathode, where the photons are converted to electrons; these electrons pass through millions of microchannels (holes) in the plate, where they cause thousands of other electrons to be released. These multiplied (intensified) electrons strike a phosphor screen, where they are converted back to light; a green phosphor is chosen because the eye can discriminate more shades of green than any other colour. The final major development is Generation 3, which increases the intensification even further through the use of Gallium Arsenide as the photocathode. Each successive Generation offered increased sensitivity, life and operated more effectively in lower light levels. Image Intensifiers cannot work without any light, although current models work at very low light levels (starlight). Conversely, too much light can overpower the Intensifier, and cause it to fail or shut down, effectively blinding the pilot. The main advantage of NVG to aviators is an increase in night-time situational awareness, significantly increasing flight safety. Aircrew can fly manoeuvres almost the equal of those they can fly in daylight, and they can see enemy targets in the sky or on the ground whilst remaining nearly invisible to their opposition. Because most natural backgrounds reflect infrared light more readily than visible light, potential terrain hazards and targets can be far more discernible. There is a price to pay to be able to see at night. NVGs have a number of disadvantages that mean that aircrew cannot just fit them to their helmet and take off. They have a 40° field of view, producing tunnel vision. Peripheral vision is used for scanning instruments but effective scanning techniques are more important than ever in order to maintain situational awareness. Visual Acuity (quality of vision – the finest detail that can be resolved) is reduced, as is resolution and contrast. Hazard detection is more difficult (although better than not having NVGs at all). There is a loss of depth perception such that different sized objects side by side can appear to be closer or further away than they actually are. Some objects can appear to be further away than they actually are because loss of sharpness is associated with distance. Because a green phosphor is used, there is a loss of colour discrimination – everything appears in shades of green and objects of different colours may not be seen, as they may appear to be the same shade. Bright light sources can cause halo effects that may mask objects; they may even cause the Image Intensifier tube to shut down, leaving the aircrew momentarily blind. Operating using NVGs is very tiring and neck strain is a common complaint due to carrying the extra mass of the devices on the head. This strain is exacerbated by the goggle being mounted on the forehead and pulling the head forward. In aircraft that do not use an ejection seat, counterbalance weights are used on the back of the helmet to prevent the head rotating forward but they increase the mass being carried on the head. However, these disadvantages can all be overcome by training aircrew in the use of NVGs. The main solution is to practise and practise, so that aircrew know what to expect, and can adjust their perceptions and procedures accordingly. Aircrew are also provided with access to physical training instructors, who can provide a series of exercises aimed at strengthening the neck and shoulder muscles. Where we are now As a result of procurement strategies in the past, there are a number of different NVG types in service with UK Armed Forces. The different services had different philosophies regarding the use and benefits of NVGs, and units were equipped accordingly. Although the UK led the world in the development of Image Intensifier Tubes (IIT), production became uneconomical compared with the economy of scale advantages gained by American companies. The UK does not have an organic IIT capability and must rely on importing from foreign suppliers. There is a European dimension to the provision of IIT but, until recently, their tubes could not match the performance of those available from the USA. Recent trials and evaluation of the latest European tubes by QinetiQ Farnborough show that performance is now reaching that of IITs that can be obtained from the US; however, tube life still needs to be evaluated. Systems are becoming more sophisticated, with the introduction of Display Night Vision Goggles (DNVG). DNVG have a small display fitted to one of the monoculars so that the operator can see flight symbology superimposed over the night scene. This reduces the need for aircrew to monitor instruments outside the field of view of the goggles. Original systems utilised a small CRT mounted on the goggle with beam splitters to inject the imagery into the eyepiece. Unfortunately, these systems were heavy and carried very high voltages. The latest systems use LCD flat panels mounted in front of the objective lens and viewed through the monocular; these have the advantage of being lighter in weight and using more friendly 'driver' voltages. The night scene is viewed through the LCD with symbology superimposed on it. A further development is panoramic NVGs. These have two additional monoculars fitted to provide a 100° field of view; hence, the operator has peripheral vision, along with the ability to look 'under' the goggle to scan instruments. Thus, situational awareness is enhanced and head movement reduced. The major drawback with these goggles is the extra weight due to the extra monoculars. This makes the goggle uncomfortable and significantly increases neck strain for all but the shortest missions. The added bulk may also cause problems in some aircraft cockpits by impacting the structure, canopy or instruments. To overcome the problems of mass, CG and ejection/crash risks involved with NVG operations, work is currently being carried out to develop integrated helmet display solutions. Here, either optical mixing of IIT with the display image may be used, or electronic mixing of the output of an image intensified camera with the display image is an alternative. Using optical mixing limits the position that IITs can take on the helmet because of the need to relay the output of the tube to the user's eye. Careful matching of the image brightness from the IIT and the symbology generator is required, but there is no loss of resolution of the IIT image; however, the brightness is reduced. Electronic mixing removes brightness problems but at much reduced resolution. There is no need, however, for a complicated optical path to present the image to the eye. All integrated helmet solutions suffer from the effects of viewing the world through widely spaced IITs. One major problem is that depth perception is exaggerated, an effect known as hyperstereopsis. The major effect for aircrew is that the ground appears much closer than it actually is; when on the ground, the crew feels as if they are sat in a hole. There is also an area of blindness in front of the helmet, due to the tubes being mounted away from the eyeline, and the view of the outside world may be obstructed by the canopy/windscreen structure, since that view is no longer from the cockpit design eye position. Due to the problems with integrated helmet designs, it is likely to be some years before they are a viable alternative to NVGs. Challenges remain to provide a suitably robust design that is lightweight. There are many variations of NVG on the market today, but all are compromised to an extent by the need to be as light as possible whilst being strong enough to meet the demands of the operating environment. The other major challenge is obtaining the most up-to-date and effective Image Intensifier Technology. European manufacturers are reaching or exceeding the capability of the technology that can be supplied by the US. However, formations need to be equipped with the same standard, so that all members of that formation can see the same thing. Night vision devices are here to stay. As has been demonstrated in recent large-scale conflicts, Forces equipped with NVG can operate effectively round the clock whilst denying the enemy the opportunity for respite. In an environment where positive identification is required, the ability to see without being seen is an undoubted advantage. NVGs do not turn night into day; they have their limitations and are physically demanding to use, but with training, these limitations can be effectively overcome.

<urn:uuid:0ebe4b43-459a-4457-ba77-4480ba423b15>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.defencemanagement.com/article.asp?id=129&content_name=Modernising%20defence&article=3145

2013-05-22T08:11:54Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A child needs a healthy diet to build a healthy brain A nutrient-rich diet is essential for children to develop optimal brain function. A recent study published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health followed the dietary patterns of nearly 4,000 children from birth for over eight years. The study found that toddlers who ate a nutrient-rich diet full of fruits and vegetables had higher IQ scores when they reached 8 years of age compared to the toddlers who consumed processed foods full of fat and sugar.1 The foods that the toddlers ate had a dramatic long term effect on their brain function. Nutrition plays an important role in brain development during all stages of childhood. Whereas the brain grows fastest in the first few years of life, it continues to develop throughout adolescence.2 Thus, it is important that children of all ages consume a high nutrient diet to ensure adequate brain development. Breastfeeding mothers who themselves eat a high nutrient diet pass on those nutrients to their children, improving their children’s cognitive development.Children who are breastfed past their first birthday have higher IQ scores than children who are raised on formula.3 A greater proportion of an infant’s diet made up of breast milk also correlates to greater brain volume in adolescence.4 This is due in part to the DHA content of breast milk, since DHA is a major component of brain cell membranes. Breast milk is not only an important source of DHA, but it provides many other essential nutrients for the developing brain, as well as promoting the health of the immune and respiratory systems and supporting overall childhood health. 5-7 Upon the introduction of solid foods, greater consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with higher IQ and better memory skills when children reach 4 years of age.8 In school-age children, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, as well as increased cholesterol intake have been linked to diminished intelligence and poor academic performance.9-10 Children who eat a nutrient-dense diet are providing their brains with supplementary antioxidant support. The brain uses the most oxygen and produces most energy of any part of body, and thus it is highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is inflammation caused by uncontrolled free radicals. Free radicals can propagate throughout the cell, damaging the cell and even lead to cell death. Cells have their own antioxidant defense enzymes to process the free radicals, but they are not 100% efficient and we must use dietary antioxidants to process the rest.11 The brain’s antioxidant defenses becoming overwhelmed is one of the main mechanisms of brain aging, and this has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.12-13 Thus, a healthy, antioxidant rich diet is especially beneficial for the brain and is likely involved in the association between plant food consumption and higher IQ scores. The foods children consume early in life provide them with the raw materials to construct their brains and ultimately supply their brain power. A diet rich in vegetables, fruit, beans, nuts and seeds is the only way to ensure children get the array of phytochemicals, antioxidants, fatty acids and other micronutrients to adequately supply their growing brains. 1Northstone K, Joinson C, Emmett P, Ness A, Paus T. Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ at 8 years of age? A population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21300993. 2Porter JN, Collins PF, Muetzel RL, Lim KO, Luciana M. Associations between cortical thickness and verbal fluency in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21255662. 3Mortensen EL, Michaelsen KF, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence. JAMA. 2002 May 8;287(18):2365-71. 4 Isaacs EB, Fischl BR, Quinn BT, et al. Impact of breast milk on intelligence quotient, brain size, and white matter development. Pediatr Res. 2010 Apr;67(4):357-62. 5 Ladomenou F, Moschandreas J, Kafatos A, et al. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against infections during infancy: a prospective study. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Dec;95(12):1004-8. 6Katzen-Luchenta J. The declaration of nutrition, health, and intelligence for the child-to-be. Nutr Health. 2007;19(1-2):85-102. 7University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (2010, November 1). Breast milk study furthers understanding of critical ingredients. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2010/10/101027145849.htm 8Gale CR, Martyn CN, Marriott LD, et al. Dietary patterns in infancy and cognitive and neuropsychological function in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;50(7):816-23. 9Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID, Young K, Nichols D, Jansenns S. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on the intelligence of American schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2000 Feb;6(1):19-29. PubMed PMID: 10706232. 10Zhang J, Hebert JR, Muldoon MF. Dietary fat intake is associated with psychosocial and cognitive functioning of school-aged children in the United States. J Nutr. 2005 Aug;135(8):1967-73. 11Kidd, Parris M. "Neurodegeneration from Mitochondrial Insufficiency: Nutrients, Stem Cells, Growth Factors, and Prospects for Brain Rebuilding Using Integrative Management." Alternative Medicine Review 10 (2005): 268-293. 12Aliev G, Smith MA, Seyidova D, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Pathol 2002;12:21-35. 13Barja G. Free radicals and aging. Trends Neurosci 2004;27:595-600.

<urn:uuid:efd3fdd2-ff51-4bba-b341-f4e0d0b98a9a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.diseaseproof.com/archives/children-a-child-needs-a-healthy-diet-to-build-a-healthy-brain-print.html

2013-05-22T08:12:28Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Most lenses are made from tempered glass, which minimizes distortion, cuts down fogging and offers maximum scratch resistance. In most cases, corrective lenses, to your precise prescription, will be permanently bonded to the rear of the mask’s original flat ( plano ) lens, though, in cases of very high prescriptions, they may be bonded to the front surface. In some instances, depending on mask construction, corrective lenses may be fitted in place of the original, non-prescription lenses. Whilst most lenses are made from toughened glass, plastic ( CR39 ) or polycarbonate are increasingly being used. Both these materials have the advantage of being available with tints, which enhance colours in different waters and at different depths. It should be noted, however, that plastics and polycarbonate do not offer the level of scratch resistance found in glass. Some Technical Bits... We need to get a little technical to explain the problems which can be encountered when lenses to the nearest, approximate power are used, as found in the ‘prescription’ masks offered on many other websites. First, a few definitions and explanations... These are used to correct ‘long-sightedness’ ( Hypermetropia ) This describes the condition when distant objects can be seen clearly but near objects are blurred. The higher the power of a plus lens, the greater the effect of ‘tunnel vision’. This can necessitate a special choice of lens for higher + powers. These are used to correct ‘short-sightedness’ ( Myopia ) This is when near objects can be seen clearly but distant objects appear blurred. The higher the power of a minus lens, the thicker the lens edges become, giving peripheral distortion’. This sometimes requires lenses to be made to a specific size or in a specific material. The 'cylinder' value of a lens is used to correct astigmatism, the condition where one part of the eye has an irregular curve ( instead of being round, it is shaped more like a rugby ball ). To further complicate matters, astigmatism may also occur at an angle ( this will be the case if you have an ‘axis’ value on your prescription.) If these problems are not corrected your eye cannot compensate, other than to a small degree, so your vision will be distorted and blurred. The only way to achieve correction is by using lenses with a cylinder value. 'Off the shelf' lenses do not have any cylinder correction. This is one of the reasons why we do not recommend their use. Bifocal ( Read add ) As we get older, usually starting around the mid 40’s, the mechanism that allows the eye to focus ‘up close’ becomes increasingly less efficient and ‘reading glasses’ become a necessity, even though other spectacles are not generally required. Obviously this can present a problem when diving, as some correction will be needed to read gauges, or observe small objects without touching a delicate environment, such as a reef. To address this issue, we can supply masks with 'bifocal' lenses, whereby plain lenses or distance prescription lenses have a small, reading lens segment incorporated into the lower part of the lens. Precise Prescription - Optimum Vision DiveVision is a professional optical service and our primary aim is to give the underwater vision you need in order to get the optimum satisfaction and enjoyment from your diving. Any mask supplied by us will be glazed to your exact prescription. We do not use 'off the shelf' lenses with the nearest, approximate power. The ‘power’ of the spherical and cylindrical correction ( your prescription ) is measured in dioptres. Ready-made, 'off-the-shelf', ‘prescription’ dive masks or swimming goggles, have lenses which come in 0.5 dioptre increments. As a result, they will only be to the nearest approximate power to your prescription, relying on your eye’s flexibility to try and adjust for the uncorrected error. Moreover, these lenses only correct the spherical part of the problem, with no correction for any cylindrical (astigmatic ) element of the defect. In order for us to supply you with the correct lenses, it is essential that the prescription information you give us is totally accurate and up-to-date ( please refer to Supplying your Prescription Details page ) If you are unhappy with your purchase, we will take it back and refund the cost of the mask, but we cannot reimburse you for the cost of glazing as the lenses we fit will be to your specific, personal prescription and the mask cannot be offered for resale with these lenses fitted. ( See Terms and Conditions )

<urn:uuid:e8007d53-c64c-403f-a33b-f56cdba85789>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.dive-vision.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=tag&tag=Hypermetropia&Itemid=191

2013-05-22T08:11:59Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

DNR Urges Marylanders To Avoid Wildlife Displaced Due To Storms Annapolis, Md. (September 9, 2011) — The Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the Maryland Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) remind citizens to be aware of wildlife displaced by current floodwaters. The public is urged to leave wildlife alone during these distressing times to avoid endangering themselves and further stressing the animals. “The best strategy for humans is to leave these animals alone and just allow the waters to return to normal and the animals to do the same,” said Paul Peditto, director of DNR’s Wildlife and Heritage Service. Although some animals will be temporarily displaced until the water recedes in flooded areas, most of Maryland’s native wildlife are extraordinary swimmers and will quickly seek shelter or a place to rest on higher ground. The natural instincts of these animals will often drive them to places where people are not used to seeing wildlife. It is in these situations that people can do more harm than good. 'Leave wildlife alone' is one of the simplest and most important messages DNR has to offer at any time of the year. This message becomes even more critical when the stress of unusual weather conditions is added to our landscape and temporarily complicates the lives of our wildlife. |September 9, 2011|| Contact: Josh Davidsburg The Maryland Department of Natural Resources is the state agency responsible for providing natural and living resource-related services to citizens and visitors. DNR manages nearly a half-million acres of public lands and 17,000 miles of waterways, along with Maryland's forests, fisheries and wildlife for maximum environmental, economic and quality of life benefits. A national leader in land conservation, DNR-managed parks and natural, historic and cultural resources attract 11 million visitors annually. DNR is the lead agency in Maryland's effort to restore the Chesapeake Bay, the state's number one environmental priority. Learn more at www.dnr.maryland.gov

<urn:uuid:0d1aa1ac-39de-4718-8b0c-603f46bd3f70>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.dnr.state.md.us/dnrnews/pressrelease2011/090911b.asp

2013-05-22T08:26:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Lady Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia - The manta ray, Manta birostris, is the world's largest ray, with a disc width of up to seven meters. It is an iconic species, found in all the world's oceans. As a harmless giant it attracts considerable interest from the general public and is the subject of commercial dive-tourism industries worth millions of dollars. Manta rays are also hunted by fisheries in some parts of the world. Recent demand in eastern Asia for manta ray products poses an immediate threat to the species and has caused a dramatic increase in fishing pressure throughout Southeast Asia and eastern Africa, leading to significant population declines in many regions. The manta ray is now listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species and is not currently protected in Australian waters. In Australia, manta rays occur in relatively shallow water along the east coast from Narooma in southern New South Wales to the tip of Cape York in the north, a distance of nearly 4,000km. Although the rays are a common sight for swimmers, snorkelers, and divers, relatively little is known about most aspects of their biology and ecology, and there is no scientific data available on the Australian east coast population. Little is known, for example, about how many mantas there are, whether they move up and down the coast or prefer particular sites and, if so, why. We know very little about how quickly they grow, when they mature or how they reproduce. Project Manta is rectifying this disturbing lack of information by engaging scientists, industry partners, and the general public in a comprehensive study of manta rays that will enhance our knowledge of the species, generate economic and social benefits, and provide a basis for long-term monitoring of the environment. Manta rays’ global distribution and easy-to-identify shape make it an excellent indicator species through which to monitor the effects of environmental change on our oceans and reefs. Global warming has caused marked changes to global oceanic conditions, including changes in water temperature, current patterns and ocean acidification - all of which may have dramatic consequences for manta rays and the reefs on which they depend. Correlating manta distribution and movements with large scale oceanographic changes will help scientists identify and monitor global oceanic health. Meet the Scientists Dr Kathy Townsend University of Queensland Born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Dr Kathy Townsend did a year of undergraduate study at the University of Calgary before immigrating to Australia to complete her undergraduate, Honours and PhD at The University of Queensland in Brisbane.

<urn:uuid:ff55a7ee-1b96-4dcb-b40b-072d61bf5a76>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.earthwatch.org/exped/townsend_research.html

2013-05-22T08:33:01Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Kindergarten and Gr One Ideas Improve your child's hand-eye coordination with this fun outdoor activity: dribble mania! A game for first and second graders. Celebrate Read Across America Day with your first grader by playing a pink crepe paper racing game inspired by Dr. Seuss's book "The Cat in the Hat Come Back." Try your hand at some Seuss-like tongue twisters! Boost those vocabulary skills with this fun game for the whole family. Head out to the driveway, ball in hand, for a bouncing challenge. Then use those results to make a colorful graph that lets your child compare results. Your first or second grader will love improve her memory with this take on the classic game of Concentration, with pictures of her instead of a deck of cards. This unique twist on bingo is a great outside game that gives kids spelling and color practice, and it's lots of fun, too! In this word 'shipwreck' game, kids explore word families and put letters together to sound out words. This is a great activity for when the kids get a little stir crazy. It works indoors or out. Do you want to turn basic addition into a fun game for your first grader? Simply save up some old paper towels for a do-it-yourself bowling game. Improve your child's hand-eye coordination with this outdoor group ball game that's similar to Four Square. With nothing more than a flat open space and some lively kids, you can reinforce key concepts of punctuation while having lots of healthy laughs. New readers need to develop a "bank" of words they can read by sight. Hate flashcards? Consider this fresh way to practice sight words to perfection...Bingo! This zany guessing game asks your first grader to tap into her deductive reasoning skills to guess an activity or object. Play hopscotch with numbers, but also with letters, to get kids ready for first grade reading. All you need is chalk and pavement to set up this silly, fun, and practical game that reinforces those all-important first grade sight words. Try this fun outdoor game to improve your first grader's reading skills. This activity is perfect for summer!

<urn:uuid:b860c3e5-de9d-42c4-b5c7-faae6936779c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.education.com/collection/ashleyballam/kindergarten-gr-ideas/?viewall

2013-05-22T08:15:04Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Guide for Parents: Ten Steps to Prepare Your Child for College The American Council on Education and ACE are registered trademarks of the American Council on Education and are used with permission. Investigate and choose a savings vehicle. There are many options available, including U.S. Savings Bonds, bank accounts, mutual funds, and state savings or prepaid tuition plans. - Begin saving as early as possible. Whatever savings vehicle you choose, you will be much better off if you start saving early. For example, if you put aside $50 per month starting when your child is born, at 5 percent interest, you will have saved more than $17,000 when your child is 18. If you start saving the same amount monthly when your child is 8 years old, you will have saved only $7,000 by the time your child is ready for college. Elementary and Middle School - Encourage your child to challenge him or herself academically, develop good study habits, and become involved in school- and community-based extracurricular activities. A positive school experience that is both academically challenging and rich in extracurricular activities is important in itself and as preparation for college. - Discuss career and college options with your child and encourage his or her aspirations. Many students assume that higher education is not for them or that the jobs they are interested in don't require college. Today, some form of formal postsecondary education or training is required for almost every well-paying job. With $60 billion in financial aid available, college is possible for almost every American. So encourage your child to aim high, explore all the options, and plan to attend college. - Make sure your child starts on a college preparatory track in middle school or junior high. If students don't take the right courses in middle school, they may be shut out of the college preparatory track in high school. The U.S. Department of Education recommends that middle and junior high school students take Algebra I in 8th Grade, Geometry in 9th Grade, and English, Science, and History or Geography every year. Foreign language, computer, and visual or performing art classes are also recommended. Reprinted with the permission of the American Council on Education. © 2008 American Council on Education. Add your own comment Today on Education.com WORKBOOKSMay Workbooks are Here! WE'VE GOT A GREAT ROUND-UP OF ACTIVITIES PERFECT FOR LONG WEEKENDS, STAYCATIONS, VACATIONS ... OR JUST SOME GOOD OLD-FASHIONED FUN!Get Outside! 10 Playful Activities - Kindergarten Sight Words List - The Five Warning Signs of Asperger's Syndrome - What Makes a School Effective? - Child Development Theories - Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development - 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism - Test Problems: Seven Reasons Why Standardized Tests Are Not Working - Bullying in Schools - A Teacher's Guide to Differentiating Instruction - First Grade Sight Words List

<urn:uuid:5c709cf9-ddde-4508-aa3a-387c56145612>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Guide_Parents_Ten/

2013-05-22T08:05:46Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Tip #11 to Get a Top SAT Math Score Slope questions appear on every SAT. This topic could fill a college–level course, but the SAT tests only a few concepts. Most importantly, to find the slope of two ordered pairs, use the slope formula: You should also know these other groovy SAT slope facts: - The slope of a line measures its steepness—the steeper the line, the bigger the slope. - A line has a positive slope if it rises from left to right. - A line has a negative slope if it falls from left to right. - A horizontal line has a slope of 0. Let's look at this question: Solution: Plug the two points into the slope equation. Once you have , you can simply "Use the Answers" and try each answer choice to see which one makes the equation work. Skill Preview: As we will see in Skill 20, you could also cross–multiply to solve this equation. Correct answer: E - If the slope of a line through the points (3, a) and (–2, –4) is , what is the value of a ? - A –2 - B –1 - C 0 - D 1 - E 2 - What is the slope of the line through the point (2, –3) and the origin? - A –2.5 - B –1.5 - C –1 - D 0.5 - E 2.5 - Which of the following is closest to the slope of the line in the figure below? - In the figure below, the line containing (a, b) passes through the origin. What is the value of ? - A –1 - B 0 - C 1 - D 3 - E Undefined - In the xy coordinate plane below, the indicated diameters of the two circles shown are parallel to the y axis. If the points M and N are centers of the circles, what is the slope of line MN (not shown)? - B Plug the two points into the slope equation. - B This question is exactly like Question 1. You are given 2 points, and you simply plug them into the slope formula. The only twist is that the question refers to the origin as one of the two points so you have to know that "origin" means (0, 0), which is just vocab. Know it (which you do now) and you get it correct! - C Use two points to count the , the change in y over the change in x. - C Remember that pictures on the SAT are drawn exactly to scale (we'll talk more about this excellent strategy in Skill 21). So just use the picture to determine the values of (a, b); it looks like (4, 4). The question just asks for , so the answer is choice C, since = 1. - B To get the slope of MN, we must know the coordinates for M and for N. Since these points are centers of the circles, they are halfway between the endpoints of each diameter shown. So M equals (2, 1) and N equals (7, 3). Now we plug these into the slope formula. Once you have , you can simply "Use the Answers" and try each answer choice to see which one makes the equation work. You could also cross–multiply (see Skill 20). Notice how is not a choice. Don't be thrown. Be confident, unshakeable! After you finish this book, you will always know what to do; don't let the question intimidate you. So, which choice matches our ? Just enter it in your calculator, remember that means "–3 divided by 2," and you get – 1.5. Bingo! Go to: Tip #12 Add your own comment Today on Education.com WORKBOOKSMay Workbooks are Here! WE'VE GOT A GREAT ROUND-UP OF ACTIVITIES PERFECT FOR LONG WEEKENDS, STAYCATIONS, VACATIONS ... OR JUST SOME GOOD OLD-FASHIONED FUN!Get Outside! 10 Playful Activities - Kindergarten Sight Words List - The Five Warning Signs of Asperger's Syndrome - What Makes a School Effective? - Child Development Theories - Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development - 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism - Test Problems: Seven Reasons Why Standardized Tests Are Not Working - Bullying in Schools - A Teacher's Guide to Differentiating Instruction - First Grade Sight Words List

<urn:uuid:90832785-7a28-4021-92d5-f218f3065d25>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.education.com/reference/article/green-circle-black-diamond-slaloming/

2013-05-22T08:21:08Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Trade-offs between programmable SoCs vs. dedicated MCUs in motor controlPage 2 of 2 Speed measuring equipment: Tachometers are widely used for measuring the rotational speed of a motor. The shaft of the motor is connected to a tachometer that is similar to a DC generator (i.e., it produces electrical energy from mechanical energy), outputting a DC voltage proportional to the speed of rotation of the motor (Figure 6). The voltage generated from the tachometer is used for further processing. Today, many designers are migrating towards rotary encoders as they generate digital outputs for every rotation. They also do not degrade due to wear and tear like tachometers. Feeding the rotary encoder’s output to a microcontroller provides a straightforward way to monitor and control the speed of a motor with a rotary encoder as a sensor. Figure 6: Interfacing Rotary encoder with a DC motor Motion Controller block: A motion controller is needed to compare the reference speed with the actual speed and feed the error signal back to the motor. Since the above discussed rotary encoder returns two quadrature phase signals A and B, we need to implement logic to decode these signals and sense the current speed of the motor. By computing the difference between the sensed speed and the actual speed, we can feed a correction factor to the motor so that it achieves the required speed. Since controlling the power supply to a motor controls its rotational speed, the correction factor to be fed involves giving a suitable voltage correction to the given supply voltage. Using a programmable SoC for motor control The following sections describe this speed control application in detail, with the Cypress PSoC 3/5 used as the motion controller. Though many controllers may be used to perform this operation, the PSoC includes a flexible visual embedded design methodology that includes preconfigured, user-defined peripherals and hierarchical schematic entry. It also includes high-precision programmable analog blocks including 12- to 20-bit delta-sigma ADCs, a digital logic library, power management, and connectivity resources useful for motor control applications. If we intend to decode the signals from the rotary encoder and do further processing, we typically have to use an interrupt routine in a normal microcontroller, which prevents other functions from being executed when this interrupt routine is being serviced. With a programmable SoC device, the microcontroller has a separate digital block/hardware block that can decode these quad-phase signals (A and B) and store the current count value (i.e., automatically increment and decrement). In the feedback loop, if we interface the motor shaft (whose speed is to be measured) with the shaft of a rotary encoder through motor adapters (this might load the motor), the encoder’s shaft will rotate at the same speed as that of the motor. The outputs of these encoders can be fed to the quadrature decoder module available in the PSoC 3/5 for further processing for a complete implementation of a typical motor control system. A sample motor control application One of the common requirements for motor-related applications is “Speed Measurement”. As said earlier, the current count value can be stored in the decoder module. Using this, we can measure the speed of the motor by measuring the count value for every minute, since speed of a motor is usually measured in rotations per minute. For example, after every minute we can reset the count value or we can use the difference in counts for our calculation. Instead of waiting for a minute, the count value can even be measured every second and then multiplied by 60, although this may not give as exact a value as can be obtained by measuring per minute. Therefore, the speed of the motor can be calculated as For instance, let us assume that we need to maintain the speed of a stepper motor at 6000 rpm. Considering an open-loop system, we would just have a controller outputting a square wave signal to the stepper motor to rotate it in one direction at 6000 rpm. However, when we add a load to the motor, the speed of the motor decreases below the actual value at which it should run. Hence, we cannot achieve the desired speed and there is no way to adjust it. In order to maintain the speed at a specific value irrespective of changes in the motor load, we need to follow the principle of a closed-loop system. To sense and feedback the current rotating speed, we use a rotary encoder, as discussed earlier. Our choice of encoder depends upon the speed of rotation and the speed accuracy needed. The signals from the rotary encoder are decoded using the Quad Decoder module available using the PSoC Creator tool. A suitable clock frequency is routed to the Quad Decoder module, depending on the maximum rotations of the motor per minute. For example, if the maximum rotational speed would be 9000 rpm, this translates to 150 rotations per second. If the encoder gives 4 pulses (encoder characteristic) for every complete rotation, then the clock frequency needed for the decoder module is 150*4*10=6 kHz (10 times as that of A and B signals). Since we need to track the count value every second, we can generate an interrupt every 1 second. In the interrupt service routine, we can capture the count register value and then clear it (i.e., for measuring the speed for the next second) and using Equation 1 the speed of the motor can be determined. Two case studies: PSoC versus MCU implementation The following two cases list the possible power sources for the DC motor and also the logic to control it. Case 1: DC Motor is driven through a current buffer using the same PSoC 3/5. For example, if the specification of the DC motor is such that it consumes 88 mA with 5 V supply at no load condition, we can interface the output of PSoC 3/5 with the DC motor through a current driving circuit, as shown in Figure 7: Figure 7: DC motor driven through PSoC While a constant 5V DC supply is given, the motor rotates at its full speed (i.e. 9000 rpm) as per the example here. The optical rotary encoder rotates along with the motor at the same speed and the output of the encoder is measured using the decoder in the PSoC 3/5. Now the microcontroller detects the speed to be 9000 rpm and compares it with the needed value (i.e., 6000 rpm or 2/3 times the actual speed). The corrective response is -3000 rpm (i.e., -1/3 times the voltage currently supplied to the motor). This voltage variation can implemented using a PWM. By varying the duty cycle of PWM, the average voltage can be varied. There is a drag-and-drop PWM module in PSoC Creator. The clock frequency to feed to the PWM module depends on the speed resolution needed by the application. Here the Duty cycle required would be 2/3. Hence, the average output voltage of the PWM module per cycle would be 5*2/3 = 3.33 V. The output of the PWM module is supplied to the current driving circuit that is connected to the DC motor. The DC motor now rotates at the desired speed of 6000 rpm. The rotary encoder again senses the speed, detects 6000 rpm, and feeds it back to the controller. Now the error factor is 0. The PWM maintains its previous state, and the motor maintains its speed. Suppose that a load is added to the motor, though the duty cycle is maintained at 2/3, the speed of the motor comes down to say 5000 rpm. Now the rotary encoder senses the speed and feeds it to PSoC 3/5. Now, the error factor is +1000 rpm (i.e) 1/9th of the original/ free-running speed. Therefore, the duty cycle of PWM is increased by a factor of 1/9 (Current duty cycle = 2/3+1/9 =7/9). This factor is written to the PWM Digital block through firmware. Case 2: DC Motor is powered through an MCU. If the DC motor is powered through another controller, then the PSoC controller can be used to feed the current status of the motor to the other controller through an interface such as I2C. If the DC motor is powered through an external battery, it is easy to control its speed through the logic shown in Figure 8. The PWM output from PSoC can be fed to the switch which would switch on and switch the supply to the motor with a certain duty cycle so that it meets the same criteria as before. Figure 8: DC motor powered through an external source (not PSoC) For other motor control applications such as position control, we can use an absolute rotary encoder, as it gives the current position of the motor. This output can again be fed back to the controller to find the deviation from the actual signal and, by giving a pulse for a small duration, make sure the motor reaches its target position. Asha Ganesan earned her Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication at College of Engineering Guindy. She is currently working as an Applications Engineer at Cypress Semiconductor. She is an expert in PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 products and assists customers with their PSoC 3/5 projects. Her email address is [email protected]. Page 2 of 2Next > Currently no items

<urn:uuid:00876d0d-e669-4903-b37d-58ea46e47b18>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.embedded.com/design/mcus-processors-and-socs/4405205/2/Trade-offs-between-programmable-SoCs-vs--dedicated-MCUs-in-motor-control

2013-05-22T08:00:47Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Research Says Being Overweight Can Lessen the Risk of Breast Cancer Being overweight or obese during adolescence reduces a woman’s chances of getting breast cancer, researchers at Harvard Medical School discovered. This finding doesn’t mean that younger women could just eat chocolates and fast foods anytime. The present study by Karin B. Michels and colleagues lends a new view on the relationship between adult weight change and premenopausal breast cancer among women. The authors similarly concluded that a woman’s weight at age 18 gives a stronger predictor of breast cancer risk. The risk is calculated through body mass index (BMI), a height-to-weight comparison. For breast cancer, there is a clear association between obesity and cancer risk, particularly in postmenopausal women. A cancer organization reported that worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. Thus, obesity is on the rise all over all the world, most especially in urban areas. This interest encompasses the potential consequences of obesity in breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. The results of the study by Michel’s group showed that BMI at age 18 is a predictor of breast cancer in younger women than their current weight. More than 116, 000 participants in Brigham and Women’s Nurses Heath Study were quizzed about their age, height, weight, menstrual cycles, family history of breast cancer, and fertility status, among others. In the study, the researchers found out that there is more than 40 percent lower incidence of premenopausal breast cancer among women with a BMI of 27.5 at age 18, or higher incidence compared to women with a BMI between 20 and 22.4 at age 18. It concluded that overweight and obesity are inversely related to the risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Researchers said that the link to age of decrease premenopausal breast cancer risk may be explained by hormones. Before women reach puberty, females do not have to deal with estradiol (estrogen), progesterone, and other sex hormones that are responsible in ovulation. But the theory on premenopausal women’s level of estrogen is yet to be solved. Things change after menopause. A high body mass in adulthood increases breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal women. Weight gain since early adulthood and since menopausal has been associated with an increase in postmenopausal breast cancer, while weight loss after menopause may reduce the risk. Many cohort studies also support the present study stating that greater body weight is associated with a decrease in premonopausal breast cancer risk and an increase in postmenopausal breast cancer risk. A number of hypotheses discuss that obesity leads to a larger exposure to estrogen. Fat cells produce substances that could possibly increase breast cancer risk. Obesity also leads to other hormonal changes that might affect breast cancer risk. However, Harvard researchers noted that data on the effect of weight change on breast cancer incidence among premenopausal women are sparse. The good news is that body weight is one of the few breast cancer risk factors women have control over. Ronald delos Reyes, program coordinator of Eduardo J. Aboitiz Cancer Center (EJACC) of Ramon Aboitiz Foundation Inc. (RAFI), said that a well balanced diet is always a good investment. “A healthy body does not only promote good health but also protects us from diseases like cancer. Healthy lifestyle always tops the list of breast cancer prevention,” he added. “Every woman and man should seriously consider investing their time and effort to maintain their ideal body weight. Having a healthy lifestyle and a healthy body should be an everyday priority all the time,” he stressed. This article is based on the study “Adult weight change and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer” by Karen B. Michels, et. al. Important note: This article first appeared in The Freeman Lifestyle. RAFI provided www.empressofdrac.com with a copy to further emphasize the importance of early detection in preventing cancer and to increase public support for cancer initiatives. Photo source: cdn.hivehealthmedia.com

<urn:uuid:e845bda0-d00a-45f5-a293-fe96c67863bf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.empressofdrac.com/2013/03/01/research-says-being-overweight-can-lessen-the-risk-of-breast-cancer/

2013-05-22T07:55:53Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Family: Cupressaceae, Cypress view all from this family Description Evergreen coniferous tree growing to 20-28 m (rarely to 35 m) tall, with feathery foliage in moderately flattened sprays, green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale-like, 2-4 mm long, produced in opposite decussate pairs on somewhat flattened shoots; seedlings up to a year old have needle-like leaves. Seed cones are globose, 4-9 mm diameter, with 6-10 scales, green or purple, maturing brown in 5–7 months after pollination. Pollen cones are purple or brown, 1.5–3 mm long and 1–2 mm broad, releasing their yellow pollen in spring. Dimensions Height: 15-27 m. (50-90') Diameter: 0.5-0.6 m. (1 1/2-2'). Habitat Swamps (fresh & salt). Range Florida, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, New England. Discussion Several cultivars of varying crown shape, growth rates and foliage color are used for garden planting. Cultivars include 'Andelyensis' (dwarf, with dense foliage), 'Ericoides' (juvenile foliage), and 'Glauca' (strongly glaucous foliage). The wood is reported to endure moisture indefinitely; used for log cabins, fence-posts, ties, shingles and floors. Wood was used to produce charcoal for gunpowder during the Revolutionary War.

<urn:uuid:f34aeb84-8dc1-46b8-ac96-728b278f589c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?foo=0&curGroupID=10&lgfromWhere=&curPageNum=4

2013-05-22T08:32:48Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

They call it the White Death: an avalanche can strike the unsuspecting mountaineer or backcountry skier with almost no warning. During the 2001-2002 winter season, there have been a record number of 35 avalanche-related deaths in the United States alone. An avalanche can be compared to a landslide, only with snow instead of land. Some have likened it to being in a giant washing machine filled with snow. When in such a life-threatening situation, a device called AvaLung can save one's life. Provided one survives the impact, the AvaLung helps the victim of the avalanche breathe fresh oxygen from the snow. Most avalanche victims manage to survive the impact. It has been documented that 75% of avalanche-related deaths occur due to suffocation. However, suffocation is not due to lack of air, as one may think. Instead, carbon dioxide builds up around the mouth and face area making vital oxygen less available. At the same time, as the person exhales, the temperature of the exhaled air causes some of the snow around the head to melt. Subsequently, the snow re-freezes thus creating an ice mask around the face which makes it even more difficult for the exhaled carbon dioxide to dissipate into the surrounding snow. As a safety breathing device, the AvaLung equipment can increase the time one has to breathe if trapped in an avalanche. Air is pulled in directly from the air-rich snowpack by the use of a mouthpiece. The device consists of a mouth piece, a flap valve, an exhaust pipe, and an air collector. One shoulder strap has a zipper compartment for the AvaLung bite tube, while the other strap holds your drinking sip tube. In seconds one may have the tube installed. The Idea is to keep it out and handy whenever in avalanche terrain, and even keep it in your mouth if you’re in an extremely dangerous situation. Thus, the device is a simple and relatively low-tech means of ensuring oxygen availability, while diverting carbon-dioxide rich, warm exhaled air away from the intake. This allows the victim to breathe and buys significantly more time for rescuers to locate and dig out the victim. Although admittedly a low-tech device, several engineering disciplines have undoubtedly participated in the development of the AvaLung. The tubes, mouthpiece and plastics materials were researched and developed by a chemical engineering expert in materials science. They were manufactured in plants, by specialized machinery that have been designed, built and are operated and maintained by mechanical engineers. Civil engineers would have designed the buildings that house the assembly plants, as well as the roads and bridges needed to transport the materials and the finished product to the end-user. Avalanches are a naturally occurring phenomenon. They cannot be prevented, and even though in most cases, there is some measure of warning, every season, there are avalanche-related deaths. As most of these deaths occur due to suffocation, the AvaLung device provides a measure of added safety and may save lives. Although simple, the AvaLung is quite innovative, and many engineers contributed to its design and manufacture. It would be a very good idea for people to venture into avalanche high-risk areas to equip themselves with an AvaLung device. Who knows, it may save their life!

<urn:uuid:6db375f4-f7cc-47eb-9ea8-72d6d9ae126e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.engineergirl.org/GetThere/Contest/Winners/2011winners/4619.aspx

2013-05-22T07:54:10Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

November 19, 2011 is World Toilet Day. The World Toilet Organization commemorates World Toilet Day to raise awareness about the global need for sanitation facilities. According to the WTO website, 2.6 billion people lack access to sufficient sanitation facilities. Last year, 51 events in 19 countries urged people to solve this public health problem. The WTO runs an annual World Toilet Summit, where experts gather to discuss ways to increase access to basic sanitation, and World Toilet College, where professors research sanitation technologies and train the next generation of sanitation experts. SaniShop puts the findings of the WTO into practice. SaniShop reduces the costs of toilets so that they are affordable in underdeveloped regions, reaches out to manufacturers to provide units, and supports local entrepreneurs who can make a living selling, building, maintaining and repairing sanitation facilities. In countries with universal access to toilets, environmental groups have the luxury of focusing on comparatively mild pollution that takes years to cause diseases. Some forget that human fecal matter is the most dangerous pollutant on Earth in terms of the deaths it causes. In regions without proper sanitation facilities, untreated human fecal matter ends up in the drinking water supply where it becomes a vector for spreading viruses, bacteria, and parasites. These harmful organisms cause diarrhea that can be severe enough to kill someone with dehydration. The World Health Organization's figures from 2001 indicate that 2.438 million people die each year from diarrheal diseases such as cholera, making it the 7th highest cause of death. Children are particularly vulnerable to diarrheal diseases. They kill 1.5 million children every year, and they are the second leading cause of death in children under five. Groups such as the World Toilet Organization are working hard to reduce deaths from diarrheal diseases by increasing access to sanitation. Centered in Singapore, the WTO uses boot strapping entrepreneurial methods to protect drinking water from intestinal pathogens. Its work brings humanity closer to the day when everyone can take toilets for granted.

<urn:uuid:d25b9640-161d-4a80-bb53-52ff9b6fcd53>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/water/news-world-toilet-day-combats-most-dangerous-pollutant

2013-05-22T07:55:30Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How Anemia Is Diagnosed Simple blood tests can both determine if you have anemia and what the cause may be, which helps determine treatment options. When your doctor suspects that you have anemia, a condition caused by the blood’s inability to deliver enough oxygen to the body, the first step is usually a diagnostic test. Blood tests can tell your physician whether you are truly anemic, says Raymond Liu, MD, a hematologist with Kaiser Permanente Hospital in San Francisco, along with what is causing the anemia. Anemia Test No. 1: Complete Blood Count (CBC) If you’re experiencing symptoms of anemia, the most common diagnostic test is a complete blood count, known as a CBC for short. A CBC involves taking a small blood sample and analyzing its components, including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. “It tests at all the elements of the blood, but mainly we’re looking at the red blood cells because a low red blood cell count can mean anemia,” Dr. Liu says. The CBC also measures levels of hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells found in whole blood) and hemoglobin (an oxygen-carrying protein in the blood). Low levels of either hematocrit or hemoglobin can indicate an anemic condition. The complete blood count is the main test used to make a general diagnosis of anemia, Liu says, after which other diagnostic tests can be ordered as needed. “After we’ve determined there is anemia, we can determine the cause,” explains Liu. Anemia Test No. 2: Reticulocyte Count One such diagnostic test is a reticulocyte count, which measures the number of immature red cells in the blood. These cells are produced by bone marrow, and a high reticulocyte count could mean that your symptoms of anemia are due to blood loss, either through hemorrhaging, heavy menstrual periods, or sources of blood loss. “If your bone marrow is responding very well and producing lots of red blood cells, then the reticulocyte count should be high because the red blood cell factory is working overtime to make up for those lost red blood cells,” says Liu. A low reticulocyte count, on the other hand, means that your bone marrow is not producing enough red blood cells. This is most commonly caused by a nutritional deficiency. “If you don’t have enough iron to or vitamin B12, you can’t make red blood cells,” Liu explains. Folate deficiency can also be a cause of a low reticulocyte count, though it’s less common in the Western world because many foods, such as bread, are fortified with folate. People who have cancer or are undergoing radiation therapy may also experience low reticulocyte counts, as well as those whose kidney function is impaired. Once the cause of the low reticulocyte count has been determined, your doctor can decide how to treat your anemia, Liu says. If a low reticulocyte count is caused by nutritional gaps, you can take supplements of appropriate vitamins, such as iron, B12, or folate. If your reticulocyte production has been suppressed due to kidney problems, a physician may treat you with injections of erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys that tells the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Anemia Test No. 3: Blood Smear Another test that helps search for anemia causes is a blood smear. This test, which is performed by spreading a drop of blood on a slide and staining it with a special dye, can detect irregularities in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal red blood cells can tell your doctor more about your anemia. For example, unusually large red blood cells can indicate anemia caused by a vitamin deficiency, while crescent-shaped red blood cells can mean you have sickle-cell anemia, an inherited disease. The treatments that your physician prescribes after a blood smear will depend on the test results. If your blood smear reveals vitamin deficiencies, changes in diet or taking vitamin supplements may be the only treatment you need. There is no cure for sickle-cell anemia, but patients are often told to stay hydrated and in good health because being in less-than-ideal physical condition can cause painful episodes, known as “sickle cell crises” that occur when misshapen red blood cells form clumps in the bloodstream. “Anything that stresses the body out can lead to crisis,” Liu says. People with moderate to severe sickle-cell anemia may also be prescribed a drug called hydroxyurea to prevent episodes of pain. Anemia Test No. 4: Iron Panel If your doctor suspects that your anemia is due to an iron deficiency, she may order an iron panel, a blood test that measures the level of iron in your blood. This test is often used when your doctor believes that your iron deficiency is caused by blood loss, such bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. “If we suspect there is blood loss related to an iron deficiency, we definitely do an iron panel,” Liu says. “If someone’s anemic, it can help us estimate how long their recovery time will be.” Treatment for iron deficiency involves taking iron supplements, usually in pill form. Those who cannot tolerate oral supplements of iron can also take it intravenously or by an injection into the muscle. If you suspect symptoms of anemia, talk to your doctor. Once simple blood tests determine the cause of your anemia, you and your doctor can work together to get you back to optimal health.

<urn:uuid:ce4453e3-9349-4cbf-9df2-9a164f81de37>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.everydayhealth.com/anemia/tests-for-anemia.aspx

2013-05-22T07:54:36Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Throughout the centuries, there has been variation in some of its symbols — specifically, the subtractive notation (which uses, e.g., IV instead of IIII to denote 4) has entered universal use only in modern times. For example, Forme of Cury, a manuscript from 1390, uses IX for 9, but IIII for 4. Another document in the same manuscript, from 1381, uses IV and IX. A third document in the same manuscript uses IIII, IV, and IX. The Romans themselves didn't seem to bother that much about what was the correct formation of a number; constructions such as IIX for eight have been discovered. In many cases, there seems to have been a certain reluctance in the use of subtractive notation. Some rules regarding Roman numerals state that a symbol representing 10x may not precede any symbol larger than 10x + 1; use XCIX not IC for 99. Clock faces typically show IIII for 4 o'clock and IX for 9 o'clock — using the subtractive principle in one case and not in the other. It has been said that the reason 4 o'clock is IIII (and not IV), is because IV is the first two letters of IVPITER, the supreme god of the Romans. Use of Roman numerals today is mostly restricted to ordinal numbers, such as volumes or chapters in a book or the numbers identifying monarchs (e.g. Elizabeth II). The BBC uses them to denote the year in which a programme was made. Sometimes they are written using lower-case letters (thus: i, ii, iii, iv, etc.), particularly if numbering paragraphs or sections within chapters. Undergraduate degrees at British universities are generally graded using I, IIi, IIii, III for first, upper second, lower second and third class respectively. The "modern" Roman numerals, post-Victorian era, are shown below: |none||0||There was no need for a zero.| |IV||4||IIII is still used on clock and card faces.| |C||100||This is the origin of using the slang term "C-bill" or "C-note" for "$100 bill".| |ↀ||1000||Conjoined C and D, alternative to M.| |MCMXCIX||1999||Note that there are no short cuts, the I can only precede V or X.| |Ↄ||Reversed 100||Reversed C, used in combination with C and I to form large numbers.| An accurate way to write large numbers in Roman numerals is to handle first the thousands, then hundreds, then tens, then units. Example: the number 1988. One thousand is M, nine hundred is CM, eighty is LXXX, eight is VIII. Put it together: MCMLXXXVIII. Unicode has a number of characters specifically designated as Roman numerals, most of them only included for compatibility with East Asian standards. They range from U+2160 to U+2183. For example, MCMLXXXVIII could alternatively be written as ⅯⅭⅯⅬⅩⅩⅩⅧ or ⅯⅭⅯⅬⅩⅩⅩⅤⅠⅠⅠ (this requires a font, such as Arial Unicode MS, that contains the necessary characters).

<urn:uuid:54a1d7d4-145c-427e-bfdf-c3376831158b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fact-index.com/r/ro/roman_numerals.html

2013-05-22T08:32:51Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Canada MapsEdit This Page From FamilySearch Wiki Maps are important for locating the places where your ancestors lived. They help you see the neighboring towns and geographic features of the area your ancestor came from. Maps show places, geographical features, transportation routes, and proximity to other towns. Historical maps are especially useful for understanding boundary changes. Maps are published separately or in atlases: bound collections of maps. They may also be in gazetteers, guidebooks, local histories, and history texts. Maps give many kinds of information: Historical atlases describe the growth and development of countries. They show boundaries, migration routes, land owners, settlement patterns, military campaigns, and other historical information. Road atlases give great detail about Canada. County maps, county atlases, and topographical maps give good county and land information. City maps with street names and political ward boundaries are extremely helpful when researching large cities such as Toronto and Montreal. Maps must be used carefully for several reasons: Several places may have the same name. For example, in Canada today, seven towns are called St. John or St. Johns and another nineteen have St. Jean as part of the name. Spellings and names of some towns may have changed since your ancestors lived there. For example: Toronto, Ontario, was named York before 1834, and Ottawa was called Bytown until 1855. Some places have different names in different languages. When names are anglicized, they may be misspelled, shortened, or diacritics omitted. For example: Trois Rivières, Québec, may be Three Rivers on some maps. Political boundaries are not clearly indicated on all maps. Finding Maps and Atlases Maps and atlases are available at historical societies and at public and university libraries. Major collections for Canada are at some archives and libraries in the United States and at Canadian institutions listed in: Ross, Tim. Directory of Canadian Map Collections/Répertoire des collections canadiennes de cartes. 6th ed. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, Cartographic and Audio-Visual Archives Division, National Archives of Canada, 1992. (Family History Library book 971 E74r; computer number 815797.) This directory contains the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and hours of operation of institutions with map collections. It also describes the numbers and types of maps in the institutions’ collections and whether public libraries may order the maps through interlibrary loan. National and provincial map series are described in: Nicholson, N. L., and L. M. Sebert. The Maps of Canada: A Guide to Official Canadian Maps, Charts, Atlases and Gazetteers. Folkestone, Kent, Engl.: Wm. Dawson and Sons Ltd., and Hamden, Conn.: The Shoe String Press, 1981. (Family History Library book 971 E7nL; computer number 272666.) The Family History Library has a small collection of Canadian maps and atlases. County maps of the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s of the Central and Maritime Provinces, often published by G.B. Tremaine or Ambrose Church, are helpful. They show the names of property owners or tenants, and the location of homes and public buildings. For more maps see the Family History Library Catalog under: CANADA - MAPS [PROVINCE] - MAPS [PROVINCE], [COUNTY] - MAPS [PROVINCE], [COUNTY] - HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY Between 1874 and 1882 a series of about 30 county atlases was published, often called Illustrated Historical Atlas of [COUNTY]. Typically each atlas included a history of the county’s settlement, township maps showing names of property owners, municipality maps, and portraits of prominent businessmen and scenes of some of their residences. The atlases were sold by subscription, so were only published for areas with fairly large populations, including: Many counties of southern Ontario. Two or three counties in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. One atlas for all of Prince Edward Island. One atlas for the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Most early county atlases are listed in: May, Betty, et al. County Atlases of Canada: A Descriptive Catalogue. Ottawa: National Map Collection, Public Archives of Canada, 1970. (Family History Library book 971 E73c; microfilm 862288 item 5; computer number 63240.) Some of these atlases have been reprinted and are available at the Family History Library. See the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the province or county. A helpful atlas for Canada is: Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto: H. Belden, 1880. (Family History Library film 982194 item 5; computer number 212839.) This atlas includes county maps showing township and election district boundaries as of 1880 for the Central and Maritime Provinces. It also gives historical information on Canada and maps and history of Bruce County, Ontario. This recent atlas shows modern county boundaries or their equivalent in the east, and census divisions in the western provinces: The Original Cleartype Business Control Atlas of the United States and Canada. New York: American Map Corporation, annual. (Family History Library book 970 E3b; computer number 584439.) Towns with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and most physical features are not given. Historical Maps and Atlases : An excellent national historical atlas is: Matthews, Geoffrey J., cartographer. Historical Atlas of Canada. 3 vols. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1987–93. (Family History Library book 971 E7h v. 1–3; computer number 453345.) Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, includes diagrams and maps of such things as the original seigneuries of Quebec, with names of the seigneurs and discussion of settlement patterns of early ethnic groups. Volume 2, The Land Transformed, 1800–1891, includes maps that show Canadian settlement patterns, migrations to the United States, and locations of Indian reserves in Canada. Volume 3, Addressing the Twentieth Century, 1891–1961, includes a map and discussion of the settlement of the Prairie Provinces. The following historical atlas is still useful: Kerr, D. G. G. A Historical Atlas of Canada. 2d ed. Don Mills, Ont.: Thomas Nelson & Sons (Canada) Ltd., 1966. (Family History Library book Ref Q 971 E7ha; computer number 159699.) Online Historical maps of Canada can be found at Canada Geographic-Mapping and Cartography. Some of the most detailed maps of modern Canada are the maps of the National Topographic System sold by: - Department of Energy Mines and Resources Cartographic Information and Distribution Centre 615 Booth Street Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9 The Departments of Tourism in the provinces usually have free road maps, and the provincial Departments of Natural Resources often sell detailed maps. Addresses of these agencies are in: - Canadian Almanac and Directory. Toronto: Canadian Almanac and Directory Publishing Co., annual. (Family History Library book 971 E4ca; computer number 160632.) - The Atlas of Canada is available online.

<urn:uuid:339c06bb-bf67-4869-af7b-2c4f56ed0a70>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Canada_Maps&oldid=1079016

2013-05-22T08:27:07Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

With regard to food security, fish is the primary source of animal protein for Côte d'Ivoire consumers. Annual national fish consumption is estimated at between 250 000 and 300 000 tonnes with annual local catches averaging 80 000 tonnes (Anon. 1997). Considering that fish is comparatively cheaper than meat, even the poorer households are able to afford it. In 2001, about 67 percent of annual average per capita fish consumption of 13.2 kg was met from imports. In view of the volume and foreign exchange costs of these imports the government decided to intensify the development of fisheries and aquaculture. However, since national maritime fish resources are limited, any policy designed to cover fish requirements while guaranteeing food security would necessarily have to focus on artisanal fishing, and above all on aquaculture. That will also make it easier for fishers to switch over to aquaculture, providing them with a source of income and at the same time encouraging young people to remain in the rural environment. Current fisheries and aquaculture policy is incorporated into the Agricultural Development Master Plan 1992-2015, designed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resources. Under it, three general objectives have been set for all the sectors addressed: Inland aquaculture is still essentially a secondary rural occupation, generally practised on small farms in small freshwater ponds with low productivity rates. There are several different types of farm. There are farms with small water bodies, subsistence farms, and small and large-scale commercial farms. Production systems range from extensive to semi-intensive (with composite feed). As a general rule, most of them farm tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and O. aureus) and Sampa (Heterobranchus longifilis). Lagoon aquaculture has been practised since the 1980s in brackish or fresh water. These are breeding farms producing both tilapia (O. niloticus, O. aureus, Sarotherodon melanotheron) in floating cages, and bagrid catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) (Hem, 1982) and sampa (H. longifilis) in enclosures. These are all intensive production systems. Since 2000, annual aquaculture production has reached 1 200 tonnes (Anon., 2002; Anon., 2003a). The average yields from the different production systems are: There are about 1 000 aquaculture farmers who are either illiterate or have had little schooling. It is also a male-dominated sector. In 1970, land tenure rights were made marketable, replacing the earlier system of land ownership exchange that had prevailed in the 1950s. The government subsequently redirected its aquaculture development strategy by creating regional projects to place fish farming on a better footing throughout the whole country. Today, national aquaculture production covers an area of about 500 ha. Two industrial facilities (Ivograin and Faci) produce feed for aquaculture. The Oceanological Research Centre (CRO) also produces fish feed at Layo. Another company (REAL) produces approximately 6 000 tonnes/year of fishmeal, partly used to manufacture aquaculture feed stock (Anon., 2002). Some 100 to 200 kg of dried brine shrimp cysts are imported every year to feed catfish larvae in hatcheries. To prepare catfish breeding stock for reproduction, fresh mackerel is distributed to supplement the composite feed. Ornamental fish, generally Cichlids, are bred at Grand-Bassam and 95 percent of the production is exported. Some species have been introduced into the country. They are mainly tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron, Heterobranchus isopterus and the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. The two latter species are currently being studied by research establishments (CRO, CNRA, Universities) to see if they can be used for fish farming. Potentially interesting fish species such as Lates niloticus, Labeo coubie and Distichodus rostratus are also under study. The aquaculture of seaweed (spirulina) is only in the early stages. The last two are used for inland aquaculture of which the UNDP-FAO project acted as the development driver. These systems are mainly used for rearing tilapia and are the most common. The aggregate value of production in 2000 (1 200 tonnes) has been put at 1.5 billion CFA francs, equivalent to 3 million US dollars (Anon., 2000). Conversely, in 2002 national aquaculture production only reached about 866 tonnes (Anon., 2002). The sharp decline in production between 2000 and 2002 was due to the sociopolitical situation in the country which made it impossible to travel through the various production areas in order to gather data. It should be emphasized that the figures given here are largely underestimates. At the present time it is very difficult to provide an accurate estimate of aquaculture production, largely because of a lack of human, financial and logistical resources at the disposal of the supervisory services. This difficulty also has to do with the irregularity of production, the wide geographical scattering of fish farming, and the refusal on the part of some fish farmers to disclose information on their harvests. Data on aquaculture production is normally collected through regional projects or the decentralized Fisheries Services of the Fish Production Directorate. Unfortunately, for the moment there are still no production statistics that can be used to set up a reliable database. The graph below shows total aquaculture production in Côte d'Ivoire according to FAO statistics: Generally speaking, fish is sold fresh and whole on the markets. Unlike fisheries products, farmed fish is very rarely smoked or dried. It is usually sold by the kilogram or in a short circuit, using two methods: A price comparison between these two types of fish shows a major difference. For example, the average price of fisheries tilapia is lower if the fish in the heap are smaller. Conversely, the price per kilogram of farmed fish rises if the production costs rise. This means that for the standard 350 g of tilapia, lake products are cheaper than farmed tilapia. Little information is actually available on the way the markets work (the local, national and export markets) and the way they are regulated. And today, the little interest shown in understanding the evolution of farmed fish consumption patterns is a serious handicap for all projects (Anon., 1995; 2003a). With regard to social and economic development, it must be said that despite the development projects implemented in the various regions of the country and the emergence in recent years of aquaculture companies, it is still not part and parcel of the habits of many Ivorians and in particular of the farmers, who still prefer to develop basic crops (cacao, coffee, palm oil). At the present time, inland aquaculture is practised in the rural environment and therefore contributes to food security. It is considered to be a secondary activity which provides aquaculturalists with access to fish, as animal protein input for their diets or as a supplementary source of income. Intensive aquaculture, on the other hand, is an industrial activity employing skilled technicians and labourers numbering between 3 and 10. Thanks to the various aquaculture projects that have been implemented, new players have emerged in this industry. They have been motivated by the projects. They have mainly been developers, planners or builders, food traders and farm managers. The projects have invested in strengthening the capacities of these players, which has fostered the professionalization of this sector. In the long run, this should also enable aquaculture to become economically profitable, like any other farming activity. At the present time only three women are practising aquaculture as an economically profitable activity, whereas they generally only support their husbands, who are the proprietors. Several women also take part in supervising the aquaculturalists. The remit of the latter comprises: Non-governmental organisations and fish farmers notify the various MIPARH supervisory bodies of the constraints to which they are subject. In cooperation with the research institutions MIPARH lays down the research/development programmes to offset these problems. For the moment it is the government institutions that are financially supporting this research. The research bodies working in aquaculture are: Unlike the biotechnological aspects, the socio-economic aspects of aquaculture and the marketing of agricultural products have received very little attention so far (Koffi, 1992; 2000a; 2000b; Koffi et al., 1996) (Weigel, 1989). Likewise, because of the negligible impact of aquaculture on the national economy, very few market surveys have been conducted and target groups identified. Bagrid catfish production slumped practically to zero between 1999 and 2003, following a development of algal bloom which decimated the populations being farmed in the lagoon area affected by it. It was not until 2004 that production of the species began to timidly take off again. At the same time catfish production (H. longifilis and H. isopterus) continued to stagnate at around 10 percent. Siluriformes have high production costs because of the difficulties encountered in breeding them and raising them in the larval stage in the breeding centres, in addition to the high cost of the necessary lagoon installations. The main constraints on aquaculture production are the lack of adequate technical supervision in terms of quantity and quality, the lack of installation and operating credit, high initial investment costs and the poor organization of the sector which, among other things, hampers fish marketing. Furthermore, the lack of any rigorous technical and financial management, uncertain cash flow, the lack of official recourse in the event of disputes, the chronic instability of managers and technical directors, and the poor availability and high cost of inputs (particularly of alevins) are now typical of commercial aquaculture enterprises. Nevertheless, these constraints should be taken more into account by the new current policy. The government has redirected its aquaculture development strategy by putting in place a number of regional projects in order to better entrench this activity throughout the whole country. The production target for 2000-2010 is: Anonyme. 1995. Eléphant d'Afrique: objectifs et stratégies de développement de la Côte d'Ivoire. Tome 1. Abidjan, Cabinet du Premier ministre. 242 pp. Anonyme. 1997. Projet d'appui au secteur aquaculture et pêche. Abidjan, Direction des pêches et de l'aquaculture, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources animales. 80 pp. Anonyme. 2000. Annuaire des statistiques de l'aquaculture et des pêches. Abidjan, Direction des productions halieutiques, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources animales. 155 pp. Anonyme. 2001. Bilan diagnostique et stratégie de relance du secteur des productions halieutiques en Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan, Direction des productions halieutiques, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources animales. 28 pp. Anonyme. 2002. Annuaire des statistiques de l'aquaculture et des pêches. Abidjan, Direction des productions halieutiques, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources animales. Anonyme. 2003 a. Bilan diagnostique et prospectives pour la relance du secteur pêche et aquaculture en Côte d'Ivoire, période de 1990 à 2000. Rapport provisoire, Abidjan, Bureau national d'études techniques et de développement. Anonyme. 2003b. Pêche en Côte d'Ivoire. Etude d'Alexis Chaumat, 2000. Hem, S.1982. L'aquaculture en enclos: adaptation au milieu lagunaire ivoirien. Aquaculture, (27): 261-272. Koffi, C. 1992. Aspects économiques de la production piscicole en étang: l'expérience de la pisciculture rurale au Centre-Ouest et au Centre de la Côte d'Ivoire, pp. 49-63. In: Bernacsek, G.M. et Powles, H. (éds). Recherche sur les systèmes aquacoles en Afrique. Atelier du 14 au 17 novembre 1988, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. Publ. IDRC-MR308, Ottawa, Canada. Koffi, C. 2000a. Aspects économiques de l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques des petits barrages du nord de la Côte d'Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine, (XII): 33-49. Koffi, C. 2000b. Perspectives de débouchés pour le poisson de pisciculture (Oreochromis niloticus) au centre-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine, (XII): 81-90. Koffi, C.Oswald, M. et Lazard, J. 1996. Développement rural de la pisciculture en Afrique: comment passer du mythe à la réalité, pp 556-566. In Pullin, R.S.V. et al. (éds). Le troisième symposium international sur le tilapia en aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. (41). Mace, Ph.2000. Exporter en Côte d'Ivoire. Tome 1: Etat et structure de la population. Vingt et unième conférence régionale pour l'Afrique, Yaoundé (Cameroun), 21-25 février 2000. Volume IV: Analyses des résultats. Ed. CFCE. 244 pp. Weigel, J.Y. 1989. La commercialisation du poisson en pays lagunaire ivoirien. Paris, Ed. ORSTOM, Etudes et Thèses. 138 pp.

<urn:uuid:f3688540-2067-4a87-a857-900a833565a7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_cotedivoire/en

2013-05-22T08:14:43Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Karl Marx—a powerful mind, a very learned man, and a good German writer—died 119 years ago. He lived in the age of steam; never in his life did he see a car, a telephone, or an electric light, to say nothing of later technological devices. His admirers and followers used to say and some keep saying: it doesn’t matter, his teaching is still perfectly relevant to our time because the system he analyzed and attacked—capitalism—is still here. That Marx is worth reading is certain. The question is, however: Does his theory truly explain anything in our world and does it provide a ground for any predictions? The answer is, No. Another question is whether or not his theories were useful at one time. The answer is, obviously, Yes: they operated successfully as a set of slogans that were supposed to justify and glorify communism and the slavery that inevitably goes along with it. When we ask what those theories explain or what Marx discovered, we may ask only about ideas that were specific to him, and not commonsense banalities. We should not make a laughingstock out of Marx by attributing to him the discovery that in all non-primitive societies there are social groups or classes having conflicting interests that lead them to fight with one another; this was known to ancient historians. Marx himself did not pretend to have made this kind of discovery; as he wrote in a letter to Joseph Weydemeyer in 1852, he had not discovered the class struggle but rather had proved that it leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat, which in turn leads ultimately to the abolition of classes. It is impossible to say where and how he “proved” this grandiose claim in his pre-1852 writings. To “explain” something means to subsume events or processes under laws; but “laws” in the Marxist sense are not the same as laws in the natural sciences, where they are understood as formulas stating that in well-defined conditions, well-defined phenomena always occur. What Marx called “laws” are rather historical tendencies. There is thus no clear-cut distinction in his theories between explanation and prophecy. Besides, he believed that the meaning of both past and present may be understood only by reference to the future, of which he claimed to have knowledge. Hence, for Marx, only what does not (yet) exist can explain what does exist. But it should be added that for Marx the future does exist, in a peculiar, Hegelian manner, even though it is unknowable. All of Marx’s important prophecies, however, have turned out to be false. First, he predicted growing class polarization and the disappearance of the middle class in societies based on a market economy. Karl Kautsky rightly stressed that if this prediction were wrong, the entire Marxist theory would be in ruins. It is clear that this prediction has proved to be wrong; rather, the opposite is the case. The middle classes are growing, whereas the working class in the sense Marx meant it has been dwindling in capitalist societies in the midst of technological progress. Second, he predicted not only the relative but also the absolute impoverishment of the working class. This prediction was already wrong in his lifetime. As a matter of fact, it should be noticed that the author of Capital updated in the second edition various statistics and figures but not those relating to workers’ wages; those figures, if updated, would have contradicted his theory. Not even the most doctrinaire Marxists have tried to cling to this obviously false prediction in recent decades. Third, and most importantly, Marx’s theory predicted the inevitability of the proletarian revolution. Such a revolution has never occurred anywhere. The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia had nothing to do with Marxian prophesies. Its driving force was not a conflict between the industrial working class and capital, but rather was carried out under slogans that had no socialist, let alone Marxist, content: Peace and land for peasants. There is no need to mention that these slogans were to be subsequently turned into their opposite. What in the twentieth century perhaps comes closest to the working class revolution were the events in Poland of 1980-81: the revolutionary movement of industrial workers (very strongly supported by the intelligentsia) against the exploiters, that is to say, the state. And this solitary example of a working class revolution (if even this may be counted) was directed against a socialist state, and carried out under the sign of the cross, with the blessing of the Pope. In the fourth place, one must mention Marx’s prediction concerning the inevitable fall of the profit rate, a process that was supposed to lead ultimately to the collapse of the capitalist economy. Not unlike the others, this prediction proved to be simply wrong. Even according to Marx’s theory, this could not be an inevitably operating regularity, because the same technical development that lowers the part of the variable capital in production costs is supposed to lower the value of the constant capitaý. Therefore the profit rate might remain stable or increase even if what Marx called “living labor” declines for a given unit of output. And even if this “law” were true, the mechanism whereby its operation would cause the decline and demise of capitalism is inconceivable, since the collapse of the profit rate can very well occur in conditions in which the absolute amount of profit is growing. This was noticed, for what it’s worth, by Rosa Luxemburg, who invented a theory of her own about the inescapable collapse of capitalism, which proved to be no less wrong. The fifth tenet of Marxism that has turned out to be erroneous is the prediction that the market will hamper technical progress. The exact opposite has quite obviously proved to be the case. Market economies have been shown to be extremely efficient in stimulating technological progress, whereas “real socialism” turned out to be technologically stagnating. Since it is undeniable that the market has created the greatest abundance ever known in human history, some neo-Marxists have felt compelled to change their approach. At one time, capitalism appeared horrifying because it produced misery; later, it turned out to be horrifying because it produces such abundance that it kills culture. Neo-Marxists deplore what is called “consumerism,” or “consumerist society.” In our civilization there are indeed many alarming and deplorable phenomena associated with the growth of consumption. The point is, however, that what we know as the alternative to this civilization is incomparably worse. In all Communist societies, economic reforms (to the extent that they yielded any results at all) led invariably in the same direction: the partial restoration of the market, that is to say, of “capitalism.” As for the so-called materialist interpretation of history, it has provided us with a number of interesting insights and suggestions, but it has no explanatory value. In its strong, rigid version, for which one may find considerable support in many classical texts, it implies that social development depends entirely on the class struggle that ultimately, through the intermediary of changing “modes of production,” is determined by the technological level of the society in question. It implies, moreover, that law, religion, philosophy, and other elements of culture have no history of their own, since their history is the history of the relations of production. This is an absurd claim, completely lacking in historical support. If, on the other hand, the theory is taken in a weak, limited sense, it merely says that the history of culture has to be investigated in such a way that one should take account of social struggles and conflicting interests, that political institutions depend in part, at least negatively, on technological development and on social conflicts. This, however, is an uncontroversial banality that was known long before Marx. And so, the materialist interpretation of history is either nonsense or a banality. Another component of Marx’s theory that lacks explanatory power is his labor theory. Marx made two important additions to the theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. First, he stated that in relationships between workers and capital, the labor force, rather than labor, is being sold; secondly, he made a distinction between abstract and concrete labor. Neither of these principles has any empirical basis, and neither is needed to explain crises, competition, and conflict of interest. Crises and economic cycles are understandable by analyzing the movement of prices, and the theory of value adds nothing to our understanding of them. It seems that contemporary economics—as distinct from economical ideologies—would not differ much from what it is today if Marx had never been born. The tenets I have mentioned are not chosen at random: they constitute the skeleton of the Marxian doctrine. Instead, there is hardly anything in Marxism that provides solutions to the many problems of our time, mainly because they were not urgent a century ago. As for ecological questions, we will find in Marx no more than a few romantic banalities about the unity of man with nature. Demographic problems are completely absent, apart from Marx’s refusal to believe that anything like overpopulation in the absolute sense could ever occur. Neither may the dramatic problems of the Third World find help in his theory. Marx and Engels were strongly Eurocentric; they held other civilizations in contempt, and they praised the progressive effects of colonialism and imperialism (in India, Algeria, and Mexico). What mattered to them was the victory of higher civilization over backward ones; the idea of national determination was to Engels a matter for derision. What Marxism is the least capable of explaining is the totalitarian socialism that appointed Marx as its prophet. Many Western Marxists used to repeat that socialism such as it existed in the Soviet Union had nothing to do with Marxist theory and that, deplorable as it might be, it was best explained by some specific conditions in Russia. If this is the case, how could it have happened that so many people in the nineteenth century, especially the anarchists, predicted fairly exactly what socialism based on Marxist principles would turn out to be—namely, state slavery? Proudhon argued that Marx’s ideal is to make human beings state property. According to Bakunin, Marxian socialism would consist in the rule of the renegades of the ruling class, and it would be based on exploitation and oppression worse than anything previously known. According to the Polish anarcho-syndicalist Edward Abramowski, if communism were by some miracle to win in the moral conditions of contemporary society, it would result in class division and exploitation worse than what existed at the time (because institutional changes do not alter human motivations and moral behavior). Benjamin Tucker said that Marxism knows only one cure for monopolies, and that is a single monopoly. These predictions were made in the nineteenth century, decades before the Russian Revolution. Were these people clairvoyant? No. Rather, one could make such predictions rationally, and infer from Marxian anticipations the system of socialized serfdom. Iý would be silly to say, of course, that this was the prophet’s intention or that Marxism produced twentieth-century communism as its efficient cause. The victory of Russian communism resulted from a series of extraordinary accidents. But it might be said that Marx’s theory contributed strongly to the emergence of totalitarianism, and that it provided its ideological form. It anticipated the universal nationalization of everything, and thus the nationalization of human beings. To be sure, Marx took froý the Saint-Simonists the slogan that in the future there would be no government, only the administration of things; it did not occur to him, however, that one cannot administer things without employing people for that purpose, so the total administration of things means the total administration of people. None of this means that Marx’s work is not worth reading; it is a part of European culture and one should read it as one reads many classics. One should read Descartes’ works on physics, but it would be silly to read them as a valid handbook of how to do physics today. Even though in the formerly Communist countries Marx and Marxist texts are now treated with repugnance, this might pass; even there they will eventually be read as remnants of the past. One of the causes of the popularity of Marxism among educated people was the fact that in its simple form it was very easy; even Sartre noticed that Marxists are lazy. Indeed, they enjoyed having one key to open all doors, one universally applicable explanation for everything, an instrument that makes it possible to master all of history and economics without actually having to study either. Does the demise of Marxism automatically mean the end of the socialist tradition? Not necessarily. Everything, of course, depends on the meaning of the word “socialism,” and those who still use it as their own profession of faith are usually reluctant to say what they mean, apart from empty generalities. And so some distinctions have to be made. The trouble is that the desire to detect “historical laws” has led many people to conceive of “capitalism” and “socialism” as global “systems,” diametrically opposed to each other. But there is no comparison. Capitalism developed spontaneously and organically from the spread of commerce. Nobody planned it and it did not need an all-embracing ideology, whereas socialism was an ideological construction. Ultimately, capitalism is human nature at work—that is, man’s greediness allowed to follow its course—whereas socialism is an attempt to institutionalize and enforce fraternity. It seems obvious by now that a society in which greed is the main motivation of human acts, for all of its repugnant and deplorable aspects, is incomparably better than a society based on compulsory brotherhood, whether in national or international socialism. The idea of socialism as an “alternative society” to capitalism amounts to the idea of totalitarian serfdom; the abolition of the market and overall nationalization cannot yield any other result. The belief that one can establish perfect equality by institutional means is no less malignant. The world has known pockets of voluntary equality, practiced in some monasteries and in a handful of secular cooperatives. However, equality under compulsion inevitably requires totalitarian means, and totalitarianism implies extreme inequality, since it entails unequal access to information and power. Nor, practically speaking, is equality in the distribution of material goods possible once power is concentrated in the hands of an uncontrollable oligarchy; this is why nothing remotely close to equality has ever been in existence in socialist countries. The ideal is therefore self-defeating. Why the idea of all-encompassing planning is economically catastrophic we know well, and Friedrich von Hayek’s criticism on this point has been amply borne out by evidence from the experience of all Communist countries without exception. Socialism in this sense means that people are prevented by repression from engaging in any socially useful activity unless on orders from the state. However, the socialist tradition is rich and differentiated, and it includes many varieties apart from Marxism. Some socialist ideas had indeed a built-in totalitarian tendency. This applies to most of the Renaissance and Enlightenment utopias, as well as to Saint-Simon. Yet some espoused liberal values. Once socialism, which started as an innocent fantasy, became a real political movement, not all of its variants included the idea of an “alternative society,” and of those that did, many did not take the idea seriously. Everything was clearer before the First World War. Socialists and the left in general wanted not only equal, universal, and obligatory schools, social health service, progressive taxation, and religious tolerance, but also secular education, the abolition of national and racial discrimination, the equality of women, the freedom of press and assembly, the legal regulation of labor conditions, and a social insurance system. They fought against militarism and chauvinism. European socialist leaders of the period of the Second International, such people as Jaurès, Babel, Turati, Vandervelle, and Martov, embodied what was best in European political life. But everything changed after World War I, when the word “socialism” (and to a large extent “the left”) began to be almost completely monopolized by Leninist-Stalinist socialism, which skewed most of these demands and slogans to mean their opposite. At the same time, most of these “socialist” ideals were in fact realized in democratic countries operating within market economies. Alas, the nontotalitarian socialist movements suffered for decades from ideological inhibitions and lacked the courage to denounce and fight consistently against the most despotic and murderous political system in the world (apart from Nazism). Soviet communism was supposed to be a kind of socialism, after all, and it embellished itself with the internationalist and humanist phraseology inherited from the socialist tradition. Leninist tyranny thus succeeded in stealing the word “socialism,” and the nontotalitarian socialists were complicit in the theft. There were some exceptions to this rule, but not many. Be that as it may, socialist movements strongly contributed to changing the political landscape for the better. They inspired a number of social reforms without which the contemporary welfare state—which most of us take for granted—would be unthinkable. It would thus be a pity if the collapse of Communist socialism resulted in the demise of the socialist tradition as a whole and the triumph of Social Darwinism as the dominant ideology. While acknowledging that a perfect society will never be within reach and that people will always find reasons to treat each other badly, we should not discard the concept of “social justice,” much as it might have been ridiculed by Hayek and his followers. Certainly, it cannot be defined in economic terms. One cannot infer from the expression “social justice” the answer to questions about what particular taxation system is desirable and economically sound in given conditions, what social benefits are justified, or what is the best way for rich countries to aid the poorer parts of the world. “Social justice” merely expresses an attitude toward social problems. It is true that more often than not the expression “social justice” is employed by individuals or entire societies who refuse to take responsibility for their own lives. But, as the old saying goes, the abuse does not abrogate the use. In its vagueness, “social justice” resembles the concept of human dignity. It is difficult to define what human dignity is. It is not an organ to be discovered in our body, it is not an empirical notion, but without it we would be unable to answer the simple question: What is wrong with slavery? Likewise, the concept of social justice is vague and it can be used as an ideological tool of totalitarian socialism. Yet the concept is a useful intermediary between an exhortation to charity, to almsgiving, and the concept of distributive justice; it is not the same as distributive justice because it does not necessarily imply reciprocal recognition. Nor is it simply an appeal to charity, because it implies, however imprecisely, that some claims may be deserved. The concept of social justice does not imply that there is such a thing as the common destiny of mankind in which everybody takes part, but it does suggest that the concept of humanity makes sense—not so much as a zoological category but as a moral one. Without the market, the economy would collapse (in fact, in “real socialism” there is no economy at all, only economic policy). But it is also generally recognized that the market does not automatically solve all pressing human problems. The concept of social justice is needed to justify the belief that there is a “humanity”—and that we must look on other individuals as belonging to this collectivity, toward which we have certain moral duties. Socialism as a social or moral philosophy was based on the ideal of human brotherhood, which can never be implemented by institutional means. There has never been, and there will never be, an institutional means of making people brothers. Fraternity under compulsion is the most malignant idea devised in modern times; it is a perfect path to totalitarian tyranny. Socialism in this sense is tantamount to a kingdom of lies. This is not reason, however, to scrap the idea of human fraternity. If it is not something that can be effectively achieved by means of social engineering, it is useful as a statement of goals. The socialist idea is dead as the project for an “alternative society.” But as a statement of solidarity with the underdogs and the oppressed, as a motivation to oppose Social Darwinism, as a light that keeps before our eyes something higher than competition and greed—for all of these reasons, socialism, the ideal not the system, still has its uses. Leszek Kolakowski, Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, is the author most recently of The Two Eyes of Spinoza and Other Essays on Philosophers and Freedom, Fame, Lying, and Betrayal. This article will appear in his forthcoming book, My Correct Views on Everything.

<urn:uuid:48f0a4f9-73c6-4509-8dff-840517cc2e0e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.firstthings.com/print/article/2007/01/-what-is-left-of-socialism-15?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=700

2013-05-22T07:54:25Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Gavins Point National Fish Hatchery is an unusually complex hatchery. Beginning fish culture operations in 1961, the hatchery raises 12 to 16 species of sport fish, and has produced more than 5 billion fish for stocking or release in mid-western waters. The fish raised at the hatchery can be categorized into three broad areas, which include cold water, cool water, and warm water fish. The fish eggs are hatched in jar batteries located in the hatchery building, and 36 outdoor ponds are used to raise the young fish to a desired size range. These fish are later stocked into various water bodies. Fish raised at the hatchery must be spawned at exactly the right time, which varies from species to species. Egg hatching and fish rearing needs also differ according to species. For example, walleye are hatched in glass jars, and trout in plastic trays. Largemouth and smallmouth adult bass are placed into ponds and are allowed to reproduce naturally. Rainbow trout require running water,while other fish prefer standing water. Each species not only favors certain types, but also sizes of food particles. Therefore, both must be matched to the growing fish. While the last snows of winter still linger, biologists trap the walleye, a cool water species, and take their eggs and milt (sperm). After the eggs and milt are taken, the adult fish are returned unharmed to the wild. The eggs are fertilized immediately with the milt and are placed in glass jars in the hatchery. Under these controlled conditions, fish culturists achieve a high percentage of survival. Most cool water fish are stocked as "fry" at less than one-half inch long, but some are placed into rearing ponds until they reach "fingerling" size (2 to 5 inches). Paddlefish and pallid sturgeon are also hatched in plastic jars in the Endangered Species building. Once the fry have hatched, they swim from the jars into plastic tanks, where they are fed an artificial diet. Paddlefish are later released into ponds, where they grow up to 17 inches in one year on artificial and natural feed. Pallid sturgeon are kept in indoor circular tanks until they are tagged and released into the wild. When fish are stocked into the wild, they must be transported from one mile to over 1,000 miles. We have several trucks that are capable of hauling fish, with each truck having a tank, aerator, and oxygen system. Gavins Point NFH had another successful year with walleye production, and in April 2011 we stocked 279,000 fingerlings in Shadehill Reservoir, 310,000 fingerlings in Angustora Reservoir, and 26,000 fingerlings in Lake Yankton. We also transferred over 2 million fry to our state partners in Oklahoma, Nevada, and Nebraska. We would like to thank our partners with Nebraska Game and Parks for their assistance with this stocking effort. Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, Crappie, Muskie and Trout Stocking In 2011, we were able to work with our state and tribal partners to improve fishing in the states of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. We provided the state of South Dakota with 45,000 bluegill and 64,000 crappie for stocking in area waters. Additionally, in our first attempt at propagating muskie, we harvested 272 fingerling muskie and stocked them in Northern Island Reservoir. We also worked with our tribal partners to stock 4,500 trout and 8,000 bass at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The Kickapoo tribe received 16,000 bluegill and 7,600 crappie. Last updated: January 13, 2012

<urn:uuid:b2db63ab-8880-4ac4-a234-44859a7bb959>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fws.gov/gavinspoint/fish_culture.htm

2013-05-22T08:12:40Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Quiz On Gandhi Q.1 At which place was Gandhiji born? Q.2 Which of the following plays left a deep impression on Gandhiji? Q.3 While holding a first-class ticket Gandhiji was ordered by a railway official to shift to the van compartment. On his refusal to comply with the unjust order, a constable was called to push him out bag and baggage. Identify the railway station where this incident took place. Q.4 Who of the following desired to convert Gandhiji to Christianity in South Q.5 Who of the following satyagrahis succumbed to jail hardships during the satyagraha movement launched by Gandhiji in South Africa? Q.6 At which place was the first permit office opened on July 1, 1907 for the registration of Indians under the Registration Act? Q.7 In the course of resistance against which of the following in South Africa did Gandhiji first use his new political weapon which came to be known later on Q.8 Searle's Supreme Court judgement which caused great resentment among Indians, leading to mass protests, related to _____________. Q.9 Gandhiji, the hero of the satyagraha struggle of the Indians in South Africa, landed in Bombay on ____________. Q.10 Who advised Gandhiji to remain as an observer and student in the country for a year before taking part in Indian Politics? first major struggle in the country was stagged on the soil of Champaran district in Bihar in 1917 in connection with indigo plantation. Who was largely instrumental in persuading Gandhiji to visit Champaran and lead the struggle Q.12 Despite the solution of the problem of indigo cultivators, Gandhiji regarded his task at Champaran unfinished. In his opinion the main cause of the suffering of the poor tenants was their ignorance. For its removal, he started a number of schools over there. The first school was started at________. Q.13 Identify the place from where Gandhiji started his recruiting campaign for the War on behalf of the British Government. Q.14 To initiate and organize against the passing of the notorious Rowlatt Bills, a small conference was held at Gandhiji's Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhiji drafted a satyagraha pledge. On which day of February 1919 was the satyagraha pledge was signed? Q.15 In connection with the inauguration of the so-called Rowlatt satyagraha, Gandhiji started a Satyagraha Sabha in ______________. Q.16 Which of the following prohibited works of Gandhiji was selected by the Satyagraha Sabha for dissemination by the satyagrahis as a mark of civil disobedience n the context of Rowlatt agitation. Q.17 According to Gandhiji, the Khilafat issue offered a golden opportunity for the promotion of the Hindu-Muslim unity in the country. He urged Hindus to lend full support to the Indian Muslims on this issue. The Khilafat issue related to the policy of the British Government towards Q.18 Before the civil disobedience or non-co-operation movement could be effectively launched, Gandhiji suspended it because of an outbreak of mob violence at Chauri Chaura in the sate of..... Q.19 For writing which of the following articles, published in Young India, was Gandhiji convicted for the first time in the country by the Government? Q.20 A wave of violent communal riots swept over country in 1924 on account of which Gandhiji felt very much upset and was in great distress, knowing not what to do. The terrible riots that broke out at a particular place led Gandhi to do penance by observing a fast for 21 days. Which was that place? Q.21 On which day of March 1930 Gandhiji started with a band of chosen volunteers on his famous Dandi March to break the law by manufacturing illegally but openly, salt from the sea? Q.22 In how many days was the 241 mile-journey from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi covered on foot by Gandhi and his volunteers? Q.23 Who was nominated by Gandhiji to lead the satyagrahais on the Dandi March in the event of his arrest? Q.24 Who described Gandhi's march to Dandi in the following words? "Like the historic march of Ramachandra to Lanka, the march of Gandhi will be Q.25 Identify the concession granted by the Government under the Gandhi-Irwin Q.26 Who made the following observation on the Gandhi-Irwin Pact? "Was it for this that our people had so gallantly fought for a year? Were all our brave words and deeds to end in this? The independence resolution of the Congress, the pledge of January 26, so often repeated? So I lay and pondered on that March night, and in my heart there was a great emptiness as of something precious gone, almost beyond recall." Q.27 Identify the Muslim nationalist leader who, according to the original plan, was to accompany Gandhiji as a delegate to the Second Round Table Conference, but the Viceroy did not nominated him. Q.28 Who acted as Gandhiji's adviser at Second Round Table Conference? Q.29 While in London for taking part in the Second Round Table Conference, Gandhiji stayed at the Kingsley Hall Settlement in the East End as the guest of Q.30 Though at the Round Table Conference in London Gandhiji could gain nothing, he was the richer for having secured many friends and the goodwill of the people. Who of the following eminent persons refused to meet him? Q.31 Who among the following national leaders was arrested by the Government even before Gandhiji's arrival in the country from London? Q.32 As a protest of Ramsay MacDonald's Communal Award, which threatened to separate the so-called untouchables from the Hindu society, Gandhiji's historic fast unto death at the Yeravda jail commenced on__________. Q.33 The Poona or Yeravda Pact was the immediate outcome of the fast that Gandhiji had undertaken on the issue of the Communal Award and it was only after it had been signed by all the parties concerned that paved the way for him to break his fast. The draft of the Pact was prepared by ______________. Q.34 Having divested himself of the responsibility of leadership of the Congress, Gandhiji gave full attention to the revitalization of rural India and the organization of the All-India Village Industries Association. Which of the following became the headquarters of training and research in village Q.35 The historic August session of the All-India Congress Committee, at which the Quit India Resolution was passed, was held at Gowali Park in ___________. Q.36 Whom was Gandhiji referring to when he talked about his political heir at the meeting of the A.I.C.C. held in Wardha on January 15, 1942? Q.37 Which of the following slogans is associated with the name of Gandhiji? Q.38 Gandhiji began a twenty-one day fast on February 10, 1943 in jail which provided a burst of political activity. This fast was undertaken by him to Q.39 The book "Unto This Last" greatly captivated and transformed Gandhiji. So much so that his translated into Gujrati. Who was it's author? Q.40 What title did Gandhiji give to his Gujrati translation of "Unto This Q.41 Gandhiji made a distinction between "Passive Resistance" and "Nonviolence". What was the distinction? Q.42 A special attraction of one of the Gandhi museums is the exhibition depicting Gandhi's life through figurines prepare by Sushila Patel. Identify the place of this museum. Q.43 What is the name of the building which served as Gandhi's residence in Mumbai from 1917-1934? The correct answers are...

<urn:uuid:e4ee4513-f0a3-4b3c-80f9-b584c963e89a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/main/quiz.htm

2013-05-22T08:27:26Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Global database created by the National Geophysical Data Center which shows the locations of historic natural hazards, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. The database includes socioeconomic information (i.e. number of fatalities, injuries, and damage information) and scientific data (i.e. earthquake magnitudes, tsunami intensity) for hazard events dating back to before 2000 BC. The data points are color coded to show the number of fatalities and each placemark contains a link to the NGDC’s online database, which contains additional details for each event.

<urn:uuid:89eb053a-be30-4432-878c-54fb73b90d5d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gelib.com/historical-hazards-database.htm

2013-05-22T07:54:46Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

1690 Coronelli Map of Ethiopia, Abyssinia, and the Source of the Blue Nile Description: This is Coronelli's important 1690 map of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) showing the source of the Blue Nile. This map, focusing on Lake Tana (Tzana Dembea) covers the Ethiopian highlands from Derbeta on the Red Sea south as far as the tribal kingdoms of Sugame, Bahargamo and Gumar, all of which are located in modern southern Ethiopia. Europeans, Coronelli included, had a great interest in this region not only because of common conjecture regarding the source of the Nile, but also as a potential site of the Kingdom of Prester John. Though often underappreciated by historians, this is a highly significant map in the development of African cartography and, from the early 18th century on, most cartographers followed its example with regard to this important region - one of the few parts of sub-Saharan Africa to be accurately represented on maps prior to the late 19th century. Coronelli claims that this is the first map to accurately depict the sources of the Nile and, at least as regards the Blue Nile, we see no reason to dispute his claim. The cartography here is based upon the travels of Portuguese Jesuits Manuel de Almeida, Affonso Mendez, Pedro Páez, and Jerónimo Lobo, who traveled throughout Abyssinia in the mid 16th century. Coronelli correctly recognizes the importance of Lake Tana (Tzana Dembea) as well as the curious turn in the river that actually causes the Blue Nile to start it course as a southerly flowing river. The actual fonts of the Nile itself appear to the southwest of Lake Tana. The Falls of the Blue Nile, now a popular tourist destination in Ethiopia, are noted just south of the Lake. In the upper right quadrant Coronelli contrasts his perspective on the region with the traditional Ptolemaic representation of the Nile River stemming from two great lakes south of the Equator. Ironically, both perspectives are somewhat correct. Coronelli's representation of Abysinnia is highly accurate with regard to the course of the Blue Nile and its sources. On the other hand, along with the Ptolemaic theory, Coronelli seems to ignore the entire White Nile which meanders into non-existence in the extreme left hand quadrants of the map. The Ptolemaic perspective depicted on the upper right, though it is based on speculative accounts dating to antiquity, actually offers a fairly accurate representation of the White Nile's course northward from Lake Victoria, which is in fact located just below the Equator. Coronelli's map also offers much of interest beyond its intended purpose - that is to show the course of the Nile. A number of the earliest Ethiopian towns, cities, monasteriesc,and kingdoms, many of which still exist, are in evidence. These include Axum, Asmara, Gojiam, di Cafate (Kaffa), di Ganz , di Dembea (north of Lake Tana), Tigre, di Amhara (welo), Ifat, Guraghe, Damot, Balli, Dawaro, Sugamo (Sidamo?), Angot, Bagemder and Midrabahr ( Bahrmedr), among others. Curiously the map does not name the early Abyssinian capital city of Gondar, though the tent encampment of the King is roughly identified in the same location. A decorative title cartouche appears on the lower right quadrant. Another cartouche, showing a no less than six distance scales adorns the lower left. This map was issued as plate no 114 in Coronelli's stupendous 1690 Atlante veneto Date: 1690 (undated) Source: Coronelli, V. M., Atlante Veneto, 1690. Cartographer: Vincenzo Maria Coronelli (August 16, 1650 - December 9, 1718) was an important 17th century cartographer and globe maker based in Venice. Coronelli was born the fifth child of a tailor in Venice. Unlikely to inherit his father's business, he instead apprenticed in Ravenna to a woodcut artist. Around 1663, Coronelli joined the Franciscan Order and in 1671, entered the Venetian convent of Saint Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. Coronelli excelled in the fields of cosmography, mathematics, and geography. Though his works include the phenomenal Atlante Veneto, Coronelli is best known for his globes. In 1678 Coronelli was commissioned to make his first major globes by Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. Each superbly engraved globe was five feet in diameter. Louis IV of France, having heard of the magnificent Parma globes, invited Coronelli to Paris where he constructed an even more impressive pair of gigantic globes measuring over 12 feet in diameter and weighing 2 tons each. Coronelli returned to Venice and continued to published globes, maps, and atlases which were admired all over Europe for their beauty, accuracy, and detail. He had a particular fascination for the Great Lakes region and his early maps of this area were unsurpassed in accuracy for nearly 100 years after their initial publication. He is also well known for his groundbreaking publication of the first accurate map depicting the sources of the Blue Nile. At the height of his career, Coronelli founded the world's first geographical society, the Accademia Cosmografica degli Argonauti and was awarded the official title Cosmographer of the Republic of Venice. In 1699, in recognition of his extraordinary accomplishment and scholarship, Coronelli was also appointed Father General of the Franciscan Order. The great cartographer and globe maker died in Venice at the age of 68. His extraordinary globes can be seen today at the Bibliothèque Nationale François Mitterrand in Paris, Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, in the National Library of Austria and in the Globe Museum in Vienna, in the library of Stift Melk, in the Special Collections Library of Texas Tech University, as well as lesser works in Trier, Prague, London, and Washington D.C. Coronelli's work is notable for its distinctive style, which is characterized by high quality white paper, dark intense impressions, detailed renderings of topographical features in profile, and numerous cartographic innovations. Click here for a list of rare maps from Vincenzo Maria Coronelli. Size: Printed area measures 25 x 19 inches (63.5 x 48.26 centimeters) Condition: Very good condition. Original centerfold. Pressmark visible. Blank on verso. Code: Abissinia-coronelli-1690 (to order by phone call: 646-320-8650)

<urn:uuid:329b531e-d91b-413f-9873-1c41a30bdfb2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/Abissinia-coronelli-1690

2013-05-22T08:00:24Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How to Select Fiber Optic Proximity Sensors Image Credit: Panasonic Electric Works | Carlton-Bates Company | Banner Engineering Corp. Fiber optic proximity sensors are used to detect the proximity of target objects using light. Light is supplied and returned via fiber optic cables. Fiber optic cables can fit in small spaces, are not susceptible to electrical noise, and exhibit no danger of sparking or shorting. Fiber Optics Physics Demonstration Video Credit: bcitphysics "BCIT" British Columbia Institute of Technology When searching for fiber optic proximity sensors, sensing performance and optical configuration are the most important parameters to consider. Other considerations include cable material, emitted beam, modes of operation, body type and various features. Specifications for sensing performance include detecting range, position measurement window, minimum detectable object, and response time. Detecting range is the range of sensor detection. For presence sensors, this goes up to the maximum distance for which the signal is stable. Position measurement window is the width of linear region for the sensor. For example, if the sensor could measure between 14 and 24 cm, this window would be 10 cm. - Minimum detectable object is the smallest sized object detectable by the sensor. - Response time is the time from target object entering detection zone to the production of the detection signal. Choices for optical configuration for fiber optic proximity sensors include through beam, retroreflective, polarized retroreflective, diffuse, divergent, convergent, fixed field, and adjustable field. - Through beam (or opposed mode) sensors incorporate a transmitter and a receiver on opposite sides of the target and evaluate absence or presence based on transmittance or blockage of the beam respectively. - Retroreflective sensors incorporate the emitter and detector in one body with parallel beams; a reflector opposite the target path is used to reflect the emitted beam back to detector; presence is detected when reflected beam is interrupted by an opaque object. - Polarized retroreflective sensors are a variant of the retroreflective in which the emitter and receiver have polarizing filters 90° apart, thereby making the reflector the only recognizable source. - Diffuse sensors detect presence when any portion of the diffuse reflected signal bounces back from the detected object. - Divergent beam sensors are short-range diffuse-type sensors without any collimating lenses. - Convergent sensors, fixed focus sensors, or fixed distance optics (such as lenses) are used to focus the emitter beam at a fixed distance from the sensor. - Fixed-field sensors are designed to have a distance limit beyond which they will not detect objects, no matter how reflective. - Adjustable field sensors utilize a cutoff distance beyond which a target will not be detected, even if it is more reflective than the target. Some photoelectric sensors can be set for multiple different optical sensing modes. The material of the fiber optic cable is an important part of the fiber optic sensor. - Glass fiber exhibits very good optical qualities and typically carries high temperature ratings. - Plastic fiber can be cut to length in the field and can be flexible enough to accommodate various routing configurations. Fiber Optic Cable. Image Credit: ElectronicsWeekly.com Fiber optic proximity sensors use a light source, such as an LED or Laser, to emit either a visible or infrared beam. Visible - The beam of the sensor is in the visible light spectrum range (380 - 750nm wavelength) Infrared - The beam of the sensor is in the infrared light spectrum range (750 - 1000nm wavelength) Mode of Operation The mode of operation describes how an event is triggered. The device can be energized when light is received (referred to as Light-on mode), when light is not received (referred to as Dark-on mode) or may be programmable to operate in either mode of operation. Light-on - Output is "high" or on as long as light is detected. Dark-on - Output is "high" or on as long as no light is detected. Light/dark programmable - Light or dark activation is programmable or switch selectable. Fiber optic proximity sensors are typically housed in either a barrel or rectangular housing. Threaded barrel and rectangular housing. Image Credit: SENSOPART | Banner Engineering Corp. A barrel body style is cylindrical in shape. The barrel of the sensor is typically threaded so that with the help of two lock-nuts the sensor can easily be adjusted closer or further from the target as necessary. A rectangular or block body style is a one piece rectangular or block shaped sensor. There are a number of features that may be important to consider when selecting fiber optic proximity sensors. - Field adjustable sensors are required when adjustments need to be made while the proximity sensor is in use. Potentiometers are commonly used to control the detection range. - Intrinsically safe (IS) sensors are incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most ignited concentration. Self-teaching proximity sensors can be auto-calibrated to trigger the switch at a specific target location. Materials of construction and enclosure ratings must be considered when the sensor will be located outdoors or exposed to extreme temperatures, or under the influence of wet, humid, dusty, dirty or corrosive process conditions. |Enclosure ratings are specified by "National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)" or "Ingress Protection (IP)" ratings.| - 3-Wire NPN - 3-Wire PNP - 4-Wire NPN - 4-Wire PNP - AC Load - Adjustable Field Background Suppression - DC Load - Fixed Field Background Suppression - Light/Dark Programmable

<urn:uuid:e684961e-f5aa-468a-8f36-93da33fadeb4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/sensors_transducers_detectors/proximity_presence_sensing/fiberoptic_proximity_sensors

2013-05-22T08:33:38Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Solid modelers still need surface modeling to form complex surfaces. The surface model of a racing ski helmet was generated in Cadkey Workshop V21 by Louis Garneau Sports Inc., Quebec, Canada, ( ). Surfaces can be used to design structural elements which conform to the shape of aerodynamic and ergonomic surfaces. An equation defines the shape of every curve and curves define a surface. Foundation curve geometry is used to create surfaces which are trimmed and filleted to produce a finished part. With so much buzz surrounding solid modeling, why should anyone bother with surface modeling? Because even with the best of today's capable solid modelers, there are times only surface-modeling functions can properly shape a part. A little history, a little math, and a little comparison between surface and solid modeling can help explain the role of modern surface modelers. Surface modeling was developed in the automotive and aerospace industries in the late 1970s to design and manufacture complex shapes. Nurbs -- nonuniform rational B-splines -- and cubic-surface formats appeared early and remain the primary spline and surface formats used throughout the CAD industry. Nurbs and cubics are supported by IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), a neutral file format for exchanging data between CAD systems. Nurbs and cubic formats are represented in a computer by polynomial equations generated by a CAD system, and onscreen through the location and shape of curves and surfaces. For example, the equation of a line, a first-degree polynomial, has this form Y = ax + b The equation for a parabola, a second-degree polynomial, has the form Y = ax2 + bx + c And the equation of a cubic spline, a third-degree polynomial, looks like Y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d The more terms in the polynomial equation, the more "shape" Products & Services Rapid Prototyping Services Rapid prototyping automates the fabrication of a prototype part from a three-dimensional (3-D) CAD drawing. These physical models convey more complete information about the product earlier in the development cycle. CNC Machining Services CNC machining services use fast, repeatable, and programmable machines which can function while unattended in order to manufacture parts quickly and efficiently. Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are mechanical systems designed to move a measuring probe to determine the coordinates of points on a work piece surface. Surface plates provide a precision reference surface for layout, checking, machining and gaging work. Linear Guides and Rails Linear guides and rails provide a smooth, precision, guiding surface on which the rolling element of a linear bearing rides. Challenge Developing and editing new models can be labor intensive and expensive, especially when most of the data you need already exists. Solution SpaceClaim is designed to edit any kind of input... Topics of Interest Figure 10.1: A B-spline spiral. Compared with composite B zier curves, a more complete theory of splines is found in B-spline curves. These days, B-spline curves are often referred to as NURBS... Figure 13.1: Conics in the circular model of the projective plane. We shall now describe the main geometric features of this curve and surface representation. Much of the discussion of B-spline... A free-form-modeling technology based on N-sided surfaces eliminates the tedious task of laying out square patch networks. A car object is being designed with Nurbs. Such models contain curves that... The equation of a B-spline surface follows directly from the equation of a B-spline curve. This relationship is analogous to that between B zier curves and surfaces. Furthermore, we define the... NURBS is short for " Non- Uniform Rational B-splines. This is a somewhat unlucky naming convention, since B-splines are non-uniform to begin with. We give an outline of B-spline curves in...

<urn:uuid:cfa32451-3dfa-46e5-bb85-3229b3723129>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.globalspec.com/reference/82931/a-fresh-look-at-surface-modeling

2013-05-22T08:28:04Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You taught your kids how to walk, how to talk and how to read when they were very young. And when kids are growing up, you teach them math, literature, history and art. And you teach them to have a good manner, be responsible, and be confident. And eventually you want them to be a good person and financially responsible. They don’t have to be millionaire, but I would encourage them to have a dream of being a millionaire. These are the tips you should teach kids to be financially responsible when they are 10 to 18 years old. Spend Money Later If you want to teach your kids one thing, that should be: Wait to spend money. This is not only the advice to kids, but also the advice to everyone who want to save money. Researchers from Stanford Univerisity have done a famous marshmallow test: kids of 4-5 years old can have the choice to eat one marshmallow now, or wait until the adult returned and eat two. Researchers discovered that those who had waited for the second marshmallow were more successful in just about every way! Think Again Before Open The Wallet When your kids have the self control to spend money later, ask them to think again before they make the purchase. Is it what I needed? Is there any alternatives that are cheaper? Can I use second-hand items? Can I find coupons for it? Is there a sale promotion in the near future? Practice The Money-Saving Tips In Your Daily Life Money is part of your daily life, and you should also teach the money saving tips in your daily life. You could ask your kids to wait for next week to buy something, by offering an incentive. You could give them a few bucks every week or every month, and let them take the control of money. You could ask them to compare prices online and find the lowest prices. Start Teaching Finance In A Easy Language When kids are still young, you can explain to them how to make money from a job. Or it could started with games such as Monopoly. When they are getting older, you should explain banking, interest rate, stock market, insurance etc. to your kids. Let them know this is world about money. You Are The Best Teacher Kids will learn every thing from you. If you spend money in rush, how could you expect your kids to wait to spend money? If you don’t use coupons ever, no kids will. So before teaching them how to save money and be financially responsible, teach yourself first!

<urn:uuid:c6ce1fa0-920a-4528-8992-241281a7b170>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gogoshopper.com/blog/2012/06/21

2013-05-22T08:33:55Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Children's Encyclopedia Selection. Related subjects: Health and medicine A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment. Non-autotrophic organisms typically acquire nutrients by the ingestion of foods. Methods for nutrient intake vary, with animals and protists having an internal digestive system, but plants externally digesting nutrients before ingesting them. The effects of nutrients are dose-dependent. Organic nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as minerals; water and oxygen may also be considered nutrients. A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be synthesized by the organism in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from an external source. Nutrients needed in relatively large quantities are called macronutrients and those needed in relatively small quantities are called micronutrients. See healthy diet for more information on the role of nutrients in human nutrition. Types of nutrient Macronutrients are defined in several different ways. - The chemical elements humans consume in the largest quantities are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. - The classes of chemical compounds humans consume in the largest quantities and which provide bulk energy are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Water and atmospheric oxygen also must be consumed in large quantities, but are not always considered "food" or "nutrients". - Calcium, salt (sodium and chloride), magnesium, and potassium (along with phosphorus and sulfur) are sometimes added to the list of macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared to other vitamins and minerals. They are sometimes referred to as the macrominerals. The remaining vitamins, minerals, or elements, are called micronutrients because they are required in relatively small quantities. Substances that provide energy - Carbohydrates are compounds made up of sugars. Carbohydrates are classified by their number of sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose). - Proteins are organic compounds that consists of the amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed essential amino acids); the diet must supply these. In nutrition, proteins are broken down through digestion by proteases back into free amino acids. - Fats consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fatty acids are unbranched hydrocarbon chains, connected by single bonds alone ( saturated fatty acids) or by both double and single bonds ( unsaturated fatty acids). Fats are needed to keep cell membranes functioning properly, to insulate body organs against shock, to keep body temperature stable, and to maintain healthy skin and hair. The body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed essential fatty acids) and the diet must supply these. Substances that support metabolism - Dietary minerals are generally trace elements, salts, or ions such as copper and iron. Some of these minerals are essential to human metabolism. - Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They usually act as coenzymes or cofactors for various proteins in the body. - Water is an essential nutrient and is the solvent in which all the chemical reactions of life take place. Nutrients and plants The chemical elements consumed in the greatest quantities by plants are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These are present in the environment in the form of water and carbon dioxide; energy is provided by sunlight. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, these are the elemental macronutrients for plants, often represented by the acronym CHNOPS. Usually they are sourced from inorganic (e.g. carbon dioxide, water, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate) or organic (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) compounds, although elemental diatomic molecules of nitrogen and (especially) oxygen are often used. Other chemical elements are also necessary to carry out various life processes and build structures; see fertilizer and micronutrient for more information. Some of these are considered macronutrients in certain organisms. The acronym C. HOPKiN'S CaFe Mg (to be used as C. Hopkins coffee mug) is used by some students to remember the list as: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium (K), Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron (Fe), and Magnesium (Mg). Silicon, chloride, sodium, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are sometimes also included, but are in other cases considered micronutrients. Oversupply of plant nutrients in the environment can cause excessive plant and algae growth. Eutrophication, as this process is called, may cause imblances in population numbers and other nutrients that can be harmful to certain species. For example, an algal bloom can deplete the oxygen available for fish to breathe. Causes include water pollution from sewage or runoff from farms (carrying excess agricultural fertilizer). Nitrogen and phosphorus are most commonly the limiting factor in growth, and thus the most likely to trigger eutrophication when introduced artificially. Essential and non-essential nutrients Nutrients are frequently categorized as essential or nonessential. Essential nutrients are unable to be synthesized internally (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and so must be consumed by an organism from its environment. For humans, these include essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and certain dietary minerals. Oxygen and water are also essential for human survival, but are generally not considered "food" when consumed in isolation. Non-essential nutrients can still have a significant impact on health, whether beneficial or toxic. For example, most dietary fibre is not absorbed by the human digestive tract, but is important in digestion and absorption of otherwise harmful substances. Interest has recently increased in phytochemicals, which include many non-essential nutrients which may have health benefits.

<urn:uuid:23caa0d3-35fe-403a-b6f9-11b8282769a9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gpuri.com/wp/n/Nutrient.htm

2013-05-22T08:34:04Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Fiber Bragg gratings are formed by periodic variations of the refractive index in the core of an optical fiber. These periodic variations allow a fiber Bragg grating to pass the majority of light propagating through a fiber while reflecting back a narrow band of the incident light with a particular peak wavelength called the Bragg wavelength. In response to induced disturbances, the Bragg wavelength changes, making the grating a versatile sensing device. However, because they are “written” in germano-silicate fibers, the gratings are expected to fail at high temperatures because of the devitrification (crystallization) of the host material and the dissipation of the gratings themselves. To assess the stability of Bragg gratings at high temperatures, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center evaluated the performance of the devices at temperatures up to 1000 °C using commercially available polyimide-coated high-temperature gratings annealed by the manufacturer to 300 °C. The gratings were placed in a furnace, and the signals generated by them were sent to photodetectors and, from there, to a spectrum analyzer. After that, the signals were fed into a computer equipped with LabVIEW software. This software was used to control and monitor the equipment as well as to process the data. The tests included thermal cycling from room temperature to 750 and 1000 °C as well as prolonged exposure of the gratings to 1000 °C. The thermal limits of the tests were restricted by the test configuration and could be extended to even higher temperatures. Left: Test results from continuous operation of Bragg gratings at 1000 °C after 400 hr. Right: Formation of a stable response during the first 25 hr. The left graph shows test results from continuous operation of Bragg gratings at 1000 °C for over 400 hr. The right graph describes events that happened during the first 25 hr of testing. It also shows the transition from degradation in the grating reflectivity to a formation of a stable response after 15 to 16 hr. The following graph demonstrates test results from continuous thermal cycling of Bragg gratings from room temperature to 1000 °C. It clearly shows the first run (cycle) during which the transient phenomenon and the formation of the stable response occur. After that, the consequent runs show very high repeatability. During the tests, the gratings were able to track the temperature measured by reference s-type thermocouples within 3-percent accuracy. Test results from thermal cycling of Bragg gratings from room temperature to 1000 °C. The tests confirmed the formation, at high temperatures, of secondary thermally stable gratings in the germania-doped glasses. These secondary gratings were formed in place of the primary ones originally written by the ultraviolet light. Our results were corroborated by similar data obtained independently and simultaneously by other research groups, including Sabeus Photonics, United States; Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; and Communication Research Center, Canada. Juergens, J., et al.: Thermal Evaluation of Fiber Bragg Gratings at Extreme Temperatures. AIAA-2005-1214, 2005. Juergens, Jeffrey, et al.: Thermal Evaluation of Fiber Bragg Gratings at Extreme Temperatures. NASA/TM--2005-213560 (AIAA-2005-1214), 2005. http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/GLTRS/browse.pl?2005/TM-2005-213560.html Dr. Grigory Adamovsky, 216-433-3736, [email protected] Author: Dr. Grigory Adamovsky Headquarters program office: Aeronautics Research, VSP Programs/Projects: LEAP, AEFT Last updated: October 16, 2006 Responsible NASA Official: Point of contact for NASA Glenn's Research & Technology reports: Web page curator: Wyle Information Systems, LLC

<urn:uuid:2676f1e6-6543-4339-8765-352793eadd43>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/2005/RI/RIO-adamovsky.html

2013-05-22T08:33:19Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In Depth: Hand Mankind’s greatest achievements are all thanks to the capabilities of our hands: gross and fine motor movements. Gross motor movements allow us to pick up large objects, and fine motor movements allow us to pick up much smaller things. Hands are what raise buildings, paint masterpieces, compose symphonies, and hold newborn child. They are great works of art capable of creating great works of art. The hand can be considered in four segments: - Fingers: Digits that extend from the palm of the hand, the fingers make it possible for humans to grab the smallest of objects. - Palm: This is the bottom of the body of the hand, - Back (opisthenar): The spot that everyone knows so well, the back of the hand shows the dorsal venous network, a web of veins. - Wrist: The connection point between the arm and the hand, the wrist facilitates hand motion. Each hand consists of 19 bones. The palm includes five metacarpals, and each finger except the thumb contains one proximal phalanx, one middle phalanx, and one distal phalanx. The thumb doesn’t have a middle phalanx. Each bone is connected by a series of ligaments. Each fingertip—distal phalanx and accompanying tissue—contains a fingernail. These structures are made of keratin, a tough protein. Similar types of keratin also make up human hair, the scales and claws of reptiles, and the feathers, claws, and beaks of birds. The palm of the hand doesn’t contain melanin (skin pigment) or hair follicles. The only other place on the body that lacks both of these is the sole of the foot. These two surfaces also have thicker skin than other places of the body. Although fully functional hands can accomplish great things, they are susceptible to a number of ailments, including: - Nerve disorders - Finger clubbing - Carpal tunnel syndrome - Fractured bones - Sprains, strains, cuts, and bruises

<urn:uuid:271300e1-8f39-4df2-9850-b0902a9a8e80>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/hand

2013-05-22T08:35:21Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

STACEY OKE, DVM, MSC Although heartworm prevention techniques, including mosquito avoidance and drugs that kill heartworm larvae, have been recommended for years, the number of dogs diagnosed with heartworm continues to increase. One factor that contributes to the persistence of this preventable disease is “prophylactic failure,” which means that animals develop the disease even though they received a prophylactic drug to prevent heartworm for at least 1 year or season. Prophylactic failure can be caused by improper treatment of dogs or a lack of heartworm testing. Other Insect-Borne Diseases to Consider According to the Canine Vector-Borne Diseases website (www.cvbd.org), insects are a growing concern. Other insects, such as fleas and ticks, spread diseases like tapeworm and Lyme disease, respectively. Discuss ways to “Fight the Bite” with your veterinarian and ensure your pet is adequately protected. Heartworm is caused by the parasite Dirofilaria immitis. When a mosquito feeds on a dog that is infected with female heartworms, the “baby” worms, microfilariae, are taken in with the blood meal and grow to become infective in the mosquito’s mouthparts. The next time that mosquito bites a dog, the infective heartworm larvae enter its bloodstream and grow into adult heartworms. The adult female heartworms produce additional microfilariae, which are spread to more dogs and sometimes cats. A recent study published in the May/June 2011 edition of the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (JAAHA) looked at the occurrence of prophylactic failure in hunting dogs. “Of the 708 dog owners who participated in the study, 9% reported failure of prophylaxis. The dogs tested positive for heartworm even though a heartworm prophylaxis had been administered,” stated lead author Barton Rohrbach, VMD, MPH, Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology) from the University of Tennessee’s College of Veterinary Medicine. According to Dr. Rohrbach, many of the dogs were not treated or tested for heartworm appropriately: - Dogs were treated using an estimated rather than actual body weight (and therefore could have been administered too little of the drug). - Owners did not record the date the drug was administered and relied on memory to treat their dog each month (resulting in missed doses). - 13% of owners observed their pet spit the pills out (many owners may not notice this, resulting in more missed doses). - Only 79% of owners tested their dog every year for heartworm (recommended by the American Heartworm Society). Testing was frequently performed at the incorrect time of the year; therefore, infections may have been missed. - Newly acquired dogs were frequently not tested prior to or at the time of acquisition. The American Heartworm Society and the Companion Animal Parasite Council recommend that all pets receive year-round heartworm protection so that pets are protected every month. It is critical that doses not be skipped or intervals between doses be extended because this results in an unprotected time during which animals may be exposed to heartworm larvae. Pets should also have annual heartworm testing by a veterinarian prior to prescribing a heartworm medication. Study participants also reported a failure to practice mosquito avoidance techniques, such as remaining indoors at dusk and dawn. For once, it is a benefit to be imperfect. Cats are susceptible but are imperfect hosts to the worm, making cats more resistant to infection with adult Dirofilaria immitis than dogs. Be aware, however, that many experts believe feline heartworm occurs more frequently than we think. “This study suggests that simple steps, such as weighing the dog to determine the correct dose of preventive, watching to ensure oral medications are retained, and recording the actual date the medication is administered each month, are not being followed by many dog owners. These may be important factors leading to prophylaxis failure,” added Dr. Rohrbach. A single missed dose of a heartworm preventive puts dogs and cats at increased risk to acquire heartworm, particularly animals that spend a lot of time outdoors. For more information on preventing heartworm, visit the American Heartworm Society (www.heartwormsociety.org) and the Companion Animal Parasite Council (www.capcvet.org/recommendations/heartworm.html). Revised and updated Dec. 18, 2012. This article originally appeared in PetsMatter September / October 2011, published by the American Animal Hospital Association. Copyright © 2011 AAHA. Find out more.

<urn:uuid:04eaa794-69ab-43ff-8daf-1c9699ee3cd2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.healthypet.com/petcare/DogCareArticle.aspx?title=Hunting_Hiking_and_Heartworm

2013-05-22T08:01:14Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

With over 1000 years of history comes this truly amazing new style. Japan Dye, or J-Dye, takes the simple task of applying ink to a disc and turns it into a disc with centuries of history in every flight. Two Kanji (the traditional written form of Japanese derived from ancient China) puts a new name to your favorite disc. For example, the Kanji name of the Valkyrie is "Kinlo" or "Golden Wolf". J-Dye uses 2 types of ink. One comes from organic chemistry derived in Kyoto, the oldest city in Japan and world famous for its inks. The other comes from more modern pigment solutions. It is this original Hero combination that creates colors and designs found nowhere else in the world. Simple traditional tools are used to create each design, with each disc taking over an hour to complete. Items such as the potter’s wheel and a Japanese "Fude" (pronounced fuu-day) brush made from the hair from a horse’s tail are but a few of the artisans craft making tools. Also unique to the J-Dye style is the dying of the underside of the rim. After each disc is created, it is "signed" with a traditional wooden stamp with Hero’s original design. This traditional Japanese style signing comes from many centuries of artistic development in Japan. * Only the heavy J-Dyes have the GOLD FOIL stamp on the bottom of the discs. A description of the symbols on a J-Dye disc: JD dye- A symbol for J-Dye itself. The design originates from "bonji", or Buddha’s original writing style. The bottom: Red stamp- literally means "Print by Hero". This is Hero’s original stamp and symbol in Japanese Kanji. Also on the bottom: 2 Kanji- The 2 Kanji symbols are the Japanese name for each disc. These names come from ancient Chinese words, gods, and symbols that changed the course of history in the centuries of our past.

<urn:uuid:69df9e39-b76e-4854-ac1e-8016812a2dc5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.herodiscusa.com/j-dye-golf-discs-1415.html

2013-05-22T08:01:21Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A Brief History of the Town of Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado by Yvonne Knox, President of the Grand County Historical Association The Ute Indians discovered the healing waters of the Hot Sulphur Springs even before the first settlers arrived. They spent many summers in and out of the Middle Park area to enjoy the benefits of the water. Hot Sulphur Springs is the oldest town in Grand County, Colorado. The settlers and pioneers began to arrive in the early 1800s. Some of them were drawn to the Grand Lake area because of the gold and silver in the mountains to the north and west. Old mining towns like Lulu City had several hundred residents at a time. As the mining and timber camps were so hard to survive through the winters, most people spent time going back and forth to the front range cities. After the territory of Colorado became the state of Colorado and Grand County was mapped the county seat was designated as Grand Lake. This was changed in 1883 when a group of men decided that the county seat should be moved to Hot Sulphur Springs to be more centrally located.They met near the Grand Lake building where the three comissioners were in session. Soon there was a blazing gun battle. The three commisioners were all killed. The group of citizens then took all of the county records and delivered them to Hot Sulphur Springs. The county seat has remained in Hot Sulphur Springs. The first court house was the small one that is presently located on the grounds of the Grand County Historical Association's Pioneer Village Museum. The county soon out grew the small building, and in 1903, a two-story frame building was built on the west end of the present site. By 1938, this building was too small so the two-story brick building was built. This was used until 1971 when the three-story annex was added. Now there is a separate jail building. In 2008 the Judicial Building was built to the south of the Court House (now called the Administration Building). The railroad arrived in Hot Sulphur Springs in 1905. Soon the dispatcher in charge of all trains moving to and from Salt Lake City and Chicago was stationed in Hot Sulphur Springs. The railroad owned the property along the west side of the Grand River to the Hot Springs. Large work crews camped beside the long sidings. The area known as chute town at the east end of their property had a large bunkhouse and eating area. This was also where the trains could take on coal and water. The depot was located just east of the Hot Springs along the railroad track. The trains brought work crews, regular passenger service, special excursion trains to the Hot Springs and town, and created many full-time jobs for families of Hot Sulphur Springs. When the steam engines were replaced, the needs of the operation support changed too. Hot Sulphur Springs is famous in the ski industry as having one of the first ski jumps. A History of the Hot Sulphur Springs Thirty-five thousand feet below the surface of the earth, the heat of volcanic rock is released through countless fissures that spread out through the earth's crust. In Hot Sulphur Springs, there are seven natural springs flowing above the largest fissure that have been flowing constantly for hundreds of years, surfacing at about 104-126°F. Over 200,000 gallons of natural hot mineral-rich water flow through our 22 mineral pools and baths every day at controlled temperatures of 95-112°F. We do not add chemicals, filter or re-circulate our mineral water. Minerals in the water include sodium, sulfate, chloride, silica, potassium, calcium, fluoride, magnesium and trace elements of arsenic and lithium, all of which are good for the inside and outside of the body. There are no abrasive minerals or harmful elements in our water. Our water is drinkable as well. The first inhabitants of the springs were the Ute Indians who used the hot springs for many years. They believed in the healing qualities of the waters and referred to them as "big medicine" and "magic waters," and bathed themselves, their horses and dogs, children and women in the water, in that order! The Ute Indians often set their winter hunting camps beneath the natural shelter offered by the bluffs enclosing Byers Canyon, which adjoins our property. In 1840 William Byers, for whom the canyon is named, became the first white man to discover the hot water at our little town, which he named Hot Sulphur Springs. Byers recognized the economic potential of the baths and the surrounding area. With the aid of the U.S. Cavalry and the courts, he acquired the land, somewhat deviously, from the Ute Tribe. The resort has been continually operational for 140 years and in the 1920s to 1950s was one of the most popular hot springs resorts in the Rocky Mountain states. In 1997, after our extensive renovation, the Ute tribal spiritual leader blessed the waters at our opening ceremony that almost 1,000 people attended. The Ute Indians are welcome to use the springs once again. We are blessed by enjoying renewed recognition and attendance and are considered one of the best natural hot mineral springs resorts and spas in the country. Copyright © 2009 Hot Sulphur Springs Chamber of Commerce

<urn:uuid:be223232-61fd-4bd2-8d6c-69c836dbbe7c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.hsschamber.com/history.php

2013-05-22T07:55:44Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This article is about a process which reduces the data rate or file size of digital audio signals. For processes which reduce the dynamic range (without changing the amount of digital data) of audio signals, see dynamic range compression (audio).For processes which reduce the amount of time it takes to listen to and understand a recording, see time-compressed speech. Audio compression is a form of data compression designed to reduce the size of audio files. Audio compression algorithms are implemented in computer software as audio codecs. Generic data compression algorithms perform poorly with audio data, seldom reducing file sizes much below 87% of the original, and are not designed for use in real time. Consequently, specific audio "lossless" and "lossy" algorithms have been created. Lossy algorithms provide far greater compression ratios and are used in mainstream consumer audio devices.As with image compression, both lossy and lossless compression algorithms are used in audio compression, lossy being the most common for everyday use. In both lossy and lossless compression, information redundancy is reduced, using methods such as coding, pattern recognition and linear prediction to reduce the amount of information used to describe the data.For example, suppose you wanted to record twenty house numbers along one side of a street, each of which goes up by 2. If the first address was 14461, or five digits, the uncompressed stream would require 20 times 5 bytes, or 100 bytes, to store. You could recode that to take advantage of the repetition and simply say begin at 14461, increase by 2, repeat 19 times. Now the data are losslessly captured in a smaller space. In practice the pattern recognition for lossy and lossless compression is far more complex than that. The trade-off of slightly reduced audio quality is clearly outweighed for most practical audio applications where users can't perceive any difference and space requirements are substantially reduced. For example, on one CD, one can fit an hour of high fidelity music, less than 2 hours of music compressed losslessly, or 7 hours of music compressed in MP3 format. Lossless audio compression As file storage and communications bandwidth have become less expensive and more available, the popularity of lossless formats such as Monkey's Audio, FLAC and Shorten has increased sharply, as people are choosing to maintain a permanent archive of their audio files. The primary users of lossless compression have been audio engineers, audiophiles and those consumers who want to preserve an exact copy of their audio files, in contrast to the irreversible changes from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are similar to those for lossless data compression (around 50-60% of original size). Lossless formats such as Dolby TrueHD are also being introduced along with high definition DVD formats.It is difficult to maintain all the data in an audio stream and achieve substantial compression. First, the vast majority of sound recordings are highly complex, recorded from the real world. As one of the key methods of compression is to find patterns and repetition, more chaotic data such as audio doesn't compress well. In a similar manner, photographs compress less efficiently with lossless methods than simpler computer-generated images do. But interestingly, even computer generated sounds can contain very complicated waveforms that present a challenge to many compression algorithms. This is due to the nature of audio waveforms, which are typically difficult to simplify without a (necessarily lossy) conversion to frequency information, as performed by the human ear.The second reason is that values of audio samples change very quickly, so generic data compression algorithms do not work well for audio, and strings of consecutive bytes do not typically appear very often. However, convolution with the filter [-1 1] (that is, taking the first difference) tends to slightly whiten (decorrelate, make flat) the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression at the encoder to do its job; integration at the decoder restores the original signal. Codecs such as FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. At the encoder, the estimator's inverse is used to whiten the signal by removing spectral peaks while the estimator is used to reconstruct the original signal at the decoder.Lossless audio codecs have no quality issues, so the usability can be estimated by Speed of compression and decompressionDegree of compressionSoftware and hardware supportRobustness and error correction Lossy audio compression Lossy audio compression is used in an extremely wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs; digital television; streaming media on the internet; satellite and cable radio; and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, instead of 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.The innovation of lossy audio compression was to use psychoacoustics to recognize that not all data in an audio stream can be perceived by the human auditory system. Most lossy compression reduces perceptual redundancy by first identifying sounds which are considered perceptually irrelevant, that is, sounds that are very hard to hear. Typical examples include high frequencies, or sounds that occur at the same time as other louder sounds. Those sounds are coded with decreased accuracy or not coded at all.While removing or reducing these 'unhearable' sounds may account for a small percentage of bits saved in lossy compression, the real savings comes from a complementary phenomenon - noise shaping. Reducing the number of bits used to code a signal increases the amount of noise in that signal. In psychoacoustics based lossy compression, the real key is to 'hide' the noise generated by the bit savings in areas of the audio stream that can't be perceived. This is done by, for instance, using very small numbers of bits to code the high frequencies of most signals - not because the signal has little high frequency information (though this is also often true as well), but rather because the human ear can only perceive very loud signals in this region, so that softer (noise) sounds 'hidden' there simply aren't heard.If reducing perceptual redundancy does not achieve sufficient compression for a specific application, it may require further lossy compression. Depending on the audio source, this still may not produce perceptible differences. Speech for example can be compressed far more than music. Most lossy compression schemes allow compression parameters to be adjusted to achieve a target rate of data, typically expressed as a bit rate. Again, the data reduction will be guided by some model of how important the sound is as perceived by the human ear, with the goal of efficiency and optimized quality for the target data rate. (There are many different models used for this perceptual analysis, some better suited to different types of audio than others.) Hence, depending on the bandwidth and storage requirements, the use of lossy compression may result in a perceived reduction of the audio quality that ranges from none to severe, but typically an obviously audible reduction in quality is unacceptable to listeners.Because data is removed during lossy compression and can't be recovered by decompression, some people may not prefer lossy compression for archival storage. Hence, as noted, even those who use lossy compression (for portable audio applications, for example) may wish to keep a losslessly compressed archive for other applications. In addition, the technology of compression continues to advance, and achieving a state-of-the-art lossy compression would require one to begin again with the lossless, original audio data and compress with the new lossy codec. The nature of lossy compression (for both audio and images) results in increasing degradation of quality if data are decompressed, then recompressed using lossy compression.A large variety of real, working audio coding systems were published in a collection in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this compendium of papers documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.The world's first radio automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an Engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, he started researching the subject using the recently developed IBM PC computer. The problems that he faced were creating a good quality audio PC card, inventing a bit compression algorithm, and making the Automation software to be run from the PC.The audio card was designed with standard CMOS logic ICs and performed by hardware the ECAM bit compression algorithm based on the principle of Critical Bands Masking, a property of the ear (see a brief History at Audicom ). Today the same principle as teh one used by Bonello is used in most of the lossy audio bit compression systems. The audio card was designed for the old ISA slots of the PC and works using direct access to PC memory. The driver for this software was developed by Gustavo Pesci, a young software engineer, formerly a pupil of Bonello at University. The card hardware was designed by Ricardo Sidoti and Elio Demaria, both brilliant electronic engineers.The Radio Automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. The software initially run on DOS and was further changed by Sebastian Ledesma to run on Windows, using an Artificial Intelligence concept. After 20 years of the original Bonello work, almost all the radio stations in the world are using the same technology, now manufactured by a lot of companies. Mr Bonello did not applied for any type of invention patent regarding this work. Coding methods Transform domain methodsIn order to determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components is determined by first calculating a masking threshold, below which it is estimated that sounds will be beyond the limits of human perception.The masking threshold is calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking - the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency - and, in some cases, temporal masking - where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of different components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.Time domain methodsOther types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) prior to quantization. LPC may also be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique; reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it. Applications Due to the nature of lossy algorithms, audio quality suffers when a file is decompressed and recompressed (generational losses). This makes lossy compression unsuitable for storing the intermediate results in professional audio engineering applications, such as sound editing and multitrack recording. However, they are very popular with end users (particularly MP3), as a megabyte can store about a minute's worth of music at adequate quality. Usability Usability of lossy audio codecs is determined by: Perceived audio qualityCompression factorSpeed of compression and decompressionInherent latency of algorithm (critical for real-time streaming applications; see below)Software and hardware supportLossy formats are often used for the distribution of streaming audio, or interactive applications (such as the coding of speech for digital transmission in cell phone networks). In such applications, the data must be decompressed as the data flows, instead of after the entire data stream has been transmitted. Not all audio codecs can be used for streaming applications, and for such applications a codec designed to stream data effectively will typically be chosen.Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time in order to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples which must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is 0 zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed in order to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication). Speech encoding Speech encoding is an important category of audio data compression. The perceptual models used to estimate what a human ear can hear are typically somewhat different from those used for music. The range of frequencies needed to convey the sounds of a human voice are normally far narrower than that needed for music, and the sound is normally less complex. As a result, speech can be encoded at high quality using comparatively low bit rates.This is accomplished, in general, by some combination of two approaches: Only encoding sounds that could be made by a single human voice.Throwing away more of the data in the signal -- keeping just enough to reconstruct an "intelligible" voice instead of the full frequency range of human hearing.Perhaps the earliest algorithms used in speech encoding (and audio data compression in general) were the A-law algorithm and the µ-law algorithm. Glossary Resource: Part or all of the information provided in this section is brought to you via wikipedia and other similar sites. Please repsect their licenses and for more information visit the homepages of these sites.

<urn:uuid:e8c61ff5-edce-4c76-8409-40940ecffaaf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.i-freeware-download.com/info/Audio-compression-data-ifpd-8114.aspx

2013-05-22T08:01:51Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Archaeopteryx Is a Bird. . . Again by Brian Thomas, M.S. * The fossilized bird known as Archaeopteryx has had quite a history of identity crises. Researchers once classified it as a "missing link" between dinosaurs and birds. It was considered to be an ancient bird, then changed to a dinosaur, and now it's supposed to be a bird again. So, what is it? Nature News reported in July that an analysis of fossil traits "suggests that Archaeopteryx is not a bird at all," but instead more closely resembled dinosaurs.1 ICR News responded at the time that because "it had core features that define birds, such as flight feathers, wings, perching feet, and a wishbone… Archaeopteryx is still just an extinct bird."2 Textbooks and museums still teach that Archaeopteryx is an evolutionary transition from reptiles. But even if its classification waffles again, it is disqualified as an evolutionary ancestor for birds by the fact that scientists found a crow-size bird and extinct four-winged birds in rock layers designated to be below those containing Archaeopteryx.3,4 A team of Australian scientists recently performed another trait analysis, but this one included more body features and slightly different underlying assumptions than the previous study. Publishing in the Royal Society's Biology Letters, the researchers wrote that Archaeopteryx's assignment to a dinosaur group earlier this year "was acknowledged to be weakly supported."5 They constructed new cladograms that pictured Archaeopteryx with birds, and not with any dinosaurs, with a caption that reads, "Archaeopteryx robustly reinstated as the most basal bird."5 After generations of experts had concurred that it was a bird, why would one group suggest that Archaeopteryx should be reclassified as some kind of a dinosaur? And why would another group, using similar techniques, pull the plug on that assessment so soon afterward? After all, they both have access to the same data. The difference must not be found in the fossil data, but in the methods the researchers used to analyze them. And those methods—called "cladistics"—assume evolutionary ancestry before the data are even approached.6 In fact, even the report's title assumes evolution, referring to Archaeopteryx as "primitive." But none of its features are primitive, just unique. However, in order to portray Archaeopteryx as the progenitor of other birds, it must be labeled "primitive," whether or not its anatomy actually reveals primitive features. Since the fossil has the same core features as modern birds, it makes sense to say that Archaeopteryx was a bird. And based on the quality of its preservation as a fossil, this particular creature appears to have died in a watery catastrophe, like Noah's Flood from just thousands of years ago.7 - Kaplan, M. Archaeopteryx no longer first bird. Nature News. Posted on nature.com July 27, 2011, accessed October 27, 2011. - Thomas, B. Early Bird Gets the Boot: Researchers Reclassify Archaeopteryx. ICR News. Posted on icr.org August 5, 2011, accessed October 27, 2011. - Beardsley, T. 1986. Fossil bird shakes evolutionary hypotheses. Nature. 322 (6081): 677. - Xu, X. et al. 2011. An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. Nature. 475 (7357): 465-470. - Lee, M. S. Y. and T. H. Worthy. Likelihood reinstates Archaeopteryx as a primitive bird. Biology Letters. Published online before print October 26, 2011. - In the following lay definition, evolution is entirely assumed: "Cladistic Analysis is a tool used by paleontologists and biologists to understand the tree of life. It is based on a straightforward principal. If you are considering more than one possible family tree, the one that accounts for the most observed characters with the fewest evolutionary steps is probably the accurate one." National Center for the Study of Cladistic Existentialism fact sheet. Posted on ncsce.org, accessed October 27, 2011. - Thomas, B. Archaeopteryx Fossil Shows 'Striking' Tissue Preservation. ICR News. Posted on icr.org May 19, 2010, accessed October 27, 2011. * Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research. Article posted on November 8, 2011.

<urn:uuid:7be6ea7c-a1fe-4f5f-a826-41a5f8d1ce04>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.icr.org/article/6429/274/

2013-05-22T08:02:24Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

DARPA Considers Deploying Technology On Ocean FloorNew research program aims to develop deep sea containers for 'just-in-time' requirements. An ongoing challenge for the Navy is anticipating where resources will be needed and distributing them accordingly, knowing it can take days or weeks for its ships to reach a location across the globe. DARPA's new program, called Upward Falling Payloads, would help address that challenge by storing a range of technologies in waterproof containers deep in the ocean. When needed, the containers could be awakened remotely and brought to the surface. - Building a Hybrid Cloud in Government: It's not that Complicated - Secure Access: Next Steps In Identity Management White PapersMore >> - Research: Federal IT Priorities: Focus On The Foundation - Government: IT Project Management: Adopting Lightweight Methods DARPA will hold a half-day conference on Jan. 25 in Arlington, Va., where it will flesh out the three key areas of the program: the communications component that triggers the containers' rise to the surface; the riser mechanism, which protects against the ocean pressure and lifts the containers; and the actual payloads that can be delivered this way. The agency seeks to attract experts in deep-sea engineering, underwater signaling, sensors, electronic warfare and unmanned platforms. The conference is open only to U.S. contractors. [ New robot travels with Marine unit and responds to verbal commands. Read more at DARPA 'Pack Mule' Robot Takes Load Off Soldiers. ] "The goal is to support the Navy with distributed technologies anywhere, anytime over large maritime areas," said program manager Andy Coon in a written statement. "If we can do this rapidly, we can get close to the areas we need to affect or become widely distributed without delay." The research agency envisions the "just-in-time payloads" would be used for situational awareness, networking, rescue, disruption, deception or other capabilities that could be distributed in advance and hidden in place. In one example, DARPA said small unmanned aerial vehicles could be housed in underwater capsules that could be brought to the surface and launched to provide aerial surveillance or serve as decoys. The ocean depths can provide "cheap stealth," speeding the response and extending the reach of the Navy without requiring ships and aircraft to launch the systems. The undersea containers are not intended for weapons systems, DARPA said. Mobile applications are the new way to extend government information and services to on-the-go citizens and employees. Also in the new, all-digital Anytime, Anywhere issue of InformationWeek Government: A new initiative aims to shift the 17-member Intelligence Community from agency-specific IT silos to an enterprise environment of shared systems and services. (Free registration required.)

<urn:uuid:970bd05e-42f7-42eb-a74f-5a34ae455ffa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/news/government/information-management/darpa-considers-deploying-technology-on/240146400?cid=SBX_bigdata_related_video_Information_Management_big_data&itc=SBX_bigdata_related_video_Information_Management_big_data

2013-05-22T07:54:44Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of flagellate eukaryotic microorganisms. Most of the species are marine planktons. However, they are commonly seen in fresh water habitats. Dinoflagellates are unicellular, free-swimming, biflagellate organisms. All organelles and life sustaining components are present within the cell. Many dinoflagellates are known to be photosynthetic in nature. Moreover, a large fraction have mixotrophic mode of nutrition. There are a number of non-motile forms such as amoeboid, palmelloid, coccoid, and filamentous types. Dinoflagellates have approximately 150 genera and 1500 species. Superphylum : Alveolata Phylum : Dinoflagellata All Dinoflagellates contain flagella. This slender threadlike structure (locomotory organelles) gives them hydrodynamic advantages. It helps them to move or glide from place to place. Dinoflagellates have transverse as well as perpendicular flagella. These flagella are situated in the grooves of the cellulose plates around the cell. Moreover, the dinoflagellate nucleus is very distinctive. It displays an unusual combination of prokaryotic and eukaryotic characteristics. The modes of nutrition vary according to individual species. Some Dinoflagellate can have a parasitic mode of nutrition. They thrive on other organisms to meet their nutritional requirements. Typically, Dinoflagellates kill their host organisms after feeding on their bodily fluids and non-vital organs. Many Dinoflagellates are autotrophic in nature. They are capable of producing their own food. They contain chlorophyll a & c, beta-carotene, neoperidinin, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, dinoxanthin, peridinin, neodinoxanthin, and diatoxanthin. Histones are absent. Foods are reserved as starch and oil. These Dinoflagellates are known as "primary producers" since they are not dependent on any other organism for their food supply. Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates are potentially harmful organisms. They are usually carnivorous by nature. They release deadly toxins in the water bodies to harm other marine organisms. They obtain chloroplasts by ingesting autotrophic organisms. Symbiotic dinoflagellates consume the unused food of the host organism. These Dinoflagellates are also known as "zooxanthellae". They are found to be living amicably with corals, jellyfish, sponges and many other marine invertebrates. Cnidarians feed on autotrophic Dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates are asexual organisms. They do not require an opposite strain for creating new progeny. Identical daughter cells are simply produced by mitosis. Sexual reproduction among Dinoflagellates is very uncommon. In this form of reproduction, two different gametes fuse together to form a zygote. When colony of Dinoflagellates blooms in ponds or other water bodies, they release some nasty harmful toxins. These pigments change the color of water. It assumes a red color. This phenomenon is colloquially known as red tide. Marine lives are heavily affected as a result of this toxin. Red Tide can pose serious threats to the ecosystems and human society. If red tide fish contaminated fishes are consumed by the local population, they may suffer from early puberty, obesity, reproductive problems, and neurological problems. Phosphate and Nitrate pollution encourage the growth of Dinoflagellates.

<urn:uuid:b10f6aea-7e5c-4622-b50a-127028335c95>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.innovateus.net/health/what-are-characteristics-dinoflagellates

2013-05-22T08:25:58Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The National Platform EU Research and Information Centre sets out what it sees as the main implications of the Lisbon Treaty "France was just ahead of all the other countries in voting No. It would happen in all Member States if they have a referendum. There is a cleavage between people and governments...There will be no Treaty if we had a referendum in France, which would again be followed by a referendum in the UK." - French president Nicolas Sarkozy, at meeting of MEP Group leaders, EUobserver, 14 November 2007 "Public opinion will be led to adopt, without knowing it, the proposals that we dare not present to them directly ... All the earlier proposals will be in the new text, but will be hidden and disguised in some way." - Former French president V.Giscard D'Estaing, Le Monde, 14 June 2007 "The substance of the Constitution is preserved. That is a fact." - German Chancellor Angela Merkel, speech to the European Parliament, 27 June 2007 An EU Constitution: The Treaty of Lisbon is a revamped version of the treaty which gave the EU its own constitution over and above the constitutions of its member states, but which the peoples of France and Holland rejected in referendums in 2005. Instead of accepting that decision the EU prime ministers and presidents decided to give the EU a constitution indirectly rather than directly, but not to call it a Constitution, and on no account to hold referendums on it for fear people would reject it again. Why an Irish referendum?: A referendum must be held on it in Ireland however because the Supreme Court laid down in the 1987 Crotty case that sovereignty in the Irish state rests with the Irish people and that only they can surrender sovereignty to the EU by referendum, or else refuse to surrender it as the case might be. The purpose of the referendum would be to change the Irish constitution so as to make EU law superior to Irish law in the areas set out in the Lisbon Treaty. Lisbon gives the EU a constitution indirectly rather than directly: The two current basic European treaties are called The Treaty on European Union(TEU) and The Treaty on the Functioning of the Union(TFEU). These two documents include all the previous treaties from the 1957 Rome Treaty to the 2002 Nice Treaty. The EU constitution, which the French and Dutch rejected, would have repealed these two treaties and replaced them with a document called A Constitution for Europe. The Lisbon Treaty implements 96 per ecnt of the legal content of this Constitution for Europe by proposing amendments to the two basic EU treaties and thereby turning them into the effective constitution of the new federal EU that Lisbon would bring about. The following are the main changes Lisbon would make in the EU's two constituent treaties: 1. Lisbon makes the EU constitution superior to the Irish constitution in all areas of EU law: We would still keep the Irish constitution, but "Declaration 17 concerning Primacy", which is attached to Lisbon, makes clear that EU law would have primacy over and be superior to the Irish constitution and laws in any case of conflict between the two. EU law and national law deal with different areas and matters, but the EU now makes the majority of our new laws each year. The Lisbon Treaty would give the EU the power to make laws binding on us in many new areas - see points 6 and 8 below - and would take that power away from the Irish Dáil and from Irish citizens who elect the Dáil. 2. Lisbon gives the EU the constitutional form of a supranational European federal state and turns Ireland and the other member states into regions or provinces of this federation: It does this in three legal steps: (a) giving the new European Union which it would bring into being its own legal personality and independent corporate existence for the first time, separate from and superior to its Member States; (b) abolishing the European Community which we have been members of since 1973 and replacing it with the new Union; (c) bringing all spheres of public policy either actually or potentially within the scope of the new Union. From the inside this new post-Lisbon EU would seem to be based on treaties between states; from the outside it would look like a state itself. It would have all the normal powers of a federal state except the power to force its member states to go to war against their will. Lisbon would then make us all real citizens of this new federal EU for the first time, owing to it the normal citizen's duty of obedience to its laws and loyalty to its authority. One can only be a citizen of a state and all states must have citizens. We would still retain our Irish citizenship, but the rights and duties attached to that would be subordinate to those of our EU citizenship in any case of conflict between the two. Post-Lisbon, we would be like citizens of Virginia vis-a-vis the USA, or like citizens of Bavaria vis-a-vis federal Germany. This new federal EU would sign teaties with other states, would have its own political president, foreign minister and foreign and security policy, its own diplomatic service and voice at the UN, and its own public prosecutor. It would make most of our laws and would decide what our basic rights are in all areas of EU law. If the EU's politicians are creating an EU federation, that federation should be run along normal democratic lines, with its laws both proposed and made by people who are elected to make them, either in the European parliament or national parliaments, and not by the EU Commission, Council of Ministers and Court. But that is not on offer in the Lisbon Treaty. Lisbon means less democracy at EU level, not more. 3. Lisbon shifts influence over law-making and decision-taking in the EU towards the big states and away from the smaller ones like Ireland: It does this by replacing the voting system for making EU laws that has existed since the 1957 Rome Treaty by a primarily population-based system which would give most influence to the member states with big populations and reduce the influence of smaller ones like Ireland. Under Lisbon a "weighted" or "qualified" majority vote (QMV) for making EU laws in future would be 15 States out of 27 as long as they included 65 per cent of the EU's total population. When Ireland joined the then EEC in 1973 we had 3 votes in making European laws as against 10 each for the big states, a ratio of one-third. Under the current Nice Treaty arrangements we have 7 votes as against their 29 each, a ratio of one-quarter. Under Lisbon Ireland would have 4 million people as against Germany's 82 millon, a ratio of one-twentieth, and an average of 60 million each for France, Italy and Britain, a ratio of one-fifteenth. Under Lisbon Ireland's voting weight vis-a-vis the other 26 member states would fall to one-third its present level, from 2 per cent to 0.8 per cent. Germany's would go from 8 per cent to 17 per cent, France's from 8 per cent to 13 per cent, Britain's from 8 per cent to 12 per cent. 4. Lisbon removes Ireland's right to a permanent EU Commissioner: The Commission is the body which has the monopoly of proposing all EU laws, which are then made by the Council of Ministers, with some powers of amendment for the European parliament. Under Lisbon, Ireland would have no member on the Commission for one out of every three Commission terms. This means that for five years out of every fifteen, laws affecting all our lives would be put forward entirely by a committee of EU officials on which there was no representative from Ireland. The big EU states would lose their right to a permanent commissioner also, but their size and weight give them other means of exerting influence on that key body. As Dr Garret FitzGerald and others have emphasised over the years, being represented on the EU Commission is especially important for smaller states like Ireland. 5. Lisbon deprives the Irish government of its right to decide who Ireland's commissioner would be when it comes to our turn to be on the Commission: It provides that Ireland's present right to "propose" a national commissioner and to have that proposal accepted by the others if we are to accept their proposals, would be replaced by a right to make "suggestions" regarding a name, but with no guarantee that a particular suggestion would be accepted by the 27 prime ministers and presidents who would decide the list of commissioners as a whole by qualified majority vote. If the Irish government were to suggest someone as its EU commissioner who had, for example, antagonised the government of some other member state in the past, or who was regarded as not enthusiastic enough for further EU integration, it could be asked to suggest another name as more acceptable. The Commission president, appointed by vote of the EU prime ministers and presidents, would in practice decide who Ireland's commissioner would be. The new Commission president could ask a commissioner to resign at any time, just as a taoiseach has full control over his cabinet. The new Commission would be like an EU government, except that this government would not be elected by the citizens. 6. Lisbon gives the European Union the power to make laws in 32 new areas that are removed from the Dail and other National parliaments: These new areas of EU law-making include civil and criminal law, justice and policing, immigration, public services, energy, transport, tourism, space, sport, culture, civil protection, public health and the EU budget. There would be majority voting also by EU foreign ministers as regards implementing decisions in foreign policy. The EU Council of Ministers would obtain power to take decisions by qualified majority vote on many matters other than EU laws - amounting to 68 in all - so that member states would no longer exercise a veto regarding them. This increase in EU powers simultaneously increases the personal power of the 27 national politicians who make up the EU Council of Ministers by enabling them to make further laws behind closed doors for 500 million Europeans, while taking power away from the citizens and national parliaments which elect those politicians and which have made these laws for their own countries up to now. Each shift of power from the national level to the EU entails a further shift of power from the Irish Dail and people to Irish government ministers at EU level. It hollows out our national democracy further. The Lisbon Treaty also increases the power of the non-elected Brussels Commission, which has the monopoly of proposing European laws to the Council of Ministers, by giving it many new policy areas to propose laws for. 7. Lisbon is a self-amending Treaty which would open the way to EU control of Ireland's company taxes: Lisbon inserts a new Article 48 into theTreaty on European Union, the "simplified revision procedure", which permits the prime ministers and presidents by unanimious agreement among themselves to shift many areas of the treaties where unanimity now exists to qualified majority voting without the need for new treaties or referendums. This is called the "escalator clause", which former French president Giscard d'Estaing said was "a central innovation" of the EU constitution he helped draft. This shift to majority voting would cover areas like company taxation, but exclude defence and military matters. A National parliament can veto the use of this mechanism, but citizens can not, as we would have accepted this method of rule by agreeing the Lisbon Treaty. National parliaments usually back their prime ministers anyway. After Lisbon is ratified there would be no need, practically speaking, for further EU referendums. If the taoiseach of the day has agreed with his fellow prime ministers and presidents, the switch to majority voting on company taxes would go through. If he has agreed, the national parliament could revolt against him and object, but it is not required to vote for the use of the "escalator". This leaves the citizens in the position of depending entirely on the backbone of the current taoiseach or his successor to continue defending Ireland's company tax position, which has been so important in bringing foreign firms to Ireland and so central to our modern economic development. Already the EU Commission has drafted proposals for introducing a Common EU tax base for company taxes, but has postponed its publication until after the Irish referendum. Does this encourage confidence that the "escalator clause" will not be used to bring in EU tax harmonisation? Lisbon opens another door to EU tax harmonisation if national differences in company tax lead to "distortion of competition" (Art.93 TFEU). This amendment inserted by Lisbon would enable the EU Court of Justice to apply the EU's internal market rules on competition matters, where majority voting applies, to matters of company tax. This could be another way around the present unanimity requirement for such taxes. Lisbon also permits the EU to raise its "own resources" by means of any kind of new EU tax to finance the attainment of its many objectives(Art.269 TFEU). The 27 EU prime ministers and presidents would have to decide unanimously what taxes to impose, and once national parliaments approved, that would be that. There would be no need of a referendum in Ireland or anywhere else in the EU, for we would have permitted this development by voting for Lisbon. It is hard to imagine the 27 EU prime ministers and presidents refraining from exercising this power to give the new post-Lisbon Union its own major tax revenues once it is up and running under their political direction. 8. Lisbon gives the EU the power to decide our human and civil rights: The new treaty gives the EU the final power to decide what our rights are in all areas of EU law, including member states when implementing EU law. It does this by making the rights set out in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding for the first time(Art.6 TEU). This would make the 27 judges of the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg the final decider of our rights in many areas, instead of the Irish Supreme Court or the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which decides these rights at present. If Lisbon gives the EU Court of Justice the power to decide what our rights are in the large area of EU law, it is likely that the Commission will in time propose laws to ensure their uniform application across all EU states, as has happened in the case of the other treaties up to now. The EU Court of Justice has laid down in several court cases that national law must be applied in a way that is consistent with EU law, for the latter has supremacy in any conflict between the two. This principle must logically apply to rights issues also. This raises the real possibility of clashes over rights standards in sensitive areas where there are significant national differences between the member states at present: for example, the right to life, the right to marry and found a family, the right to strike, rules of evidence in court, the rights of children and the elderly, trial by jury, censorship law, the legalisation of hard drugs and prostitution, rights attaching to state churches, conscientious objection to military service, succession, property, family law, labour law. Lisbon also provides for the new Union, like any European state, to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. It would provide plenty scope for conflict between the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg over human rights issues. 9. Lisbon militarizes the EU further: The treaty requires member states "to progressively improve their military capabilities". It introduces a "start-up" fund for common foreign policy and military operations to be financed by member states outside the Union budget(Art.28). It contains an Article which the current Slovenian EU presidency has admitted is a "mutual defence clause"(Art.28A.7): "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all means in their power." This is a new departure for the EU and would commit all member states including Ireland. In the light of this mutual defence clause there would be no constitutional need for a further referendum in Ireland before we committed ourselves operationally to the military defence of other EU countries, for Lisbon would be that referendum. Lisbon also allows sub-groups of member states to make more binding commitments to one another with a view to "the most demanding missions" on behalf of the EU, without a requirement of a United Nations mandate. 10. Lisbon provides that if one-third of National Parliaments object to the Commission's proposal for an EU law, the Commission must reconsider it, but not necessarily abandon it: It might reword the draft law, as happened with the constitution, or if it considered the objection was not justified, it might ignore it. The European parliament cannot propose a single European law, but it gets more influence under the new Union's Constitutional structures. It can put down amendments to draft laws coming from the Council and Commission in the 32 law-making areas that would be transferred to Brussels from the national parliaments, although the Commission and Council must agree them if they are to pass. National parliaments would of course lose their power. Ireland has only 12 members out of 750 in the European parliament. When Ireland was part of the UK in the 19th century it had 100 members out of 600 at Westminster, where all UK laws were both proposed and made. The Lisbon Treaty also provides for a right of petition to the Commission by one million European citizens asking it to propose a new EU law, but there is no obligation on the Commission to do anything apart from "considering" such a request. It can ignore it or reject it. In other words the citizens, if they get a million signatures, have the right to complain and then hope for the best. Is Lisbon necessary to make the EU more efficient? The advent of 12 new member states has not made the negotiation of new EU laws more difficult since they joined the EU. On the contrary, a study by the Science-Po University in Paris calculated that new rules have been adopted a quarter times more quickly since the enlargement from 15 to 27 member states compared with the two years before enlargement. The study also showed that the 15 older member states block proposed EU laws twice as often as the newcomers. Professor Helen Wallace of the London School of Economics has found that the EU institutions are working as well as they ever did despite the enlargement of the EU from 15 to 27 members. She found that "the evidence of practice since May 2004 suggests that the EU's institutional processes and practice have stood up rather robustly to the impact of enlargement." The Nice Treaty voting arrangements thus seem to be working well. If we reject the Lisbon Treaty will we be forced to vote on it again? Europe minister Dick Roche has stated that if we vote No to Lisbon, we will not be asked to vote again on the same treaty, as happened when people voted No to the Treaty of Nice. Nor can we be ostracised or thrown out of the EU - anymore than that happened to the French and Dutch when they rejected the EU constitution, of which Lisbon is a revamped version. We need to send Lisbon back to the EU prime ministers and presidents and tell them that we want a better deal - for Ireland's sake and Europe's sake. We want a more democratic, not a less democratic EU. Ireland can do it, on our own behalf and on behalf of all the peoples of Europe, if we have confidence in ourselves and resist the misrepresentations of what Lisbon is really about, and all the bullying and threats. A Vote No is a Yes to something better! Connolly Publications Ltd, 244 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8JR

<urn:uuid:3d75f34f-8956-4e94-b7b2-d1c777a5e207>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.irishdemocrat.co.uk/window-on-the-eu/vote-for-something-better/

2013-05-22T08:19:07Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

"MY BELOVED IS UNTO ME AS A CLUSTER OF HENNA IN THE VINEYARDS OF EN GEDI" SONG OF SONGS 1 became Queen of Egypt in 51 B.C., at the age of 19, was actually not Egyptian. She was from Macedonia, a region in the north of Greece. She was descended from Ptolemy, a general of Alexander the Great who became King of Egypt after Alexander’s death in 323 B.C. Ptolemy founded a dynasty, but by the time Cleopatra ascended the throne, the Ptolemies’ strength was falling and the Roman Empire was rising. Tribute had to be paid to the Romans to keep them away from Egypt. A gifted linguist, Cleopatra spoke at least eight languages, according to Plutarch, end of the first century A.D. Roman biographer, who was not one of her admirers. He wrote that besides her native Greek, she spoke the language of the Ethiopians, the Hebrews, Troglodytes (cave-dwellers!), Arabians, Syrians, Medes, and the Parthians. Plutarch noted that most of her royal predecessors scarcely went to the trouble to acquire the Egyptian tongue. “It was a pleasure merely to hear the sound of her voice, with which, like an instrument of many strings, she could pass from one language to another,” wrote Plutarch. But Plutarch went on to proclaim that Cleopatra was not a striking beauty. (If you don’t believe it, look at her image on a silver coin issued in property of the British Museum.) Nevertheless, her physical presence was magnetic, her conversation charming, her character bewitching and her ambition Egyptians viewed her as Iris, the great mother goddess and the Greeks saw her as Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty. For the protection of her skin against the hot dry desert winds and the scorching Egyptian sun, she used oils and Judean balsam. She delighted in exotic perfumes and on every voyage the sails of her ship were coated with precious oils so that the “winds were lovesick In compliance with Egyptian tradition, Cleopatra married her brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIII, who 16 at the time. But it was a marriage of only, and Ptolemy was pharaoh in name only. For three years he remained in the background, while Cleopatra ruled |By 48 B.C. Cleopatra had so alarmed court officials in Alexandria by her independence, that they conspired to overthrow her in favor of her more pliable younger brother Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra was forced to flee Alexandria and go into exile in Syria. Determined to regain her throne, she began to amass an army on Egypt’s border, making formerly a Philistine city on the Mediterranean coast of Judea, 25 miles south of Jaffa, her temporary base. This map originated Interactive Ancient Mediterranean Roman Empire in the Eastern |Meanwhile in Rome, there was a civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey over who was to rule the Empire. Pompey was defeated and headed to Alexandria, hoping to find refuge with Ptolemy XIII, of whom he was a senate-appointed guardian. Pompey was murdered (and beheaded) as he stepped ashore in Alexandria. Four days after the death of Pompey, Julius Caesar landed in Egypt and summoned Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII. Wary of being captured by her brother’s henchmen, Cleopatra set sail at night in a little boat with only one of her trusted friends, slid through the harbor undetected and landed near the palace in Alexandria. She was smuggled ashore in an oriental carpet tied round with a leather thong and carried on the back of her friend Apollodorus right into Caesar’s palace. Plutarch reported that when the carpet unrolled and Cleopatra fell out, Caesar fell in love with her then and there. He was 53. She was 22. Instead of annexing Egypt to Rome, Caesar set Cleopatra back on the throne along with her younger half-brother, Ptolemy XIV, who was 12 years old. (Her former co-regent Ptolemy XIII had drowned in the Nile while trying to flee.) Later Cleopatra and her co-ruler-half brother made a red-carpet visit to Rome. Julius Caesar hosted them in one of his own palaces. She was still in Rome on the Ides of March 44 B.C. when Caesar was assassinated. Horrified, she quickly departed Caesar’s heroic charismatic general, had expected to be named in Caesar’s will, but instead, Caesar’s teenaged grand-nephew, Octavian was named beneficiary. (Many Rome guides claim that Octavian forged the will!) Octavian and Antony joined together in Rome to defeat Caesar’s enemies. Then they agreed to divide the Roman world. Octavian took the west and Antony the east. Now we get to the famous love saga of Antony When Antony sailed for the East, in 37 B.C., he summoned Cleopatra, who came to him in Antioch, Syria. Antony was smitten with her. (They say, “He came, he saw, SHE conquered!”) Antony gave Cleopatra gifts of land in Phoenicia, Syria, Cyprus, Sicily, a coastal strip of Arabia all the way down to the Red Sea – and the “side of Judea that produced balsam.” Cleopatra wanted more. She felt that as a Ptolemy, she deserved all of Judea, which had once belonged to her ancestors. Cleopatra dominated Antony, but he would not take the entire territory away from Herod, his loyal friend, and transfer it to Cleopatra. Instead, Antony gave her smaller portions, including Herod’s royal date and balsam plantations in and En Gedi. In Cleopatra’s day, Jericho was famed for its balsam |Herod was so appalled at having the ambitious Cleopatra so close to Jerusalem, the capital of his kingdom, that he leased back the territories from Cleopatra and paid her a very generous fee. Just to be on the safe side, south of En Gedi, he built the desert fortress of Masada which overlooked the spice route leading to Arabia. In the words of first century A.D. Jewish-Roman historian Josephus “It is said that Herod equipped this fortress as a refuge for himself, suspecting a double danger: peril on the one hand from the Jewish people, who might dethrone him and restore to power their former dynasty and the greater and more serious danger from Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. (Wars, Book VII, Chapter View from the upper balcony in Masada's northern palace on her part, tried to seduce Herod and made no secret of it. Josephus suggested that perhaps she had a passion for him – but more likely, she intended to lay a treacherous snare for him. Herod seriously considered killing her, but his advisors dissuaded him. Antony would be furious, they declared. Herod evaded her overtures, treated her courteously, lavished gifts on her and escorted her to the Egyptian border. As he waved good-bye to her, he probably said, “Shalom Al Yisrael.” (It literally means “peace on Israel,” but today we use it to mean, “Good-bye and good Hebrew for Pilgrims if you’d like to learn some other handy phrases.) Cleopatra’s downfall was Antony’s overwhelming desire to be with her. Antony hastily went to war in the east too early in the season. As he hurried his army along, he made a catastrophic mistake. His siege equipment – huge battering rams which broke down city walls, which was carried in 300 carts – was forgotten and left behind!!! It was then captured by his enemy and burned. His troops suffered from famine or were poisoned by the herbs they ate and the water they drank. Antony lost about 24,000 men. Cleopatra set sail to meet Antony by Sidon, on the Phoenician coast. Plutarch colorfully described Antony’s frenzied drinking and constant rushing to the coast to see if her ships were in sight. When Cleopatra arrived, she brought clothing for the soldiers, money to pay them and cedars of Lebanon which he needed for ship-building at which the Egyptians were However, instead of attacking Parthia in the East, Antony returned to Alexandria with Cleopatra. When it was discovered in Rome that Antony had willed Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt, all the eastern Roman Empire, should he die, Rome cancelled all Antony’s power, reduced him to the rank of a private citizen and declared war on both him When the Roman fleets met at Actium (31 B.C.) on the eastern coast of Greece, Antony was soundly defeated. He and Cleopatra sailed for Egypt. She saw the battle was over and believed they lived to fight again. Cleopatra was only 39 years old. But Antony was a broken man. Up on the hills overlooking the harbor of Alexandria, Antony watched as Octavian’s ships entered. Thinking that he had been betrayed by Cleopatra, Antony fell on his sword and was mortally wounded. He was taken to Cleopatra and died in her arms. His last words – according to Shakespeare – were, “I am dying Egypt, dying…one word sweet Queen -- of Caesar seek your honor and your safety.” Shakespeare has Cleopatra reply, “They (honor and safety) do not go together.” When Octavian (who had assumed the title, "Caesar" which became synonymous with emperor) entered Alexandria, there was no resistance. Octavian tried to prevent Cleopatra’s suicide. He probably intended to have her dragged through the streets of Rome in gold chains. But Cleopatra had other plans. After visiting Antony’s tomb and her own, she dressed herself, as if for dinner. A countryman came to her with a basket of figs and an asp whose bite had the power to kill quickly. It’s said that she died with the dignity with which she had lived – on a gold bed in her regal robes. To the end, Herod had stubbornly remained loyal to Marc Antony. He never forgot that it was Antony, a decade earlier, who had lobbied the Roman Senate to appoint him "king" of Judea. After the defeat and double-suicide of Antony and Cleopatra, Herod was in deep, deep trouble. Everyone expected that Octavian would avenge all support rendered to his arch enemies Antony and Cleopatra. By all accounts, Herod made a bold move. Dressed as a commoner, but with the proud bearing of a king, Herod appeared in Rhodes before Octavian. Josephus respectfully quoted his speech, “Caesar, it was Antony who made me king and I admit that I rendered to him every possible service. I will not hesitate to say that if I had not been detained by the Arabs, you certainly would have found me fighting by his side. As it was, I sent him all the auxiliary troops I could and many thousands of measures of grain. I did not desert my benefactor, even after his defeat at Actium. However, when I could no longer be useful as an ally, I gave him the best possible advice: Kill Cleopatra. I promised him money, a protecting wall, an army and my active participation in the war against However, his ears remained deaf through his passion for Cleopatra. God has granted you victory. I am defeated with Antony and with him, I lay down my crown. I have come to you, basing my hope of safety upon my integrity. I hope you will ask yourself, not whose friend, but how loyal a friend I have been.” (Wars, Book I, Chapter XX, 1) there was silence and bated breath for some moments. Finally, Octavian proclaimed that he admired Herod’s bold spirit and advised him, “Next time, pick the winning |To show his undying gratitude, Herod the Great built a magnificent harbor city along the Mediterranean coast, equipped with a hippodrome for chariot racing, a theater for stage spectacles, a promontory palace with a fresh-water swimming pool and impressive aqueducts. He named the city Caesarea, after his new patron. Gila Yudkin. Permission needed for any reuse. POPULAR ARTICLES this month View from Caesarea's Hippodrome looking north towards the harbor women of the Bible: Sarah in the Negev Mary meets Elizabeth Do you know the story of the wise woman at Beth Maacah who ended a revolt in the time of David? FOR TOURS •

<urn:uuid:1e4d1c15-5175-4c45-a87e-5eb4d40f3316>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.itsgila.com/headlinerscleo.htm

2013-05-22T08:02:38Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The lavenders (Lavandula) are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. An Old World genus, distributed from Macaronesia (Cape Verde and Canary Islands and Madeira) across Africa, the Mediterranean, South-West Asia, Arabia, Western Iran and South-East India. It is thought the genus originated in Asia but is most diversified in its western distribution. The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia and India. Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapees, well beyond their natural range. However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, there are countless variations within the species. The color of the flowers of some forms has come to be called lavender. Lavender color is a pale shade of purple. This particularly applies to the color of the flowers with the same name. Lavender can also be described as a soft purple or bright pink and purple. Additional color lavender olive. As a result of the fact that the lavender planted in a cultural form in the gardens around the world, often found growing wild bushes of lavender, which are outside its natural range. Due to the fact that lavender is very easy to cross-pollinated, you can find many variations of these colors within a species.

<urn:uuid:72ea05f6-cb99-4fbb-a8c5-8ae457c037ae>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.jaffamood.com/astonished-fields-of-lavender/

2013-05-22T08:00:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mention the role of faith in public life, and somebody is bound to bring up the faith of the Founders. Like many debates, this one has two extremes. Many secularists (and some conspiracy-minded Christians) claim that the Founders were mostly deists or religious skeptics who wanted to keep religion on the sidelines. (Deism is the view that God created the world and established a moral law, but doesn’t get involved in the day-to-day details on the ground. Strict deists rejected the possibility of miracles and the value of prayer.) They trot out skeptical quotes from Thomas Jefferson and talk about the “Jefferson Bible,” in which Jefferson deleted all references to miracles from the gospels. In response, some Christians seem intent on proving that almost all the Founders were conservative evangelical Christians. They will cite the many statements by Founders showing their Christian piety or commending the value of Christianity for society. The truth is that the lines separating orthodox Christianity from deism were blurry in 18th-century America. We should resist the temptation to cram them into tidy modern compartments. Many of the Founders, such as Patrick Henry, John Jay, John Witherspoon, and Samuel Adams, were serious Christians, without a whiff of deism on them. Almost all were Protestants, though Charles Carroll, who signed the Declaration of Independence, was a Catholic. None were atheists. George Washington was an Episcopalian, though he often attended different houses of worship. He believed deeply in God’s providence and in the necessity of religion for morality. In his inaugural address, he said: “Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, Religion and Morality are indispensable supports….Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in Courts of Justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that National morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.” We could pile on quote after quote along the same lines from the Founders. Even so-called deists such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin supported prayer and religious observance. Others who were Unitarian, such as John Adams, often spoke fondly of Christianity and, in particular, its moral system. This was but the most crucial of several points of agreement among the American Founders: · The Church has a proper authority that the state must respect. · The federal government should neither establish nor prohibit the free exercise of religion. · Every person should enjoy religious liberty. · Religion, and especially Christianity, is vital to the survival and prosperity of the American Experiment. · We know by reason that God and a natural law exist. · Public displays of respect for God are right and good, and don’t constitute an establishment of religion. These views allowed the Founders to revere God in public, even officially, while still opposing a federally established church. God’s existence and the basic principles of morality, they believed, were public truths, not sectarian religious doctrines. So when the US Congress adopted “In God We Trust” as our national motto in 1956, they were not imposing religion on the public, but publicly recognizing God—just as the Founders did. The phrase had appeared on our coins as early as the 1850s. Remember, it was Thomas Jefferson, a deist of sorts, who wrote in the Declaration of Independence, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights….” On this point, the Founders believed, reason and revelation agreed. Secularists insist on practical atheism as the only neutral, legitimate public philosophy. It’s the idea that people can believe and practice whatever religion they choose in their private lives, but when we come together in public, whether it’s to explore the origin of the universe, debate public policy, or explain why a criminal went on a shooting spree, we must assume God doesn’t exist. Any reference to God or morality, on this view, transgresses the boundaries of church and state and is a dangerous step down the road to theocracy, “dominionism,” or “Christian nationalism.” This practical atheism is ardently promoted by groups such as Americans United for the Separation of Church and State, and the American Civil Liberties Union, and accepted by most academic elites. It is entirely alien to the thought of the Founders and most Americans. Today, our greatest danger is not a Christian theocracy, but a secularist theocracy that tolerates no dissent. Many Americans ask, “Is the United States a ‘Christian Nation’?” It’s easy to get bogged down in this debate. The problem is that the phrase means different things to different people. If we’re talking about the views of most Americans, then certainly we are a Christian nation. About 78% of Americans identify themselves as Christians of some sort. All other religions combined make up less than 5 percent, and about 16 percent are unaffiliated (though not necessarily atheist). So just as we talk about “Muslim countries,” where most of the citizens are Muslims, we could refer to the United States as a “Christian nation.” The phrase also makes sense if you’re talking about American history. The original American colonies were overwhelmingly Christian. In fact, most started as Christian charters. Moreover, our laws and political traditions come larger from the Judeo-Christian culture of Europe, and especially Great Britain. But when some people hear talk of America as a “Christian nation,” they envision a country where Christianity is mandated, or where non-Christians are viewed as second-class citizens, or where atheists are herded out of the political process. So unless you explain what you mean by the phrase, talking about the United States as a Christian nation is liable to create more heat than light. It is our sincere desire and prayer that the insights and truths we share in our book, Indivisible, will inspire Christians to be as involved in local and national direction as those who are committed to remove any effect of faith on the public. Why would people who claim to believe in the importance of God’s kingdom influence indifferently allow the few Americans who want progressive socialism while also rejecting traditional faith and moral values to create a “hell on earth” for our families to endure? In a free constitutional republic we have the privilege of choice by voting for the best leaders and programs. Negative trends brought on by idolatry and godlessness can only continue if those professing to know God fail to stand up for what they claim to believe. This commentary was adapted from the New York Times best-selling book INDIVISIBLE: Restoring Faith, Family and Freedom Before It’s Too Late, co-authored by James Robison and Jay Richards. This article was written by James Robison and Jay Richards

<urn:uuid:c94f2799-6fc9-42a1-8c85-43985bc96b1e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.jamesrobison.net/is-america-a-christian-nation/

2013-05-22T07:55:07Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

TERRY'S FORK — On Aug. 25, 1911, a Friday, a Louisville & Nashville locomotive steamed away from a tipple in a hollow in Harlan County with a load of coal bound for Western Kentucky, and the county changed dramatically, forever. It was the first commercial coal shipment by rail out of the mountainous county. The coming of the railroad sparked a feverish boom as out-of-state industrialists and investors, and some homegrown businessmen, rushed to develop the rich coalfield, with its high-quality seams nine feet thick in places. Within a few short years, a sparsely populated place that had long been defined by subsistence farming was transformed into an industrial society largely controlled by the coal industry. The population tripled by 1920 as people poured into Harlan County for work, and doubled again by 1930. Coal production of 25,814 tons in 1910 shot up to 384,427 tons in 1912, then to 1.2 million tons in 1914, and eventually climbed to more than 15 million tons by the late 1920s. The coal industry has dominated the local economy for a century, providing jobs in a place where they are scarce. There was a price, however, including the deaths of hundreds of miners who were blown up, crushed or suffocated. Others died more slowly from the coal dust in their lungs. The number of deaths dropped dramatically over time with improved safety measures, technology and oversight. There were two mining-related deaths in Harlan County last year, according to federal regulators. In the century since that first rail shipment, miners have blasted and dug nearly a billion tons of coal from the mountains of Harlan County. As the county marks that anniversary, though, there are a lot of questions about what is to come during its second century of coal production. Commercial coal production began in Kentucky long before the Civil War, but the Harlan area was among the last major deposits to be developed because companies built rail lines to other spots first. During the three decades before the railroad came to Harlan County, industrialists, investors and speculators — many from out of state — had bought enormous tracts of timber and coal land throughout the region, or leased the mineral rights. Many landowners in Eastern Kentucky, unfamiliar with its potential value, sold their control of great reserves of coal for as little as 50 cents to $1 an acre, according to some historians. Kentenia Corp., a company based in the Northeast, once controlled more than 100 square miles of land in Harlan and Bell counties, according to an entry in the Kentucky Encyclopedia by James S. Greene III, a school administrator and historian in Harlan. The first coal shipped out of Harlan County, however, came from land owned by a local businessman, Jesse M. Blanton. The family story is that Franklin Delano Roosevelt stopped by Blanton's farm when the future president went to Harlan County with a team surveying coal properties during the early 1900s, said Mark Bailey, Blanton's great-grandson. Roosevelt asked Blanton what he thought of a steep mountain in the distance as an investment for Roosevelt. Blanton dismissed it, and Roosevelt rode off, but the local entrepreneur actually realized the potential value of the land. He sold other property to buy part of the mountain and later leased it to a coal company to mine because he knew the railroad was coming, Bailey said. "He outfoxed the future president," said Bailey. At the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s, Bailey said, Blanton's monthly income from coal properties was $7,000. That would be roughly $95,000 today. His descendants still own land Blanton bought, and it has produced income for every generation. As in other counties, companies quickly built entire towns in Harlan County to house miners after the railroad came. A subsidiary of U.S. Steel, for instance, built Lynch in 1917 at the foot Big Black Mountain, the highest peak in Kentucky. Where there had been only scattered small farms, the city's population quickly grew to 10,000, equaling that of the entire county before the boom. Most of the people who flooded into the county for jobs were from nearby counties, but the miners included African-Americans from the South and European immigrants. "It was just like a magnet," Greene said in interview. The companies controlled every aspect of their towns, some even paying miners in scrip, company money used to buy goods at the company commissary. The miner "had no voice in community affairs or working conditions, and he was dependent upon the benevolence of the employer to maintain his rate of pay," Ronald D. Eller, a professor at the University of Kentucky, wrote in Miners, Millhands and Mountaineers, his book on the industrialization of the Appalachian South. The industrial age brought what a number of historians have described as wrenching change, with thousands of people who had been independent farmers suddenly living in crowded camps owned by someone else, working for a wage for the first time. The transformation also brought much greater access to material goods, as well as doctors, schools and other amenities. The quality of camp housing varied but was better than what many miners previously had. But the changes also produced "serious social disorganization," historian John W. Hevener said in his 1978 book Which Side Are You On? — the title of a famous labor song from the county. With guns and alcohol widely available to people adjusting to a new order and used to settling disagreements for themselves, bloodshed was common. The homicide rate in Harlan County in the 1920s was the highest in the nation — twice that of Florida, the most violent state — with 50 homicides a year, Hevener's book reported. And the divorce rate in the county rose 80 percent from 1922 to 1932, according to a study Eller cited in his book. Bitter labor battles Harlan County had some of the most widely reported labor problems of the 1930s, when violence during bitter fights over union organizing cemented the nickname "Bloody Harlan." Coal operators used their control over the county's economy and politics to beat back union efforts in the 1920s and 30s, evicting union members from company houses, blacklisting them and paying the salaries of sheriff's deputies who supported the companies' efforts and intimidated miners. The coal boom already had stalled when the Great Depression crippled the county's coal industry after 1929. From 1929 to 1931, the average Harlan County miner's annual wage — already lower than those of miners in unionized northern coal states — dropped from $1,235 to $749. The number of children dying of diseases related to malnutrition rose and would have been higher if not for a feeding program the Quakers launched in late 1931, according to Hevener's book. "We live on beans and bread. We don't get no dinner," one woman was quoted as saying in Harlan Miners Speak, a 1932 book by a committee that took testimony on labor violence at the request of the Communist-backed National Miners Union. By 1932, a third of the county's mines had closed, according to A New History of Kentucky by Lowell Harrison and James Klotter. Amid the desperate conditions, both sides used violence in the labor struggle. One of the bloodiest events occurred in May 1931, when union miners ambushed a convoy of cars escorting a non-union miner near Evarts. Three deputies and one miner died in the shootout, Hevener wrote. Better economic times returned with the World War II demand for coal, but the industry continued to undergo major changes in the decades after the war because of technology and market forces, going through cycles of boom and decline. That meant big changes for Harlan County. Demand dropped after the railroads stopped using coal to drive locomotives, and factories switched to oil and natural gas for their needs. Production in Harlan County fell throughout the 1950s, hitting a near 50-year low in 1960 of 1.3 million tons, state records show. The drop in production meant a big drop in jobs and population as well. From 1950 to 1970, people left to find work, causing the county's population to drop by nearly half, U.S. Census figures show. Coal companies pulled out of the business of owning towns as large rail mines were replaced by smaller mines. The companies sold the houses and closed the company stores. U.S. Steel sold its houses in Lynch to residents in the early 1960s. Growing use of machines to mine coal also meant the companies needed fewer employees. Employment in Kentucky's underground mines fell 70 percent from 1950 to 1965; in Harlan County, mining employment dropped from 13,619 to 2,433 in that time, according to A New History of Kentucky. A Middle Eastern oil embargo caused a spike in coal demand during the 1970s and 80s, and mining employment rose to 4,419 in 1981, the most recent employment peak. There were 1,780 people employed in mining in the county in 2009, an increase of 195 from the year before, according to federal data. Looking beyond coal The coal industry doesn't have as tight a grip on Harlan County as it once did. However, Mark Bell, president of the Harlan County Chamber of Commerce, estimated 20 percent to 25 percent of the jobs in the county are tied directly to the industry. "It's the foundation on which the economic livelihood of the community functions," Bell said. Still, the county is relatively poor and the population has declined steadily for decades, falling to 29,278 in 2010 — the lowest level since before 1920. The loss in population has fed the longtime interest in diversifying the county's economy. Many residents think highway access will have to be improved for the county's economy to grow. But Eller says Harlan and other Appalachian counties need a different, broader concept of what constitutes economic development, and how to achieve it, than the ideas local and state leaders have traditionally held — building industrial parks in hopes of luring factories, and investing in coal. Harlan County has potential for jobs in agriculture, tourism and other fields, he said. "The problem is we've got to redesign the economy" to reach that potential, Eller said. Surface mining conflict The controversies around the coal industry have shifted. The United Mine Workers of America finally organized the county during the late 1930s, but its influence later waned, and there are no UMW mines in the county now. It's been almost 40 years since there was serious unrest and violence over attempts to unionize a mine in Harlan County. These days, the most emotional fight relates to mountaintop mining, in which coal companies blast the tops off mountains to reach coal seams. That controversy has caused conflict different from the labor upheavals "but not far removed in terms of emotional intensity," John D. Hennen, a professor at Morehead State University, said in his introduction to a new edition of Harlan Miners Speak. There is less mountaintop mining in Harlan County than in some other counties in Eastern Kentucky. In 2009, underground production in the county totaled 7.5 million tons compared to 2.9 million tons produced by surface mining, according to the Kentucky Office of Mine Safety and Licensing. The ratio was much closer in some coal counties. In Pike County, for instance, there was 9.3 million tons of underground production and 7.1 million tons mined from the surface. Harlan County is no stranger to the fight over mountaintop mining, however. Some residents and local officials are objecting to a coal company's application for a surface mine near Lynch, the historic mining town. The concern is that the mine would hurt the chances of developing tourism based on the town's beautiful location and history. "We want 'em to leave us something," said Carl Shoupe, a former miner and union organizer who is a member of Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, which opposes surface mining. "It's a payday next week for 12 men," he said of a surface mine, "but what is it for our grandchildren?" Bill Bissett, president of the Kentucky Coal Association, said a lot of variables will influence the second century of coal production in Harlan County. Those include environmental regulation, technological changes and the growth of demand in China and India. But the projected growth in energy needs means coal will be a key part of meeting those needs for a long time, Bissett said. "I strongly believe that in 100 years, we'll be mining coal in Eastern Kentucky," he said. "The question will be how, and how much?"

<urn:uuid:0b53e043-17e3-41b4-b1e3-4b91b8ee8b88>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.kentucky.com/2011/08/21/1852406/100-years-of-coal-in-harlan-county.html

2013-05-22T08:33:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

NPR.ORG: Storms have hit the East coast before but none have been as dangerous as Hurricane Sandy. NPR broke down the science behind Sandy to explain why the nature of this storm is more concerning than past hurricanes. Here are a few reasons government forecasters at the National Hurricane Center and emergency management officials are so concerned about Sandy: 1. Sandy is one of the largest hurricanes ever to strike the U.S. Sandy's winds cover an area of more than 1,000 miles in diameter. That's enormous by hurricane standards. So instead of affecting an area a couple of hundred miles across, Sandy will cut a huge swath. That means many millions of people are probably going to be exposed to high winds, heavy rains, and, for those on the coast, powerful storm surge. 2. Sandy is a very slow-moving storm. Sandy was slowing as it turned inland in a northwesterly direction. That means many places could see two full days of heavy winds and rain, not just a few hours. Sandy is now packing winds of more than 90 miles per hour, according to latest update from the National Hurricane Center. Forecasters say some places will get a foot of rain and they expect widespread flooding, wind damage and power outages. 3. Sandy remains strong as it reaches the coast. Hurricanes often weaken as they travel north across colder water and approach land. But Sandy hasn't. One reason is that it's expected to change from a tropical storm powered by warm ocean water to something more like a winter storm powered by temperature and pressure differences in the atmosphere. So it will be a hybrid, or "Frankenstorm." And forecasters say Sandy may actually gain strength slightly as it reaches land. They also think it will remain strong enough once on land to produce strong winds far inland. Tuesday, May 21 2013 1:43 PM EDT2013-05-21 17:43:51 GMT BREAKING NEWS - The Medical Examiner's Office has revised the death toll in the Moore, Oklahoma tornado from 91 people to at least 24 people.>> UPDATE: Originally the death toll was reported to be 91 people and counting, however, the Medical examiner's office revised the death toll from the Oklahoma tornado to at least 24 people. A spokeswoman said Tuesday morning that she believes some victims were counted twice in the early chaos of the storm.>> Tuesday, May 21 2013 3:31 PM EDT2013-05-21 19:31:19 GMT WASHINGTON (AP) - Wind, humidity and rainfall combined precisely to create the massive killer tornado in Moore, Okla. >> WASHINGTON (AP) - Wind, humidity and rainfall combined precisely to create the massive killer tornado in Moore, Okla. And when they did, the awesome amount of energy released over that city dwarfed the power of the atomic bomb that leveled Hiroshima. Meteorologists contacted by The Associated Press used real time measurements to calculate the energy released during the storm's life span of almost an hour.>>

<urn:uuid:6693f6ef-8a2c-4879-94a6-a956ba9a4410>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.khq.com/story/19944033/understanding-why-hurricane-sandy-is-so-dangerous

2013-05-22T07:56:32Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Unit 16: In the news Day one: Let's read the newspaper - Students will view the format of a typical newspaper. - Students will be able to discuss the format of a typical newspaper. - Students will be able to read a selected article from a Target Language newspaper. Setting the Stage (5 minutes) Teacher has torn apart a target-language newspaper and set each page on a desk or table all around the room. Students get up and walk around the room and take a look at each page of this model newspaper. Teacher rings bell, claps hands, or gives some kind of signal to students to move to next newspaper page in a clockwise direction around the room Input (15 minutes) Teacher projects selected newspaper front-page articles that are good models on classroom screen using an overhead projector or LCD projector connected to the classroom computer and the Internet. Teacher reads the articles aloud and asks comprehension questions (who-what-when-when-where-why) about the content of the articles. Teacher asks personalized questions that relate to the content of the articles to selected students. For example, - The article states that the city will receive a large sum of money to repair the concert hall parking lot. If you had this much money, what would you choose to do in our city? - The photograph connected with this article shows a huge crack in the driveway of the parking lot. What other kinds of disrepair might show up in an old parking lot? Which one would you photograph? Guided Practice (15 minutes) Students, in groups, take one page of the newspaper that Teacher had displayed all around the room. Students collaborate to fill out one map of the story form to determine why the articles are good and to identify the Who-What-When-When-Where-Why content of the articles on the page. Independent Practice (15 minutes) Students are divided into groups of 5 to 7. Each group sits together in a cluster or small circle. Teacher gives each group a copy of the description of the culminating activity. The members of the group discuss the organization of their group. Who will write and who will edit: - news reports - sports events - letters to the editor - feature articles - weather reports Each group must submit a short, typed report the following day that indicates who will be editing what. This report must be lists of sentences or short paragraphs that describe each member's role in the project. Closure (2 minutes) Teacher hands out the rubric for this culminating project and encourages students to ask for clarification. Next lesson » This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. - You may use and modify the material for any non-commercial purpose. - You must credit the UCLA Language Materials Project as the source. - If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.

<urn:uuid:79009fb5-ead1-411d-9e29-9d07c7fed760>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/K-12/unit16_01.aspx

2013-05-22T08:33:15Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|MadSci Network: Engineering| Greetings: There are many types of engines for doing work and they all have one thing in common, they convert high temperature liquid, solid or gas materials into low temperature liquid, solid or gas materials and they extract power to they do useful work in the process. These processes are based in the laws of THERMODYNAMICS. Generally, the greater the difference between the high and low temperatures, the greater will be the useful power output and efficiency of the engine. Engines that run on gasoline, methanol and diesel fuels are called internal combustion engines (ICE) and they use the rapid explosion, heating and expansion of a compressed fuel air mixture in an enclosed cylinder to drive a piston downward during the power stroke. Currently internal combustion engines have a number of advantages over external combustion engines with the explosive fuel being part of the heating process being a major advantage. Steam engines are external combustion engines (ECE) and they use an external fuel combustion process to convert liquid water to high-pressure, high-temperature steam in a boiler. The high-pressure, high temperature steam is then transferred into the cylinder to drive the piston during the power stroke. However, a steam-generating boiler and heater also have to be added to the vehicle to run an ECE engine. Because steam engines run at lower pressure and temperature differences than ICEs, they must use larger diameter pistons (greater volumes of gas) to produce the same amount of drive power and thus they are less efficient. The inability to rapidly build up steam pressure from a cold start has always been one of the drawbacks of steam engines and a number of flash heating concepts have been tried and proposed. See the laser flash heater proposal in the Mad Science archives (Rick Hall, Wed Aug 18 12:56:52 1999. Engineering: Re: Use laser(s) to flash heat water in a small tube(s) to power a car? ) As you suggest, fixed rate of combustion processes for steam boilers and also for hybrid electric vehicles can be designed to generate far less pollution that current ICEs. Here in California, to reduce air pollution, a number of manufacturing plants now use pure oxygen instead of air with petroleum based fuels for their ICEs and heating systems. This combustion process eliminates the harmful nitrogen compounds released when using air as an oxidizer. However, the oxygen must be stored in large cryogenic tanks. The hydrogen/oxygen fueled engine and or boiler would be one of the cleanest engines with water and steam being the residue from the process. One of the problems with these engines is to safely store hydrogen fuel and oxygen oxidizer. In California we have a number of hydrogen fueled busses operating which use the oxygen in air as an oxidizer. They are very clean but do produce some nitrogen compounds. The busses use large hydrogn fuel tanks filled with hydrogen absorbing materials such as nickle hydride to reduce the pressure in the fuel tanks. Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells that can generate electricity in a clean process is another concept being studied for electric vehicles. Currently, cost effectively generating, storing and delivering hydrogen gas is an important part of the fuel cell concept being studied. A search of the Mad Science archives for fuel cells and hydrogen will return a large number of questions and answers that address the problems and potential of using these environmentally clean processes for motor vehicles, spacecraft and for aircraft. Currently, research on fuel cells, new batteries and hybrid vehicles are the concepts most favored by the world’s automotive industry for future clean vehicles. The infrastructure to deliver the fuel to the consumer is also an important part of the process. Best regards, Your Mad Scientist Adrian Popa Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Engineering.

<urn:uuid:7e5fe825-4a6d-48d9-8333-7fc9a792ca75>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-08/935637790.Eg.r.html

2013-05-22T08:13:12Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Use pie charts to analyze the energy changes in each situation given. 1. A ball is held above the ground, and then is dropped so it falls straight down. (Restrict your analysis to the ball being in the air, BEFORE it hits the ground.) 2. A wind-up toy is wound up, then "walks" across a table and comes to a stop. 3. A baseball is thrown up in the air and then falls back down. Place velocity vectors beside each corresponding baseball in the drawing, and draw an energy storage pie for each lettered position. 4. An object rests on a coiled spring, and is then launched upwards. 5. A piece of clay is dropped to the floor. 6. A ball rolls to a stop on the floor. 7. A truck being driven down the street. 8. A superball is dropped and bounces up and down. Draw a pie chart for each position of the ball shown. Why does the ball not bounce as high each time? Where does the energy "go"?

<urn:uuid:3bc596a3-0676-4f40-bc3a-fa3cbbbf6116>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.modelingphysics.org/energy/ws1b.html

2013-05-22T08:26:30Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

For courses in special education, regular education, and inclusion. This case-based text combines the best of both worlds: teaching methods/techniques and cases from inclusive education settings. Using this case-based approach, this first edition text tackles three broad domains of special education including special education law, collaboration/co-teaching in inclusive classrooms, and methods/techniques for teaching students with disabilities in inclusive settings. Offering an innovative chapter sequence, it pairs concept chapters with case chapters to ensure readers understand core material and can apply it to real situations. A consistent five case format follows each concept chapter and highlights a variety of clinical and narrative cases. Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Using Cases in Special Education and Inclusion Courses What Are Cases? Background on Case Method Teaching Case Method Teaching Using Problem-Solving with Cases Problem-Solving with Our Example Case: Coco Havlin Support for Case Method TeachingUsing Cases in Courses Chapter 2 – Special Education Law and Inclusion Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004 Child Find and Zero Reject Evaluation, Classification and Placement Appropriate Education and the IEP The Least Restrictive Environment Confidentiality and Privacy Using the IEP in the Inclusive Classroom Purpose of an IEP Content of the IEP Writing Measurable Goals, Objectives, or Benchmarks for an IEP Using the IEP in the Inclusive Classroom Chapter 3 – Cases About Special Education Law and Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Is This the Least Restrictive Environment? Case 2: “Oh, no: Another due process hearing!” Case 3: Why Won’t All Teachers Cooperate? Case 4: Medical Procedures: A Liability Issue Case 5: Does Mom Have a Case? Chapter 4 – Teaching in the Inclusive Classroom Inclusion and Collaboration Co-Teaching and Co-Planning Skills Models of Co-Teaching Monitoring Student Progress Chapter 5 –Cases About Collaboration and Co-Teaching in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: To Build a Better Mousetrap Case 2: Her Reputation Precedes Her Case 3: Letting Go! Case 4: Inclusion Gone Wrong Case 5: A Clash with the Titan Chapter 6 – Effective Use of Behavior Management in Inclusive Classrooms Classroom and Behavior Management Classroom Management in Inclusive Classrooms Behavior Management in Inclusive Classrooms Functional Behavior Analysis and Behavior Intervention Plans Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) Other Systems and Procedures Chapter 7 – Cases About Behavior Management in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Dumb as a Doornail! Case 2: It Doesn’t Add Up Case 3: The Girl Who Couldn’t Stop Talking Case 4: Math is No Joke!Case 5: Lui Learns History the Hard Way Chapter 8 – Effective Techniques for Teaching Basic Skills: Reading and Written Language Reading Instruction in “Typical” Inclusion Classrooms Reading Instruction in High School Research-Based Techniques for Teaching Reading Phonological Awareness and Word Identification Strategies STOP–Phonological Awareness Strategy Word Identification StrategyResearch Evidence LINCS Vocabulary Strategy Text Comprehension Instruction Paraphrasing StrategyResearch Evidence Research-Based Techniques for Teaching Writing Study Techniques for Spelling Chapter 9 –Cases About Teaching Reading Skills in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Fixing the Fluency of Frankie Case 2: Trina Needs Help! Case 3: Keeping Ruby Current Case 4: Smack You Upside Your Head! Case 5: Jumpin’ Judy Chapter 10 – Cases About Teaching WrittenLanguage Skills in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Who Should Take the Lead in Strategy Instruction? Case 2: Cursive Handwriting: The Nightmare Case 3: Spelling the Fernald Way Case 4: Assistive Technology: Is It the Answer? Case 5: To Scribe or Not Scribe, That Is the Question Chapter 11 – Effective Techniques for Teaching Math Students with DisabilitiesMeeting the Instructional Needs of All Students in Mathematics Lesson Planning to Differentiate Instruction Metacognitive Strategies and Instructional RoutinesInstructional Strategies and Techniques for Students with Disabilities Progress Monitoring and Assessment Summary and Discussion Chapter 12 – Cases About Teaching Math Skills in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Not a Sweet Deal Case 2: Let’s Talk Math Skills Case 3: Two Wells Make a Dam Case 4: Too Much Dividing At Once Case 5: No Time for Time Chapter 13 – Effective Techniques for Teaching in the Content Areas Problems in the Content Areas Strategies and Techniques for Content AreaInstruction Make Sense Strategies Supporting Reading and Writing in Content Area Instruction Strategies and Techniques for Science Instruction Effective Techniques for Science Text Comprehension Strategies and Techniques for Social Studies Instruction Content Enhancement Routines Levels of Learning and Associated Instructional Techniques Chapter 14 – Cases About Teaching Content and Study Skills in Inclusive Classrooms Case 1: Inclusion and Behavior Issues in a Content Area Classroom Case 2: Inclusion and Instruction in the Content Areas Case 3: Cooperative Learning– Is It “Right” for All Students with Disabilities? Case 4: Study Skills–Who Needs Them? Case 5: Are You Ready to Teach Biology? With CourseSmart eTextbooks and eResources, you save up to 60% off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. Once you have purchased your eTextbooks and added them to your CourseSmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $16.99 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-500014-4

<urn:uuid:d3a3c6f3-b034-441b-9569-66ac971fc270>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.mypearsonstore.com/bookstore/strategies-for-teaching-students-with-disabilities-0135000149

2013-05-22T08:18:58Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Joined: 03 Oct 2005 |Posted: Wed Jan 25, 2006 10:28 am Post subject: Dutch Scientists Create a Single Molecule Engine |Dutch Scientists Create a Single Molecule Engine, Using Nature as Their Inspiration A single molecule working as the nano scale version of the steam engine: that’s the molecular motor developed by a group of UT scientists led by prof. Julius Vancso of the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology. Natural ‘motor molecules’, capable of converting chemical energy into movement, have been the source of inspiration for this new synthetic version: a polymer molecule that stretches and shrinks caused by redox reactions. The results appear on the cover of Rapid Macromolecular Rapid Communications of January 23 . In nature, some proteins are capable of converting chemical into mechanical energy, by burning ‘fuel molecules’. The synthetic version now presented is a polymer chain, fixed on a surface on one side. Fully stretched, this molecule is a few tens of nanometers long. A cyclic process can be started, in which parts of the chain alternately harden and soften. The result is an amount of mechanical energy, sufficient for driving future nano devices like pumps, valves and levers. Just like in nature, redox reactions are the basis for the working principle of the engine: during reduction and oxidation, electrons are interchanged. To stimulate these reactions, iron is introduced within the polymer chain (PFS: polyferrocenydimethylsilane). This iron is alternately oxidized and reduced when the chain is put on a suitable voltage level. This cyclic process causes the soft/hard transitions and the shrinking and stretching of the chain. The researchers now use an atomic force microscope to be able to sense the forces and to get hold of the molecule on the top side. They estimate the efficiency of the conversion to be ten percent. Compared to conversion processes in nature: using photo synthesis, plants convert energy with an efficiency of 13 percent, and the estimated efficiency of the conversion of the chemical energy of food within the human body is about five percent. A major additional advantage of the new molecular motor presented is that it can be positioned very accurately and controlled on a surface. In this way, it is possible to create a true array of engines and connect the nano devices to them. The distance between the motors can be kept very small. In light-driven nanomotors earlier presented, the minimum distance was limited by the wavelength of the light used, for example. Source: University of Twente. This story was posted on 24 January 2006.

<urn:uuid:eeba3e88-2a42-4b2a-af91-d732a1fe7154>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nano.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=435&view=previous

2013-05-22T08:13:50Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. In the Beat of a Heart: Life, Energy, and the Unity of Nature and they tended not to be experts at identifying plants, so there was no global picture of how the species, sizes, and spacing of forest plants varied from place to place. Over the next 25 years, Gentry, a scientist with much energy and enthusiasm, and less patience, put that right. He became an expert at getting hold of small amounts of money to fund short expeditions, and he toured the world collecting what came to be known as Gentry plots. He enlisted his colleagues and students in the project and employed locals and their children to measure, collect, and process samples. When he went somewhere to give a talk, he would make time to survey any nearby forest. In total he gathered data from 227 plots on six continents, from Germany to Chile and Madagascar to Australia, measuring and identifying 83,121 plants. He also carried on his work on plant taxonomy, collecting more than 80,000 specimens for the Missouri Botanical Garden. Gentry’s database showed how forests varied with factors such as latitude, altitude, and rainfall. But the project was always more than an academic exercise. Gentry also worked for the environmental organization Conservation International, and invented his surveying technique partly as a quick and cheap way to get a snapshot of forest diversity, to record the loss of species, and to provide information to plan conservation policy. His surveys helped reveal the impact of people on the natural world. In 1975, for example, he visited the Centinela Ridge in the Ecuadorean cloud forest and discovered more than 100 species new to science. The next year the ridge was cleared for timber. On August 3, 1993, Gentry was back working in the mountains of Ecuador. He missed his flight out of Quito and chartered a small plane to take him and his team on one more collecting trip. Flying through a cloud bank, the pilot misjudged his altitude, caught a treetop, and crashed. Gentry, the pilot, and one other researcher were killed. Before he died, Gentry broke the plane’s windows with the poles he used to collect tree samples, allowing another passenger to escape. The Way to San Jose The day after visiting Santa Fe I fly south to San Jose in Costa Rica, swapping the New Mexican desert for tropical green. There I am to

<urn:uuid:79d4ee34-5ae9-4965-8513-c72f3a86d844>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11634&page=146

2013-05-22T07:55:53Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Conflict Resolution Tips A quick list of things to remember when managing conflict - Note that anger is a normal feeling. - How we handle our anger and how we deal with other people who are angry can make the difference between managing conflict effectively and having conflict end in violence. - Be aware of triggers, which are any verbal or nonverbal behaviors that result in anger or other negative emotional reactions that can get in the way of resolving conflicts. - Triggers are like lightning bolts. When they strike, they can interfere with communication. - To avoid pulling others’ triggers, pay particular attention to your own behavior, even your body language. - Note that people already use strategies to control their anger (for example, walking away from a dangerous situation), and that all they need to do is build on that foundation. - Point out that, even though we sometimes think of ourselves as being “out of control,” we often choose to blow up at some times and stay calm at other times. For example, there’s a difference between how we handle anger with our friends and anger with a parent or grandparent. To resolve conflict, you must stay calm to communicate. - The less “hot” the anger, the more you can control it. - Even though your anger may be legitimate, it usually doesn’t help to show your anger to the other person. Sometimes the other person will take you more seriously if you remain calm and courteous. - Remember that your goal is to be able to get angry without becoming abusive or violent, and to communicate your wants and needs effectively without threatening others.

<urn:uuid:620acf8b-93e9-4b40-aeba-210d9db64afa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ncpc.org/topics/conflict-resolution/conflict-resolution/conflict-resolution-tips

2013-05-22T08:20:02Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Epicurus (Epikouros or Ἐπίκουρος in Greek) (341 B.C.E. – 270 B.C.E.) was an ancient Greek philosopher, the founder of Epicureanism, one of the most popular schools of Hellenistic Philosophy. He taught that happiness was the ultimate goal of life, and that it could be achieved by seeking pleasure and minimizing pain, including the pain of a troubled mind. He encouraged the study of science as a way to overcome fear and ignorance and thus achieve mental calmness. He set up communities that tried to live by his philosophy. The Epicurean school remained active for several centuries and some of its teachings strongly influenced modern thinkers, particularly in the areas of civic justice and the study of physics. Epicurus was born into an Athenian émigré family; his parents, Neocles and Chaerestrate, both Athenian citizens, were sent to an Athenian settlement on the Aegean island of Samos. According to Apollodorus (reported by Diogenes Laertius at X.14-15), he was born on the seventh day of the month Gamelion in the third year of the 109th Olympiad, in the archonship of Sosigenes (about February 341 B.C.E.). He returned to Athens at the age of 18 to serve in military training as a condition for Athenian citizenship. The playwright Menander served in the same age-class of the ephebes as Epicurus. Two years later, he joined his father in Colophon when Perdiccas expelled the Athenian settlers at Samos after the death of Alexander the Great (c. 320 B.C.E.). He spent several years in Colophon, and at the age of 32 began to teach. He set up Epicurean communities in Mytilene, where he met Hermarchus, his first disciple and later his successor as head of the Athenian school; and in Lampsacus, where he met Metrodorus and Polyaenus, Metrodorus’ brother Timocrates, Leonteus and his wife Themista, Colotes, and Metrodorus’ sister Batis and her husband Idomeneus. In the archonship of Anaxicrates (307 B.C.E.-306 B.C.E.), he returned to Athens where he formed The Garden (Ho Kepus), a school named for the house and garden he owned about halfway between the Stoa and the Academy that served as the school's meeting place. These communities set out to live the ideal Epicurean lifestyle, detaching themselves from political society, and devoting themselves to philosophical discourse and the cultivation of friendship. The members of Epicurus’ communities lived a simple life, eating barley bread and drinking water, although a daily ration of half a pint of wine was allowed. The letters that members of these communities wrote to each other were collected by later Epicureans and studied as a model of the philosophical life. Samos, Colophon, Mytilene and Lampsacus were all in Asia, and Epicurus actively maintained his ties with Asia all his life, even traveling from Athens to Asia Minor several times. This Asiatic influence is reflected in his writing style and in the broad ecumenical scope of his ideas. Epicurus and his three close colleagues, Metrodorus (c. 331-278 B.C.E.), Hemarchus (his successor as head of the Athenian school) and Polyaenus (died 278 B.C.E.), known as “the Men” by later Epicureans, became the co-founders of Epicureanism, one of the three leading movements of Hellenistic thought. Epicurus died in the second year of the 127th Olympiad, in the archonship of Pytharatus, at the age of 72. He reportedly suffered from kidney stones, and despite the prolonged pain involved, he is reported as saying in a letter to Idomeneus: "We have written this letter to you on a happy day to us, which is also the last day of our life. For strangury has attacked me, and also a dysentery, so violent that nothing can be added to the violence of my sufferings. But the cheerfulness of my mind, which arises from their collection of all my philosophical contemplation, counterbalances all these afflictions. And I beg you to take care of the children of Metrodorus, in a manner worth of the devotion shown by the youth to me, and to philosophy" (Diogenes Laertius, X.22, trans. C. D. Yonge). In his will Epicurus left the house and garden and some funds to the trustees of the school. He set aside funds to commemorate his deceased family and to celebrate his birthday annually and his memory monthly. He also freed his slaves and provided for the marriage of Metrodorus’ daughter. Epicurus' school had a small but devoted following in his lifetime. The primary members were Hermarchus, the financier Idomeneus, Leonteus and his wife Themista, the satirist Colotes, the mathematician Polyaenus of Lampsacus, and Metrodorus, the most famous popularizer of Epicureanism. This original school was based in Epicurus' home and garden. An inscription on the gate to the garden is recorded by Seneca in his Epistle XXI, “Stranger, here you will do well to tarry; here our highest good is pleasure.” Unlike the other Athenian schools of Plato and Aristotle, Epicurus’ school admitted women and slaves. Its members sought to avoid politics and public life, and lived simply, cultivating friendship and philosophical discourse. The school's popularity grew and it became, along with Stoicism and Skepticism, one of the three dominant schools of Hellenistic philosophy, maintaining a strong following until the late Roman Empire. Only fragments of Epicurus’s prolific manuscripts remain, including three epitomes (Letter to Herodotus on physics, Letter to Pythocles on astronomy, and the Letter to Menoeceus on ethics), a group of maxims, and papyrus fragments of his masterwork, On Nature. Many of the details of Epicurean philosophy come to us from doxographers, secondary sources, and the writings of later followers. In Rome, Lucretius was the school's greatest proponent, composing On the Nature of Things, an epic poem, in six books, designed to recruit new members. The poem mainly deals with the Epicurean philosophy of nature. Another major source of information is the Roman politician and amateur philosopher Cicero, although he was highly critical of Epicureanism. An ancient source is Diogenes of Oenoanda (c. 2 C.E.) who composed a large inscription in stone at Oenoanda in Lycia. Epicurus' teachings represented a departure from the other major Greek thinkers of his period, and before, but was nevertheless founded on the atomism of Democritus. Everything that exists is either "body" or "space." Space includes absolute void, without which motion would not be possible. Body is made up of tiny indivisible particles, atoms, which can be further analyzed as sets of absolute “minima.” Atoms have only the primary properties of size, shape and weight, while combinations of atoms generate secondary properties like color. Atoms are constantly moving at a rapid pace, but large groups of atoms form stable compounds by falling into regular patterns of movement governed by three principles: weight (natural movement of falling in a straight line), collision (forced movement resulting from impact) and a “swerve,” or random free motion. This “swerve” initiates new patterns of movement and prevents determinism. Our world, and any other worlds that exist, is one of these complex groups of atoms, generated by chance. Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding, and becoming entangled with one another, with no purpose or plan behind their motions. Our world is not the creation of a divine will, and the gods are seen as ideal beings and models of ideal life, uninvolved with the affairs of man. Epicurus limited the number of sensible qualities by making the number of forms of the atoms finite, and to prevent combinations of atoms form resulting in infinite sensible qualities he developed a law of universal equilibrium of all the forces, or “isonomy.” The Epicurean Canon, or rule (from a work, On the Criterion, or Canon) held that all sensations and representations (aesthêsis) are true and are one of three criteria of truth, along with the basic feelings of pleasure and pain (pathê), and prolepsis (concepts, or “a recollection of what has often been presented from without”). It is only when we begin to apply judgment to these criteria that error can occur. Using these three criteria we can infer the nature of a remote or microscopic object or phenomenon. If both prolepsis (naturally acquired concepts) and a number of examples from experience provide the same evidence that something is true, we are entitled to believe it true, on the grounds of ouk antimarturesis (lack of counter-evidence). Epicurus concluded that the soul must be a body, made up of four types of atoms and consisting of two parts: one distributed through the physical body and able to experience physical sensations; and a separate part, the psyche, located in the chest, which is the seat of thought, emotion and will. Thin films continuously issue from all bodies and reach the psyche through the pores. Thought occurs when the images constituted by these films are perceived by the psyche. The psyche is free to continually seize only the images it needs from these films. Sensual perception also takes place when films of atoms issued from the perceived object hit the sense organs. Epicurus’ philosophy is based on the principle that “all sensations are true.” Sensations that cause pleasure are good and sensations that cause pain are bad. The object of ethics is to determine the desired end, and the means necessary to achieve that end. Epicurus examined the animal kingdom and concluded that the ultimate end is “pleasure.” He defined two types of pleasure; a “kinetic” pleasure that actively satisfies the receiving sense organ, and “static” pleasure which is the absence of pain. Epicurus declared that “freedom from pain in the body and trouble in the mind” is the ultimate goal in achieving a happy life. The modern-day terms “epicure” and “epicurean” imply extreme self-indulgence, but Epicurus was by no means a hedonist in the modern sense of the word. The highest pleasure, for both soul and body, is a satisfied state, “katastematic pleasure.” Self-indulgence and the enjoyment of luxuries may affect this state, but do not increase or heighten it. Instead, the effects of over-indulgence and the effort to accumulate wealth often lead to pain and vulnerability to fortune. Man’s primary goal should be to minimize pain. This can be accomplished for the body through a simple way of life that satisfies the basic physical needs, and this is relatively easy to obtain. Pain of the soul can be minimized through the study of physics (science), which eliminates fear and ignorance. Physical pain can be far outweighed by mental pleasure because it is temporary, while the pleasure of the mind ranges across time and space. The members of Epicurus’ communities lived a simple life, eating barley bread and drinking water, although a daily ration of half a pint of wine was allowed. Epicurus taught that the way to achieve tranquility was to understand the limits of desire, and devoted considerable effort to the exploration of different types of desire. Another important component of happiness and satisfaction is friendship. The world of Epicurus’ time was one of violence and war, and it was necessary to ensure security in order to achieve pleasure. Epicurus advocated avoiding involvement with public life and the competition of society, to “live hidden.” A system of civic justice is important as a contract among human beings to refrain from harmful activity in order to maintain society. This contract is not absolute and can be revised as changing circumstances demanded it. In addition, it is necessary to enter into a private compact of friendship with like-minded individuals. This friendship, though entered into for utility, becomes a desirable source of pleasure in itself. Epicurus said, “for love of friendship one has even to put in jeopardy love itself,” and that a wise man, “if his friend is put to torture, suffers as if he himself were there.” Death and Mortality Epicurus recognized two great fears as causes of pain and mental anguish: fear of the gods and fear of death. He advocated the study of science to overcome these fears: “If we were not troubled by our suspicions of the phenomena of the sky and about death, and also by our failure to grasp the limits of pain and desires, we should have no need for natural science.” By using science to explain natural phenomena, it becomes clear that celestial phenomena are acts of nature and not acts of vengeance by the gods, who are unconcerned with human affairs. According to Epicurus, the soul and body both dissolve after death. There is no need to fear death while we are alive (and not dead), and once we die we cease to exist and can’t feel fear at all. If we understand that pleasure is perfect at each instant in our lives, and cannot be accumulated, we can see that “infinite time contains no greater pleasure than limited time,” and therefore it is vain to desire immortality. God and Religion Epicurus was one of the first Greek philosophers to challenge the belief that the cosmos was ruled by a pantheon of gods and goddesses who arbitrarily intervened in human affairs. He acknowledged the existence of the gods, but portrayed them as blissfully happy beings that would not disturb their tranquility by involving themselves in human affairs. He taught the gods were not even aware of human existence, and that they should be regarded only as examples of ideal existence. Epicurus saw “fear of the gods” as one of the great causes of mental anguish, and set out to overcome it by the study of science. His atomist theories held that the universe was a chance conglomeration of atoms, without the direction of any divine will. The Greeks believed the gods to be the cause of many “celestial phenomena,” such as storms, lightning strikes, floods and volcanic eruptions. Epicurus pointed out that there were natural explanations for all of these phenomena and that they should not be feared as the vengeance or punishment of the gods. Epicurus was also one of the first philosophers to discuss the concept of evil, saying that a benevolent will could not be watching over a universe filled with such misery and contradiction. Some early Greek critics accused Epicurus of acknowledging the existence of the gods only to protect himself from persecution and a fate similar to that of Socrates. Because it minimized the importance of the gods and denied the existence of an afterlife, Epicureanism was viewed as anti-religious, first by the Greeks, then the Jews and Romans, and finally by the Christian church. Epicurus developed a theory of justice as a contract among the members of a community “neither to harm or be harmed.” Justice, like other virtues, has value only to the extent that it is useful to the community. Laws that do not contribute to the well being of the community cannot be considered just. Laws were needed to control the behavior of fools who might otherwise harm other members of the community, and were to be obeyed because disobedience would bring about punishment, or fear of punishment, and therefore, mental and physical pain. Epicurus’ writings about free will have been lost and a precise explanation of his theories is not available. He was very careful to avoid determinism in the construction of his atomic theory. In addition to the natural downward movement of atoms (weight or gravity) and the movement caused by collision, Epicurus introduced a third movement, the “swerve,” a random sideways movement. This “swerve” was necessary in order to explain why atoms began colliding in the first place, since without some kind of sideways movement all atoms would have just continued to travel downwards in parallel straight lines. It also avoided the possibility that all future events were pre-determined the moment atoms began to move, preserving human freedom and liberating man from fate. The most well-known Epicurean verse, which epitomizes his philosophy, is lathe biōsas λάθε βιώσας (Plutarchus De latenter vivendo 1128c; Flavius Philostratus Vita Apollonii 8.28.12), meaning "live secretly," (live without pursuing glory or wealth or power). - Epicurus.info - Epicurean Philosophy Online: features classical e-texts & photos of Epicurean artifacts. - Epicurus.net - Epicurus and Epicurean Philosophy - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Entry for "Epicurus" - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Entry for "Epicurus" - Epicurus & Lucretius - Small article by "P. Dionysius Mus" - The Epicurean Group - Yahoo Discussion Group - The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature - Karl Marx’s doctoral thesis. - GardenofEpicurus.com - A Directory of Epicurean Gardens, FAQ, and information on how to become an Epicurean. - Annas, Julia. 1993. The Morality of Happiness. Reprint ed. 1995. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195096525 - Cooper, John M. 1998. “Pleasure and Desire in Epicurus.” In John M. Cooper, Reason and Emotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 069105875X - Frischer, Bernard. 1982. The Sculpted Word: Epicureanism and Philosophical Recruitment in Ancient Greece. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520041909 - Furley, David. 1967. Two Studies in the Greek Atomists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. - Gerson, L. P. and Brad Inwood (trans. and eds.). 1994. The Epicurus Reader. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0872202410 - Gosling, J. C. B. and C. C. W. Taylor. 1982. The Greeks on Pleasure. New York: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). ISBN 0198246668 - Jones, Howard. 1992. The Epicurean Tradition London: Routledge. ISBN 0415075548 - Long, A. A. 1986. Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics. Second edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520058089 - Long, A. A. & D. N. Sedley. 1987. The Hellenistic Philosophers Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521275563 - Mitsis, Phillip. 1988. Epicurus' Ethical Theory: The Pleasures of Invulnerability. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 080142187X - O'Connor, Eugene Michael (trans.). 1993. The Essential Epicurus: Letters, Principal Doctrines, Vatican Sayings, and Fragments. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879758104 - Rist, John. 1972. Epicurus: An Introduction. New edition 1977. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052129200X - Warren, James. 2002. Epicurus and Democritean Ethics: An Archaeology of Ataraxia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521813697 General Philosophy Sources - Philosophy Sources on Internet EpistemeLinks - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Guide to Philosophy on the Internet - Paideia Project Online - The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Project Gutenberg New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

<urn:uuid:807e83de-d414-47ef-8bc1-de2b89a4ff54>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Epicurus

2013-05-22T08:00:39Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- For the Three Kingdoms general, see Zhang He. Zheng He (Traditional Chinese: 鄭和; Simplified Chinese: 郑和; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhèng Hé; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; pinyin: Mǎ Sānbǎo; Islamic name: حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371–1433), was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of "Eunuch Sanbao to the Western Ocean" (Chinese: 三保太監下西洋) or "Zheng He to the Western Ocean," from 1405 to 1433. As a young boy, Zheng He was taken captive by the Ming and made a eunuch in the imperial service. He became a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor. Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He commanded a series of seven naval expeditions sponsored by the Ming government to establish a Chinese presence and extend the tributary system to the maritime nations in Southeast Asia. Zheng He set sail on his first voyage on July 11, 1405, commanding 62 treasure ships, 190 smaller ships and 27,800 men. At each port, Zheng He demanded that the inhabitants submit to the “Son of Heaven” (tianzi, the Chinese Emperor), and rewarded those who cooperated with gifts. Zheng He brought back emissaries from 36 countries who agreed to a tributary relationship, along with rich and unusual gifts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He died during the seventh voyage and was buried at sea off the Malabar coast near Calicut in Western India. Zheng He was born in 1371 of the Hui ethnic group in Kunyang (昆阳), Jinning (晋宁), modern-day Yunnan Province (雲南), one of the last possessions of the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty before being conquered by the Ming Dynasty. According to his biography in the History of Ming, he was originally named Ma Sanbao (Ma Ho; 馬三保). Zheng belonged to the Semu or Semur caste which practiced Islam. He was a sixth-generation descendant of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a famous Khwarezmian Yuan governor of Yunnan Province from Bukhara in modern day Uzbekistan. His family name "Ma" came from Shams al-Din's fifth son Masuh (Mansour). Both his father Mir Tekin and grandfather Charameddin had traveled on the hajj, the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, and their travels contributed much to the young boy's education. In 1381, following the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, a Ming army was dispatched to Yunnan to put down the Mongol rebel Basalawarmi, commonly known as the Prince of Liang, a descendant of Kublai Khan and a Yuan Dynasty loyalist. Zheng He, then only a young boy of eleven years, was taken captive by that army and castrated, becoming a eunuch. He was made an orderly in the army, and by 1390, when the army was placed under the command of the Prince of Yen, Zheng He (Ma Ho) had distinguished himself as a junior officer, skilled in war and diplomacy. He became a close confidant of Prince of Yen. In 1400, the Prince of Yen revolted against his nephew, the Jianwen (Chien-wen) Emperor (建文帝; the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, personal name Zhu Yunwen), and took the throne in 1402 as the Yongle Emperor]] (永楽帝) of China (reigned 1403–1424, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty). The Yongle emperor conferred the name Zheng He as a reward for his support in the Yongle rebellion against the Jianwen Emperor (建文帝 ). Zheng He studied at Nanjing Taixue (The Imperial Central College). The Ming court then sought to display its naval power to the maritime states of South and Southeast Asia. The Chinese had been expanding their influence across the seas for three hundred years, establishing an extensive sea trade to bring spices and raw materials to China. Chinese travelers visited foreign nations, and Indian and Muslim visitors had widened China’s geographical horizons. By the beginning of the Ming dynasty, shipbuilding and the art of navigation had reached new heights in China. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle intended them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples. Zheng He was selected by the Yongle Emperor to be commander in chief of the missions to the “Western Oceans.” He set sail on his first voyage on July 11, 1405, commanding 62 treasure ships and 27,800 men. Many of these ships were mammoth nine-masted "treasure ships," by far the largest marine craft the world had ever seen. The fleet visited Annan, Champa (now South Vietnam), Siam, Malacca, and Java; then sailed through the Indian Ocean to Calicut, Cochin, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), returning to China in 1407. On his second voyage, in 1409, Zheng He (Cheng Ho) encountered hostility from King Alagonakkara of Ceylon. He defeated his forces and took the King back to Nanking as a captive to apologize to the Emperor. In 1411, Zheng He (Cheng Ho) set out on his third voyage, sailing to Hormuz on the Persian Gulf. On his return he touched at Samudra, on the northern tip of Sumatra. Zheng He set out on his fourth voyage in 1413. After stopping at the principal ports of Asia, he proceeded westward from India to Hormuz. A part of the fleet then cruised southward down the Arabian coast, the Persian Gulf and Arabia, visiting Djofar and Aden. A Chinese mission visited Mecca and continued to Egypt. The fleet visited Brava and Malindi in what is now Kenya, and almost reached the Mozambique Channel. On his return to China in 1415, Cheng Ho brought envoys from more than 30 states of South and Southeast Asia to pay homage to the Chinese emperor. During Zheng He (Cheng Ho)'s fifth voyage (1417–1419), the Ming fleet revisited the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa. In 1421, a sixth voyage was launched to return the foreign emissaries to their homes, again visiting Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa. In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (reigned 1424–1425), decided to curb Zheng He’s influence at court and appointed him garrison commander in Nanking. Zheng He made one final voyage under the Xuande Emperor (reigned 1426–1435), visiting the states of Southeast Asia, the coast of India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa, but after that the Chinese treasure ship fleets were disbanded. Zheng He died during the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty: he was, like many great admirals, buried at sea. The records of Zheng He's last two voyages, which were believed to have been his farthest, were unfortunately destroyed by the Ming emperor. Therefore it can never be ascertained exactly where Zheng sailed on these two expeditions. The traditional view is that he went as far as Persia. It is now the widely accepted view that his expeditions went as far as the Mozambique Channel in East Africa, from the ancient Chinese artifacts discovered there. At each port, Zheng He demanded that the inhabitants submit to the “Son of Heaven” (tianzi, the Chinese Emperor), and rewarded those who cooperated with gifts. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He and his company paid respects to local deities and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument honoring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu. Ultimately, 36 countries in what the Chinese called the “Western Ocean” agreed to a tributary relationship with China. Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger," and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He also intervened in a civil disturbance in order to establish his authority in Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and east Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from 30 states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court. Zheng He’s missions were impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological advancement, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant. Chinese merchants continued to trade in Japan and southeast Asia, but Imperial officials gave up any plans to maintain a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean, and even destroyed most of the nautical charts that Zheng He had carefully prepared. Their motivations were political; during much of the Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644), the eunuchs exercised great power in the imperial court, at the expense of the Confucian civil bureaucracy. The expeditions of Zheng He, who was himself a eunuch, were strongly supported by eunuchs in the court and bitterly opposed by the Confucian scholar bureaucrats. During the 1950s, historians including John Fairbank and Joseph Needham popularized the idea that after Zheng's voyages, China turned away from the seas and underwent a period of technological stagnation. Most current historians of China question the accuracy of this view, pointing out that Chinese maritime commerce did not stop after Zheng He, and that active Chinese trading with India and East Africa continued long after the time of Zheng and Chinese ships continued to dominate Southeast Asian commerce until the nineteenth century. The travels of the Chinese Junk Keying to the United States and England between 1846 and 1848 testify to the power of Chinese shipping. Historians such as Jack Goldstone argue that the Zheng He voyages ended for practical reasons that did not reflect the technological level of China Starting in the early fifteenth century, China experienced increasing pressure from resurgent Mongolian tribes from the north. In 1421 the emperor Yongle (the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty) moved his capital north from Nanjing to present-day Beijing, from where, at considerable expense, China launched annual military expeditions to weaken the Mongolians. These land campaigns and a massive expansion of the Great Wall of China took precedence over state-sponsored naval explorations. Zheng He's tomb and museum . Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing has been repaired and a small museum has been built next to it. The tomb is empty as he was buried at sea off the Malabar coast near Calicut in Western India. However, his sword and other personal possessions were interred in a typical Muslim tomb inscribed with Arabic characters. Zheng He as a Chinese Muslim Zheng He travelled to Mecca, though he did not perform the pilgrimage itself. The government of the People's Republic of China uses him as a model to integrate the Muslim minority into the Chinese nation. Zheng He was a living example of religious tolerance, perhaps even syncretism, or at least a master of diplomacy. The Galle Trilingual Inscription set up by Zheng He around 1410 in Sri Lanka records the offerings he made at a Buddhist mountain. "Inscriptions written in Chinese, Tamil and Persian praise Buddha, Shiva and Allah in equal measure." Around 1431, he set up a commemorative pillar at the temple of the Daoist goddess Tian Fei, the Celestial Spouse, in Fujian( 福建) province, to whom he and his sailors prayed for safety at sea. This pillar records his veneration for the goddess and his belief in her divine protection, as well as a few details about his voyages. We have traversed more than 100,000 li (50,000 kilometers) of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising in the sky, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapors, while our sails, loftily unfurled like clouds day and night, continued their course [as rapidly] as a star, traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare… —(Tablet erected by Zheng He, Changle, Fujian, 1432. Louise Levathes |Order||Time||Regions along the way| |1st Voyage||1405-1407||Champa, Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Lambri, Ceylon, Kollam, Cochin, Calicut| |2nd Voyage||1407-1408||Champa, Java, Siam, Sumatra, Lambri, Calicut, Cochin, Ceylon| |3rd Voyage||1409-1411||Champa, Java, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Quilon, Cochin, Calicut, Siam, Lambri, Kaya, Coimbatore, Puttanpur| |4th Voyage||1413-1415||Champa, Java, Palembang, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Cochin, Calicut, Kayal, Pahang, Kelantan, Aru, Lambri, Hormuz, Maldives, Mogadishu, Brawa, Malindi, Aden, Muscat, Dhufar| |5th Voyage||1416-1419||Champa, Pahang, Java, Malacca, Sumatra, Lambri, Ceylon, Sharwayn, Cochin, Calicut, Hormuz, Maldives, Mogadishu, Brawa, Malindi, Aden| |6th Voyage||1421-1422||Hormuz, East Africa, countries of the Arabian Peninsula| |7th Voyage||1430-1433||Champa, Java, Palembang, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Calicut, Hormuz... (17 politics in total)| Size of Zheng He’s Ships Treasure ship is the name of a type of vessel that the Chinese admiral Zheng He sailed in. His fleet included 62 treasure ships, with some said to have reached 600 feet (146 meters) long. The fleet was manned by over 27,000 crew members, including navigators, explorers, sailors, doctors, workers, Muslim teachers, and soldiers. According to ancient Chinese sources, Zheng He commanded seven expeditions. The 1405 expedition consisted of 27,800 men and a fleet of 62 treasure ships supported by approximately 190 smaller ships. The fleet included: The dimensions of the Zheng He's ships according to ancient Chinese chronicles and disputed by modern scholars (see below): - "Treasure ships", used by the commander of the fleet and his deputies (nine-masted, said to be about 126.73 meters (416 ft) long and 51.84 meters (170 ft) wide), according to later writers. The great size of these ships was probably exaggerated by later writers. The treasure ships purportedly weighed as much as 1,500 tons.126.73m by 51.84 m (415.780ft by 170.078ft) By way of comparison, a modern ship of about 1,200 tons is 60 meters (200 ft) long , and the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World in 1492 were about 70-100 tons and 17 meters (55 ft) long. - "Horse ships", carrying tribute goods and repair material for the fleet (eight-masted, about 103 m (339 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide). - "Supply ships", containing staple for the crew (seven-masted, about 78 m (257 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide). - "Troop transports", six-masted, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (83 ft) wide). - "Fuchuan warships", five-masted, about 50 m (165 ft) long). - "Patrol boats", eight-oared, about 37 m (120 feet) long). - "Water tankers", with 1 month supply of fresh water. 126.73 m by 51.84 m (415.780ft by 170.078ft) Six more expeditions took place, from 1407 to 1433, with fleets of comparable size. The dimensions of the treasure ships, as recorded in later historical chronicles, are disputed by scholars. It is probable that the actual size of the ships was smaller, since in later historical periods wooden ships approaching this size (such as HMS Orlando) were unwieldy and visibly undulated with the waves, even with steel braces in the hull. The problem of "hogging," the tendency of the largest wooden ships to sag (like a pig's body) because of buoyancy in the middle, would have been impossible to solve. The length-to-width ratio of 2.47 is not well suited for fast navigation on the oceans. Hydrodynamic models have proved that ships with such dimension are unsailable in open seas. Recent research suggests that the actual length of the biggest treasure ships may have lain between 59 m and 84 m. If the treasure ships actually had the dimensions attributed to them, they would have been several times larger than any wooden ship ever recorded, including the largest l'Orient (65 m long). The length of the treasure ships would have been equivalent to that of the first generation aircraft carriers in the early twentieth century. Research on the original source of these dimensions indicates that they came from a novel written in the sixteenth century. Accounts of Medieval Travelers …We stopped in the port of Calicut, in which there were at the time thirteen Chinese vessels, and disembarked. China Sea traveling is done in Chinese ships only, so we shall describe their arrangements. The Chinese vessels are of three kinds; large ships called chunks (junks), middle sized ones called zaws (dhows) and the small ones kakams. The large ships have anything from twelve down to three sails, which are made of bamboo rods plaited into mats. They are never lowered, but turned according to the direction of the wind; at anchor they are left floating in the wind. Three smaller ones, the "half," the "third" and the "quarter," accompany each large vessel. These vessels are built in the towns of Zaytun and Sin-Kalan. The vessel has four decks and contains rooms, cabins, and saloons for merchants; a cabin has chambers and a lavatory, and can be locked by its occupants. This is the manner after which they are made; two (parallel) walls of very thick wooden (planking) are raised and across the space between them are placed very thick planks (the bulkheads) secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls have thus been built the lower deck is fitted in and the ship is launched before the upper works are finished." (Ibn Battuta). Zheng He and Islam in Southeast Asia Template:Islam and China Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He." In Malacca, Zheng He built granaries, warehouses and a stockade, and it is likely that he left behind many of his Muslim crews. Much of the information on Zheng He's voyages was compiled by Ma Huan, also Muslim, who accompanied Zheng He on several of his inspection tours and served as his chronicler and interpreter. In his book The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores (Chinese: 瀛涯勝覽) written in 1416, Ma Huan gave very detailed accounts of his observations of the peoples' customs and lives in ports they visited. Zheng He had many Muslim eunuchs as his companions. At the time when his fleet first arrived in Malacca, there were already Chinese of the 'Muslim' faith living there. Ma Huan talks about them as tangren (Chinese: 唐人) who were Muslim. According to Ma Huan, Zheng He’s entourage frequented mosques, actively propagated the Islamic faith, established Chinese Muslim communities and built mosques. Indonesian scholar Slamet Muljana writes: "Zheng He built Chinese Muslim communities first in Palembang, then in San Fa (West Kalimantan), subsequently he founded similar communities along the shores of Java, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. They propagated the Islamic faith according to the Hanafi school of thought and in Chinese language." When the Chinese naval expeditions were suspended after Zheng He's death, the Hanafi Islam that Zheng He and his followers propagated lost almost all contact with Islam in China, and gradually was totally absorbed by the local Shafi’i sect. When Melaka was successively colonized by the Portuguese, the Dutch, and later the British, Chinese were discouraged from converting to Islam. Many of the Chinese Muslim mosques became San Bao Chinese temples commemorating Zheng He. After a lapse of six hundred years, the influence of Chinese Muslims in Malacca had almost disappeared. According to the Malaysian history, Sultan Mansur Shah (ruled 1459–1477) dispatched Tun Perpatih Putih as his envoy to China and carried a letter from the Sultan to the Ming Emperor. Tun Perpatih succeeded in impressing the Emperor of Ming with the fame and grandeur of Sultan Mansur Shah. In the year 1459, a princess Hang Li Po (or Hang Liu), was sent by the emperor of Ming to marry Malacca Sultan Mansur Shah (ruled 1459–1477). The princess came with her entourage of five hundred male servants and a few hundred handmaidens. They eventually settled in Bukit Cina, Malacca. The descendants of these people, from mixed marriages with the local natives, are known today as Peranakan: Baba (the male title) and Nyonya (the female title). In Malaysia today, many people believe that it was Admiral Zheng He (died 1433) who sent princess Hang Li Po to Malacca in year 1459. However there is no record of Hang Li Po (or Hang Liu) in Ming documents, she is known only from Malacca folklore. The so-called Peranakan in Malacca were probably Tang-Ren or Hui Chinese Muslims who came with Parameswara, the founder of Malacca, from Palembang, Java and other places as refugees of the declining Srivijaya kingdom. Some of the Chinese Muslims were soldiers and served as warriors and bodyguards to protect the Sultanate of Malacca. In 1411, Admiral Zheng He brought Parameswara, his wife and 540 officials to China to pay homage to Emperor Yongle. Upon their arrival, a grand welcoming party was held. Animals were sacrificed, Parameswara was granted a two-piece gold-embroidered suit of clothing with dragon motifs, Kylin robe, gold and silverware, silk lace bed quilt, and gifts for all officials and followers. Upon returning home, Parameswara was granted a jade belt, brace, saddle, and coroneted suit for his wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate (China), Parameswara was again granted a jade belt, brace, saddle, a hundred gold & platinum pieces, 400,000 banknotes, 2600 cash, 300 pieces of silk brocade voile, 1,000 pieces of silk, two pieces of whole gold plait, two pieces of knee-length gown with gold threads woven through sleeves…. On his return trip from China, Parameswara was so impressed by Zheng He that he adopted the name Sultan Iskandar Shah. Malacca prospered under his leadership and became a half-way port for trade between India and China. Former British submarine commander Gavin Menzies in his book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World claims that several parts of Zheng's fleet explored virtually the entire globe, discovering West Africa, North and South America, Greenland, Iceland, Antarctica and Australia before the voyages of Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus. Menzies also claims that Zheng's wooden fleet passed through the Arctic Ocean. Menzies proposes that Zheng He’s voyages, records, and maps are the sources for some of the other Ancient world maps, which he claims depicted the Americas, Antarctica, and the tip of Africa before the official European discovery of these areas, and the drawings of the Fra Mauro map or the De Virga world map. However none of the citations in1421 are from Chinese sources and scholars in China do not share Menzies' assertions. A related book, The Island of Seven Cities: Where the Chinese Settled When They Discovered America by Paul Chiasson maintains that a nation of native peoples known as the Mi'kmaq on the east coast of Canada are descendants of Chinese explorers, offering evidence in the form of archaeological remains, customs, costume, and artwork. Several advocates of these theories believe that Zheng He also discovered modern day New Zealand on either his sixth or seventh expedition. It has been suggested by some historians and mentioned in a recent ''National Geographic'' article on Zheng He that Sindbad the Sailor (also spelled "Sinbad," from Arabic السندباد—As-Sindibad) and the collection of travel-romances that make up the "Seven Voyages of Sindbad the Sailor" found in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) were influenced heavily by the cumulative tales of many seafarers that had followed, traded and worked in various support ships as part of the armada of Chinese Ming Imperial Treasure Fleets. This belief is supported in part by the similarities in Sindbad's name and the various iterations of Zheng in Arabic and Mandarin (pinyin: Mǎ Sānbǎo; Cantonese: Máh Sāambóu; Arabic name: Mahmud Shams) along with the similarities in the number (seven) and general locations of voyages between Sindbad and Zheng. This idea has no credibility within the scholarly community. - ↑ 三保太監下西洋. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ The Hui ethnic minority - People's Daily, People's Daily Online. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Zheng He Exhibitions at Singapore National Library. National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ The Seventh and Final Grand Voyage of the Treasure Fleet, The Mariners' Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Richard Gunde, Zheng He's Voyages of Discovery, Berkeley: The Regents of the University of California. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Jack A. Goldstone, The Rise of the West—or Not?. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Alex Perry A Testament to an Odyssey, A Monument to a Failure Set in stone: Sri Lanka. TIME Asia, August 2001, 158 (781). Retrieved January 15, 2008. - ↑ Ancient Chinese Explorers, NOVA Online. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Zheng He's Inscription, the Regents of the University of Minnesota. excerpt from the book, Teobaldo Filesi, David Morison (trans.) China and Africa in the Middle Ages. (London: Frank Cass, 1972), 57-61. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Maritime Silk Road 五洲传播出版社. ISBN 7508509323 - ↑ Edward L. Dreyer. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433.(London: Longman, 2006), 122–124 - ↑ Briton charts Zheng He's course across globe, Ministry of Culture, P.R. China. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Zhang. "History of the Ming dynasty" («明史»), Zhang Tingyu chief editor, (originally published 1737), (“四十四丈一十八丈”) - ↑ "Eunuch Sanbao's Journey to the Western Seas" («三宝太监西洋通俗演义记»),Luo Maodeng, (originally published 1597), (“宝船长四十四丈四，阔一十八丈，每只船上有九道桅。”) - ↑ Keith A. Pickering.Columbus's Ships. www.columbusnavigation.com. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Zhang, 1737 - ↑ Dreyer, 2006 - ↑ Sally K. Church, "The Colossal Ships of Zheng He: Image or Reality?" (155-176);and "Zheng He; Images & Perceptions," in South China and Maritime Asia Volume 15, Hrsg: Roderich Ptak, Thomas O. Höllmann, (Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag, 2005) - ↑ For debates of these dimensions, see Chinese articles in National Cheng Kung University at National Cheng Kung University of Taiwan. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Rosey Wang Ma,Chinese Muslims in Malaysia History and Development, Chinese Muslims in Malaysia. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - ↑ Leo Suryadinata, (ed.) Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia. (Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005), note . Retrieved January 15, 2008. - Dreyer, Edward L. 2006. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433. (Library of World Biography Series). London: Longman. ISBN 0321084438. - Filesi, Teobaldo. David Morison (trans.) China and Africa in the Middle Ages. (London: Frank Cass, 1972. - Finlay, Robert. How (not) to rewrite World History. Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America, Journal of World History 15 (2) (2004): S.229–242. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Kahn, Joseph. China Has an Ancient Mariner to Tell You About. July 20, 2005, the New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Levathes, Louise. 1997. When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195112075. - Ma, Huan. 1970. Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng Chun with introduction, notes and appendices by J.V.G. Mills. White Lotus Press. Reprinted 1970, 1997. ISBN 9748496783. - Menzies, Gavin 2003. 1421: The Year the Chinese Discovered the World. Morrow/Avon. ISBN 0060537639. (Scholars consider this book, insofar as it relates to the Chinese discovery of America, to lack factual foundation: - 黃振翔: Newsletter on Cheng-Ho. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Suryadinata, Leo (ed.) Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia. Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. ISBN 9812303294. Collection of essays written from Chinese points of view. - Viviano, Frank. 2005. "China's Great Armada," National Geographic 208(1)(July 2005):28–53. - Wilford, John Noble. Pacific Overtures, a book review of 1421 by a science editor at the New York Times. February 2, 2003. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Zhang Yen-Yu and Zhong Hua Shu Ju (Editor). History of the Ming Dynasty, Complete 28 Volume Set (Ming Shu) (Official Dynastic Histories of China) Beijing: Zhong Hua Shu Ju, 1st edition, 1995. (in Chinese) ISBN 7101003273 There are other books, publications and papers available (especially in Chinese), but they have not yet been translated into English. - Newsletter on Cheng-Ho. National Cheng Hang University. (in Chinese) Retrieved October 19, 2007. - FSTC Ltd. Zheng He - The Chinese Muslim Admiral. 2001, MuslimHeritage.com. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Irena Knehtl Zheng He Journey to Arabia. August 22, 2005. "The Voyages of Zheng He - The Fleet of the Dragon in the Yemeni Waters." www.buzzle.com. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Zheng He 600th Anniversary. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - BBC radio program "Swimming Dragons". BBC Radio. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Dr. Siu-Leung Lee The Mystery of Zheng He and America (June 2006). www.asiawind.com. Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Economist Economist: China beat Columbus to it, perhaps. "Chinese cartography: A map that revises history." January 12 2006. - BBC News China map lays claim to Americas. January 13 2006. - Exchange between Liu Gang and Geoff Wade.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Laputan Logic: China's Own Vinland Map Liu Gang's map, Chinese cartography and the Island of California myth.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - National Geographic magazine special feature "China's Great Armada" (July 2005).Retrieved October 19, 2007. - TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He (August 2001).Retrieved October 19, 2007. - The Great Chinese Mariner Zheng He (brief biography with map and images).Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Explorer from China who 'beat Columbus to America'.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Gavin Menzies' official website about his research on Zheng He.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Google Earth Interactive Map of Zheng He's Voyages.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Singapore Tourism Board – "1421: The Year China Discovered The World" exhibition.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Gavin Menzies1421 - The Year China Discovered the World.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Latest Map.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Academic website debunking Menzies' theories and the map.Retrieved October 19, 2007. - Hero of the High Seas from Der Spiegel, by Andreas Lorenz. August 29, 2005 |SHORT DESCRIPTION||Chinese explorer| |DATE OF BIRTH||1371| |PLACE OF BIRTH||Yunnan Province, China| |DATE OF DEATH||1433| |PLACE OF DEATH| New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

<urn:uuid:f0cb0139-5bb6-4317-b705-2bcca05d609c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Zheng_He

2013-05-22T08:18:38Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ilex aquifolium is 1 of 400 holly species, and is one of a collection of species and hybrids known as English hollies. Its dark green leaves and red berries make it a popular house decoration winter, and for centuries it has been used to decorate houses and churches at Christmas. Holly has limited commercial use, although the dense, spiny foliage makes it an effective hedging plant. The wood is hard and creamy white and has been used for: Holly berries are avidly eaten by birds, particularly members of the thrush family, but are mildly poisonous to humans, causing vomiting. Holly species are extremely variable. Find out more about Ilex aquifolium and the other English hollies. There are around 400 species of holly found in most regions of the world. Find out how they vary, and discover where you might find Ilex aquifolium. Holly has thin bark and is intolerant of frost. It grows well in shade and is common in woodland. Find out more. Holly has been used for centuries to decorate houses in winter, and by the fifteenth century was a common decoration in homes and churches at Christmas. Discover some of the myths associated with the holly bush. Holy tolerates shade and often grows as an untidy shrub in woodland. Holly berries are usually scarlet but can also be yellow depending on the variety.© JR Press Ilex aquifolium ‘Ferox’, a cultivar with variegated and very spiny leaves. The male flowers have four fertile stamens. The female flowers have a prominent green ovary in the centre. They also have four sterile stamens but these are small and sterile.© JR Press Bob Press, Associate Keeper of Botany 'Holly is one of the most distinctive and easily recognised trees and it is one of the plants that is most closely associated with Christmas, but its use as a symbolic plant goes back much further.' Howkins, C (2001). Holly. A tree for all seasons. Handbook of Hollies. The American Horticultural Magazine 49 (4). 1970.

<urn:uuid:ff636351-1dc6-4f67-877c-72d92740aab8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/common-species/ilex-aquifolium/index.html

2013-05-22T08:03:08Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The modern history of the area now included within Olympic National Park is a peculiar combination of early inland exploration, evolving settlement patterns, escalating resort development, governmental actions, and an ever-dominant environment. The Park area, and especially its mountainous spine, was always a formidable place, a "wilderness" that fascinated the curious and provided inspiration to many, even those unable to visit. The first governmental move to protect the area, to remove it from settlement, came in the same decade that Americans discovered there were more of their number in cities and towns than in rural settings. A nation of pioneers suddenly realized the loss of the frontier and filled thousands of pages of popular text in discussing the meaning of such a loss. In this context, that the president of the United States would move decisively in 1897 to save this last bit of frontier on the Olympic Peninsula, is not surprising. The 1897 Olympic Forest Reserve, the smaller 1909 Mount Olympus National Monument and the expanded 1938 Olympic National Park designations by either the president or Congress of the United States all expressed the democracy's popular concern for wild and unsettled places, for areas in which man might find the inner meaning of an earlier primeval self or the tranquility of an alpine meadow. For local residents already working within this environment, both perceptions and reactions were logically different. Pioneer farmers, the very types eulogized in the loss of the frontier, often found changing government policy or simply the threatening presence of the government to be more than already strained resources could bear. Locked into a bitter struggle for survival under primitive and isolated conditions, the possibility of loss through government action was often sufficient to discourage even the strongest. Later on, during the 1910s and 1920s, resorts first flourished but were later restricted as were private recreational homeowners who became "inholders" in the Park. Equally important in this remarkably brief journey from early exploration to World War II is the change in the meaning of "wilderness" to those able to visit Olympic. Seashore to glacier, the varied climates and landscapes of the Park are no more varied than man's own fascinating reaction to those same environments. From early exploring expeditions to present-day auto travelers, the Park and its resources have been perceived and "understood" in a rich variety of contexts and perspectives. As each of these perspectives came to the Peninsula and created its own market for Park experiences, forest Park and private managers responded with policies and development programs often specifically tuned to the new market. Backcountry trails and shelters, private chalets, seaside and hot spring resorts, housekeeping cabins and auto campgrounds on lakes and streams all had their day and left their mark. Each was a reflection, and an increasingly popular one over time, of the interest in wild and quiet places as well as a certain level of comfort and safety. While today we may see forms of dichotomy if not contradiction in such goals, we are, in fact, only reflecting yet another market for yet another form of Park experience. Two other hints to the reader seem appropriate. The Olympic Peninsula, and especially its mountainous core, is a very isolated place. Time frames appropriate to other areas and their evolving patterns of human activity are here compressed into the twentieth century. Even though a maturing urban-industrial culture existed less than 100 miles east in Seattle, the awesome quiet of mountain, valley, and shore remained at least until the loop highway encircled the Peninsula in 1931. The isolation left those who chose it existing in a more exaggerated or separated world that may well have seemed more lonely as well. The brave pioneers of the plains were half a century past and the social appeal of town and city half a century stronger. Settlers longed for the benefits of urban life and culture while urban dwellers sought the quiet solace of a wilderness resort. Thus, at virtually the same time as knowledge of the Olympics began to overcome its isolation, this same isolation began to be its greatest asset. Finally, to speak of the variety of environments as a constant backdrop to human history is deceiving. The Olympic peninsula may be the best possible setting for a simplistic version of environmental determinism, so vast and powerful is the effect of terrain, temperature, climate and season. So quickly does this natural world reclaim its losses in the moist lowland forests that there are no nineteenth-century structures still standing within the Park. Farms, abandoned in the 1940s or earlier, are now nearly impossible to find while only a rare blaze marks an early trail. Even mining, an enterprise that seems consistently to scar the natural environment, has been virtually erased by the land itself. History here in all its periods, development sequences, and accidents was shaped and most often dominated by the variety and power of the landscape. The earliest explorers were fascinated by this grandeur and variety. Once convinced there was no mineral wealth, they argued eloquently for a park, a formal method of protection for this isolated and rugged landscape. After fifty years of failed attempts to do otherwise, to find some way to develop the area now called Olympic National Park as though it were ordinary land, the American people, acting through Congress, formally agreed with those early explorers and established the Park in 1938. While its environmental qualities remain its most enduring features, the rich threads of human history woven into that environmental tapestry provide an understandable human dimension. It is through the eyes and the experiences of those who have gone before that we can more fully appreciate the natural wonders of Olympic National Park. Last Updated: 2009

<urn:uuid:e7b4f1f0-8ecb-48e1-9d3b-346117e68b20>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/olym/hrs/intro.htm

2013-05-22T08:02:58Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Through the application of biotechnology, it has become apparent that interspecies gene transfer between unrelated organisms may be occurring naturally. Researchers have thoroughly demonstrated that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells will uptake and incorporate foreign DNA from any other organism. If the genetic material is inserted adjacent to the necessary upstream regulatory sequences, then expression of foreign genes will also occur. As this process is performed by the host cell, and can not occur otherwise, it therefore exists by design, and presumably for the purpose of allowing organisms to steal genes or nucleotide sequences from others. The ramifications expressed as evolutionary potential are enormous. Biotechnologists have developed gene transfer techniques over the past couple of decades by trial and error. Although the co-cultivation of cells with DNA is all that is required, most techniques expose tissues to stresses which would breech the plasma membrane, and or cell wall in the case of plants. Following this exposure; some of the cells will possess the foreign DNA in their genome. Biolistics is probably the most commonly used technique to genetically transfects cells.(Figure 1) The apparatus used is also affectionately called the Gene Gun because it uses a high pressure delivery system to blast gene-coated metal particles into plant or animal tissue. Other procedures utilize electrical pulses, sonication, or agitation with glass beads or fibers. All of these techniques are simply used to improve the transformation efficiency by increasing the frequency of contact between the foreign DNA and the would-be Fig. 1. Gene Gun. Biolistics or the "gene gun" is the most commonly used technique for performing genetic transformations. It employs a high-pressure delivery system to shoot tissue with gold or tungsten particles that are coated with DNA. Although the gun's propulsion is now most typically accomplished using a pressurized gas such as helium, the original version of this system from Bio-Rad was equipped with a 22-caliber pistol and blank cartridges. After being peppered with foreign DNA, some of the cells will transport the sequences into the nucleus and splice them into the genome. It is however, the recipient cell which accepts the foreign DNA, protects it from degradation, transports it through the nuclear membrane, and splices it into an unwound section of chromosomal DNA where it becomes a permanent and heritable addition to the genome. Given the nature of the techniques used, it may also then be apparent that any abrasive exposure between two organisms could provide the necessary contact for gene transfers Design and Genetics of Evolution God is the ultimate genetic engineer, and within our cells exists a molecular-machinery far beyond our comprehension. Evolution occurs by design through a history of genetic recombination and natural selection. The genetic variability that produced Darwin's finches was not introduced randomly during replication errors, but instead specifically created by cellular machinery. This has been thoroughly established by Mendelian genetics, and the breeding histories of countless domesticated animals, however whenever an evolutionist refers to the source of genetic variability responsible for natural varieties it is The variations found among offspring from the same parents are produced by recombination events performed during gametogenesis, not random mutations, and it is from these differences that nature selects and through which evolution occurs. We do not yet understand exactly how these reactions are performed, nor can we yet even determine how many subsequently occurred during meiosis. All we know is that they indeed occur, and their purpose is obviously to provide evolutionary potential, and allow the creatures on earth to successfully occupy a variety of habitats. It is pure naturalistic assumption that mutations are creating new alleles. Following division, there is however no way to determine if the changes in the genome were the result of mutation or recombination, but there is great reason to expect it to be the latter. The genome is manipulated in two profound ways; one is the replication of the genome, and the other is genetic recombination. It is well known that replication is performed under rigid control, and the cell possesses mechanisms to correct errors when they occur. We also know that recombination intentionally changes the genome of each gamete so no two cells are ever genetically identical. It is well known fact that meiotic recombination is responsible for the differences between sibling genomic DNA. It is likewise well recognized that these same reactions have alone created the variations of domestic breeds of dogs in only a few hundred years, and yet the evolutionists continually claims mutations are responsible for variations such as the finches on the Galapagos. recombination is being performed by God's code editing machinery, and although these reactions are almost totally uncharacterized, a limited ability is assumed by both evolutionists and creationists alike. It is simply assumed that recombination is only rearranging preexisting genes, and replication errors are instead responsible for new genetic code. The truth is however; recombination is intentionally modifying genes to create the biochemical and phenotypic variability from which nature selects. Likewise we can not rule-out the ability of the cell to assemble new reading-frames or use foreign DNA during genomic manipulations designed to promote evolution. Given our present understanding, cellular genetic recombination remain theoretically limitless, and is clearly responsible for variations such as the finches just as they were the Natural Interspecies Gene Transfer The genome possessed by any individual is essentially unique in all the world due to recombination, and any specific lineage may be viewed as a sequence of reactions that could never be reproduced verbatim. Likewise the adaptation to a new or altered environment requires several generation. It may therefore, serve us greatly to have a system that allows an individual to acquire genetic material from others rather than hoping they would be received from their parents. Contrary to the opinions typical of creation the genome is not static, nor are organisms limited to the genes they were created with in the beginning. Bacteria are widely known to incorporate foreign DNA. Unfavorable conditions are known to induce genetic recombination, and environmental stresses such as nutrient deprivation will cause bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis to take up exogenous DNA. If there is homology between the foreign and their own chromosomal DNA, the bacteria will integrate almost all of it into there genome through homologous recombination where it can become a permanent part for all future New genes or alleles are also being assembled during meiotic crossing-overs, and passed to the next generation. God may also have provided each organism with the ability to take advantage of the genetic material possessed by others. The potential benefits are numerous, but the most obvious may be the rapid acquisition of genes or polynucleotide compounds. Following a lengthy history of struggle in a particular region, organisms assemble useful sequences or gene combinations. With each generation, the best-fitted offspring selectively passes its combination of genes to the next. The well adapted organism likely possesses specific required polynucleotide strings that it might have spent generations perfecting under selective pressure. Such regionally-specific genes can instead be acquired through interspecies gene transfer, and the newcomer may instead be able to essentially hi-jack genes from an unrelated species after even chance contact. Agrobacterium; Gene Thief and Biotech Engineer Agrobacterium Tumerfaciens is a bacteria commonly used by biotechnology engineers around the world to genetically transform plants. In nature, this microbe is responsible for inducing a tumor-based pathogenesis known as Crown-Gall disease pictured at right. The cancerous growth is caused through the genetic transformation of the plant by the microbe. Agrobacterium is not only a naturally occurring interspecies genetic transformer, but some of the sequences it is inserting were stolen previously from a plant at some point in its history. The Agrobacteria is an excellent example of interspecies gene transfer and genetic construction in action. Through the transfer of a portion of plasmid DNA called the T-DNA, the Agrobacterium forces the plant cells to make an amino acid (opines) that only the bacteria can metabolize as a fuel source. The single cell organism essentially parasitizes the plant by inserting foreign DNA that the plant translates into unusable protein. In addition to the genes that code for opines, the Agrobacterium also inserts other genes to cause a tumor or uncontrolled replication of transformed cells. the most interesting aspect of this natural interspecies gene transfer is the fact that the genes the bacteria is inserting are under the control of plant regulators, and the tumor inducing genes are not of a bacterial origin, but plant growth regulators. The Agrobacterium is using genes to perform this parasitism that it was likely not created with, but instead their very specific use suggests that bacteria generally have the ability to assemble DNA constructs through genetic recombination, and frequently use foreign sequences during such procedures. New Genetic Information Although genetic recombination using native sequences is probably the primary source of new alleles, we can not rule out the possible acceptance and use of foreign DNA during this process. Interspecies gene transfer is easily accomplished in laboratory settings, and evidence from living populations is also substantiating that horizontal movement of DNA is occurring naturally and with some regularity. The ability of cells to uptake and utilize foreign DNA, and likewise the mechanisms to construct new genetic information remains unrecognized by the majority of the creation science community. The secular scientific community is similarly adamant that all new genes are the result of mutations, and refuse to acknowledge the intentional role of genetic recombination in the evolution or organisms. The typical creationary view of evolution is tainted by secular teachings concerning mutations. Likewise the creationist has an overwhelming desire to argue evolution which leads to a refusal to accept that new alleles are being created through time. However, the molecular machinery creating this new genetic information is still almost completely beyond our comprehension, and has been designed by an intelligence that will not allow us to presuppose limits upon these mechanisms. The sources of new genes remains theoretical but clearly exist by design, and may include the use of foreign DNA. Although these matters may not be thoroughly elucidated within our lifetimes, until such time they must remain theoretically limitless given who designed the blueprints. by Chris W. Ashcraft genetic recombination as an intrinsic dynamic property of a DNA structure induced by RecA/Rad51-family proteins: a possible advantage of DNA over RNA as genomic material. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 8425-8432 (2001) Shibata, T., Nishinaka, T., Mikawa, T., Aihara, H., Kurumizaka, H., Yokoyama, S. & Ito, Y. fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect. Natsuko Kondo, Naruo Nikoh, Nobuyuki Ijichi, Masakazu Shimada, and Takema Fukatsu. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99(22):14280-14285 This Section was Edited-out of "Genetic Variability by Design" The development of genetic transformation technology has illustrated yet another function of HR. Through the application of biotechnology, it has become clear that the typical genome is relatively flexible in size, and will incorporate almost any extracellular DNA if there is sufficient homology. For example, prokaryotes readily uptake foreign nucleotides during times of stress, and all major taxa are able to exchange genes across species barriers using HR. In fact, it was the genetic transformation of bacteria in the late 1920's that finally led to the discovery of DNA as responsible for the heredity of traits. All cell types can now be genetically transformed in the lab with little difficulty, and biotechnologists routinely use this ability to create genetically modified organisms, such as herbicide or insect resistant crops. Many of the procedures used to transfect plant and animal tissues with DNA will simply stress the cells or breech the plasma membrane in the presence of the desired genes.(Figure 3) Following these exposures, the cellular machinery is exclusively responsible for transporting the DNA into the nucleus and splicing it into the genome. Natural genetic transformations across species barriers have also between reported. The adzuki bean beetle was found to have incorporated genes from the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia., and there is also the well-known example of Agrobacteria, which genetically transforms wounded plants creating a tumor called Crown Gall disease. News of Horizontal Gene Transfer

<urn:uuid:7ebed85d-f30b-4e18-b82d-7450edd30baa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nwcreation.net/genehijacking.html

2013-05-22T08:27:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Why do once-successful societies ossify and decline? Hundreds of reasons have been adduced for the fall of Rome and the end of the Old Regime in 18th-century France. Reasons run from inflation and excessive spending to resource depletion and enemy invasion, as historians attempt to understand the sudden collapse of the Mycenaeans, the Aztecs and, apparently, the modern Greeks. In literature from Catullus to Edward Gibbon, wealth and leisure – and who gets the most of both – more often than poverty and exhaustion implode civilization. One recurring theme seems consistent in Athenian literature on the eve of the city's takeover by Macedon: social squabbling over slicing up a shrinking pie. Athenian speeches from that era make frequent reference to lawsuits over property and inheritance, evading taxes and fudging eligibility for the dole. After the end of the Roman Republic, reactionary Latin literature – from the likes of Juvenal, Petronius, Suetonius, Tacitus – pointed to “bread and circuses,” as well as excessive wealth, corruption and top-heavy government. For Gibbon and later French scholars, “Byzantine” became a pejorative description of a top-heavy Greek bureaucracy that could not tax enough vanishing producers to sustain a growing number of bureaucrats. In antiquity, inflating the currency by turning out cheap bronze coins was often the favored way to pay off public debts, while the law became fluid to address popular demands rather than to protect time-honored justice. After the end of World War II, most of today's powerhouses were either in ruins or still preindustrial – China, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Russia and Taiwan. Only the United States and Great Britain had sophisticated economies that survived the destruction of the war. Both were poised to resupply a devastated world with new ships, cars, machinery and communications. In comparison to Frankfurt, the factories of 1945 Liverpool had survived mostly intact. Yet Britain missed out on the postwar German economic miracles, in part because after the deprivations of the war, the war-weary British turned to class warfare and nationalized their main industries, which soon became uncompetitive. The gradual decline of a society is often a self-induced process of trying to meet ever-expanding appetites, rather than a physical inability to produce past levels of food and fuel, or to maintain adequate defense. Americans have never had safer workplaces or more sophisticated medical care – and never have so many been on disability. King Xerxes' huge Persian force of 250,000 sailors and soldiers could not defeat a rather poor Greece in 480-479 B.C. Yet a century and a half later, a much smaller invading force from the north under Philip II of Macedon overwhelmed the far more prosperous Greek descendants of the victors of Salamis. For hundreds of years, the outmanned legions of the tiny and poor Roman Republic survived foreign invasions. Yet centuries later, tribal Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and Huns overran the huge Mediterranean-wide Roman Empire. Given our unsustainable national debt – nearly $17 trillion and climbing – America is said to be in decline, although we face no devastating plague, nuclear holocaust or shortage of oil or food. Americans have never led such affluent material lives – at least as measured by access to cellphones, big-screen TVs, cheap jet travel and fast food. Obesity, rather than malnutrition, is the greater threat to national health. Flash mobs go after electronics stores, not food markets. Americans spend more money on Botox, face lifts and tummy tucks than on the age-old scourges of polio, small pox and malaria. If Martians looked at the small box houses, one-car families and primitive consumer goods of the 1950s, they would have thought the postwar United States, despite a balanced budget in 1956, was impoverished. In comparison, an indebted contemporary America would seem to aliens flush with cash, as consumers jostle for each new update to their iPhones. By any historical marker, the future of Americans has never been brighter. The United States has it all: undreamed new finds of natural gas and oil, the world's pre-eminent food production, continual technological wizardly, strong demographic growth, a superb military and constitutional stability. Yet we don't talk confidently about capitalizing and expanding on our natural and inherited wealth. Instead, Americans bicker over entitlement spoils as the nation continues to pile up trillion-dollar-plus deficits. Enforced equality rather than liberty is the new national creed. The medicine of cutting back on government goodies seems far worse than the disease of borrowing trillions from the unborn to pay for them. In August 1945, Hiroshima was in ashes, while Detroit was among the most innovative and wealthiest cities in the world. Contemporary Hiroshima now resembles a prosperous Detroit of 1945; parts of Detroit look like they were bombed decades ago. History has shown that a government's redistribution of shrinking wealth, in preference to a private sector's creation of new sources of it, can prove more destructive than even the most deadly enemy.

<urn:uuid:a9836962-dee5-4c93-bcaa-606d2dab6a28>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ocregister.com/articles/rather-208719-ocprint-food-new.html

2013-05-22T08:27:37Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

VideoYou need the Flash Player (version 7 or higher) to view this clip - download Flash. http://podcast.open.ac.uk/open2media/learning/sciencetechnologynature/worldaroundus/s102_noble_gases_nodog.flv Copyright The Open University Here are five of the six noble gases: helium, neon, argon, kypton and xeon. They're all colourless and transparent. Krypton and xeon form compounds only with difficulty. Helium, neon and argon don't form compounds at all. As we descend the group in the periodic table the atomic number and relative atomic mass increases. The gasses get denser. Helium - helium is lighter than air. Neon is just lighter. Argon and krypton - I've just got to unstick these from the anchorage... Argon and krypton are both heavier than air. And xeon, xeon is the heaviest of the lot, you've heard of a lead balloon, well this is it. The noble gases, in order of their density, are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don’t react with anything. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. The noble gases are present in the atmosphere in small amounts: - 0.934% Argon - 0.0018% Neon - 0.00052% Helium - 0.00011% Krypton - 0.000009% Xenon Most of the noble gases are extracted from the air, except for helium. Helium is a product of radioactive decay (the alpha particle) and is found naturally in rocks. Most of the helium used nowadays comes from natural gas, of which it comprises 7%. Helium, the lightest, is used for filling party balloons. It is also mixed with oxygen to create a mixture that divers can breathe at depth – the helium is not very soluble in the blood so it avoids the “bends”. Neon is probably most famous for neon signs – a tube containing neon gas through which a current is passed which causes the gas to give out light. When mixed with helium it is used to make helium-neon lasers. Argon is used as the inert atmosphere in many light bulbs – an electric current is passed through a wire to heat it up so that it gets so hot it emits light. At these temperatures the metal would react with any oxygen present which is why an inert gas is needed. Krypton is used to produce white light for photography – again an electrical current is passed through the gas so it emits light. Xenon is again used in high quality lamps such as those used in lighthouses and in lasers. Radon is a radioactive element. Radon gas is formed by decay of other radioactive elements and the concentration in the environment depends upon the types of rocks on which you live. For example, the granite in Dartmoor contains small amounts of uranium that forms radon, which can accumulate in buildings and drinking water. This leads to an increased risk of cancer. Copyright & revisions Originally published: Tuesday, 26th June 2007 Last updated on: Tuesday, 17th July 2007 - Body text - Creative-Commons: The Open University - Video - Copyrighted: The Open University If you enjoyed this, why not follow a feed to find out when we have new things like it? Choose an RSS feed from the list below. (Don't know what to do with RSS feeds?) Remember, you can also make your own, personal feed by combining tags from around OpenLearn. - Latest OpenLearn pages - Latest pages by Professor Peter Taylor - Latest pages from OpenLearn - Chemistry - Latest pages tagged Radioactivity - Latest pages tagged Neon - Latest pages tagged Argon - Latest pages tagged Helium - Latest pages tagged Krypton - Latest pages tagged Xenon - Latest pages tagged Radon - Latest pages tagged Gases [state Of Matter] - Latest comments on this page

<urn:uuid:7119ed1a-00be-4a16-aa3d-77181aad8493>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/chemistry/noble-gases

2013-05-22T08:33:10Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Hu, L.M.; Wroblewski, J.S. (2009). Conserving a subpopulation of the northern Atlantic cod metapopulation with a marine protected area. Aquatic Conservation-marine And Freshwater Ecosystems. 19 (2) 178-193. 1. Marine reserves can play an important role in the conservation of subpopulations of marine fish metapopulations. The population spatial structure of northern Atlantic cod of Newfoundland and Labrador has characteristics of a metapopulation. Subpopulations of northern Atlantic cod on the continental shelf were decimated by decades of overfishing, and have not recovered. The remaining northern cod are concentrated in coastal areas. 2. A Marine Protected Area (MPA) was established in Gilbert Bay, Labrador by the Government of Canada in 2005 to protect the bay's resident subpopulation of northern Atlantic cod. Conservation of Gilbert Bay cod will help protect the genetic diversity of the northern cod metapopulation. 3. Unlike some other MPAs, Gilbert Bay is not a harvest refugium or 'no-take' reserve. Aboriginal Subsistence fisheries for salmonids with a bycatch of cod are allowed in designated areas of the MPA. A recreational fishery for Atlantic cod by angling open to all people is under consideration. Management of the MPA must ensure that fishing activities do not endanger the local cod population. 4. The population dynamics of Gilbert Bay cod were simulated using an age-structured Leslie matrix model to estimate the total mortality under various recreational fishing scenarios. The level of sustainable harvest by a recreational fishery depends on the natural mortality of the Gilbert Bay cod population, which is unknown. Therefore, there is risk in permitting a recreational fishery in the MPA. 5. There may be benefits to the northern cod metapopulation, if the Gilbert Bay subpopulation is allowed to rebuild to the carrying capacity of the bay. If the abundance of Gilbert Bay cod exceeds the level which the local marine ecosystem can support, some cod may emigrate from the bay and recolonize adjacent coastal areas. The potential for Gilbert Bay cod to recolonize continental shelf areas is less certain. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

<urn:uuid:bf216b9a-fb22-4235-9f7c-2f3a55fdcd01>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.osc.mun.ca/research/pubs/abstract.php?ID=16395

2013-05-22T08:34:04Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Introductory Soil Science Laboratory Manual Retail Price to Students:$59.95 (04) DescriptionUnderstanding soils and their relationship to the environment is increasing in importance as we learn more about the environment in which we live. Soils are important in crop production, in serving as a buffer in the environment, as a building medium, and in a multitude of other applications. In the third edition of this manual, new materials addressing specific environmental concerns related to crop production and groundwater supplement the exercises from previous editions. Flexibility in the exercises allows the instructor and students to tailor applications to local resources and conditions. The materials included give substantial meaning to otherwise abstract topics such as soil profiles and horizons, soil texture, cation exchange capacity, nitrate leaching, and non-point source pollution. Students will gain an understanding of how much water a soil can hold, how rapidly soluble materials such as nitrates may leach through a given soil, how much lime a soil may need, and how much soil loss can be tolerated. These exercises provide a basic understanding of soils and serve as background material for students who will take advanced courses in soils. This text is an ideal supplement to regular class work in an introductory soils course. "A good introductory soils lab manual. It will be an important reference for teachers and students in introductory soils."--Robert Darmody, University of Illinois "I see a few exercises that I am not currently doing, which might be useful. I also see some useful modifications to the way I am currently doing some labs."--James O'Rourke, Chadron State College "An excellent lab manual!"--Robert Sorensen, University of Nebraska "Comprehensive and easy to use. It focuses on important concepts."--Robert Graham, University of California at Riverside "Palmer and Troeh have provided a broad and brief manual for soils laboratory, introducing students to the technical aspects of investigating soils and soil properties. A good footing for all students of the environment."--Rick Williams, Ferrum College About the Author(s) Robert G. Palmer is Manager of Agronomy Service Support at Pioneer Hi-Bred International in Tipton, Indiana. His publications include professional articles in the area of soil management and conservation, four previous versions of this manual, and crop managament and other guides developed for use by agronomists in the field. Frederick R. Troeh is Professor of Agronomy at Iowa State University where he has taught since 1963. His publications include, professional journal articles in the area of soil science, four previous versions of this manual, several versions of a laboratory manual for the course in soil fertility, three editons of Soils and Soil Fertility, a textbook for introductory soils course, and two editions of Soil and Water Conservation, a textbook for the course in soil conservation.

<urn:uuid:021110ba-6fbe-4715-bf4d-10a3c57bde09>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/EarthScience/Geology/SoilScience/?ci=9780195094367

2013-05-22T08:30:21Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Paleontology and geology Beginning in the Jurassic, subduction of the Farallon Plate under the western edge of the North American Plate generated widespread volcanism, began creating the ancestral Sierra Nevada, and added exotic terranes composed of oceanic sediments and crust to the continent. Ammonites, marine reptiles, bivalves, and echinoderms were common in coastal waters and their fossils are now found in the Jurassic shales, sandstones, and limestones of Stanislaus, San Joaquin, and San Luis Obispo Counties. Terrestrial sediments contain a record of gymnosperms (seed-bearing plants) such as ginkgoes, cycads, and conifers from a warm, moderately wet climate. This map indicates additional exposures in the northern part of the state.

<urn:uuid:a8fc3646-6ded-4c84-9dd8-c491b42e208d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=state&state_id=10&period_id=9

2013-05-22T08:02:58Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

"Hex" designs are circular geometric patterns with a lineage that goes back 6000 years to the Neolithic Man. These designs reappeared in 2000-1000 BC civilizations, and again in Roman, Etruscan and other recent cultures. The Pennsylvania "Dutch" started using these basic symbols to decorate their beloved barns shortly after the 1830's, when farmers began to paint barns. The Pennsylvania Dutch began as German-speaking settlers that came to America, bringing a culture that evolved into the German American heritage of today. For many, this heritage is symbolized by the Hex sign. These signs are believed to bring good luck in a variety of forms. These photos were taken starting October 2007 and will be continually supplemented. Many of these signs were custom made, and may not be available. The Pennsylvania Dutch Hex sign culture is alive and we will continue providing examples of this through our photo library presentation. Hex Signs Featured on Local Buildings and Barns - Photos by Staff

<urn:uuid:de421c50-dda2-47c4-ba21-540c59a79209>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pennsylvaniadutchgifthaus.com/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=1:pennsylvania-dutch-hex-signs&Itemid=274

2013-05-22T08:02:21Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Septicemia in Chinchillas Septicemia is a suppurative disease causing bacteria and toxins in the blood of chinchillas. Infections across multiple portions of your chinchilla's body may follow untreated bacterial gastroenteritis, although other bacteria may also cause it. Because chinchillas may quickly succumb to the toxins and die suddenly, it is always best to consult a veterinarian when signs of general bacterial infection are noticed. Propmt treatment is the best way to avoid the development of septicemia. The best way to treat septicemia is to first diagnose the specific organism that has caused the toxin to spread in the blood stream of the chinchilla. This is done through blood tests and culture and sensitivity tests. Antibiotics are given orally or through injections. If the chinchilla is dehydrated, the antibiotics may be given along with the intravenous saline treatment. - Loss of appetite - Weight loss - Rough coat The most common cause of septicemia is bacterial toxins in the blood. This can happen when bacterial infections, like bacterial gastroenteritis, are not treated. Observing the various non-specific signs exhibited by the chinchilla would make your veterinarian suspect a possible bacterial cause. The exact nature of the organisms, which are responsible for the condition, can be assessed only by performing blood tests. Administering oral or injectable antibiotics are the best method for treating this condition. Supportive care in the form of fluid and electrolyte therapy may also be needed to help overcome dehydration and other associated disorders. Living and Management While recovering from a bacterial infection such as septicemia, your pet chinchilla must be placed in a sterile environment. Follow the supportive care as advised by your veterinarian and do not allow the recovering chinchilla to come in contact with other chinchillas. To prevent infection, improved husbandry and sanitation techniques are required. Promptly treating any bacterial diseases in chinchillas before the infections progress further can also prevent the development of septicemia in chinchillas. Something in which pus is discharged or formed A condition of the blood in which micro-organisms or harmful toxins are present in the system A medical condition in which the small intestine and stomach become inflamed A medical condition in which the body has lost fluid or water in excessive amounts The art of raising farm animals and farming

<urn:uuid:a4dc878a-1d1f-4dbc-a159-66878206c061>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.petmd.com/print/10205

2013-05-22T08:13:18Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Satellite Data Exercises - Data Exercise 1: The polar orbit of our satellites means that the spacecraft continually move from night into day. By observing the variation in KITSAT's solar cell voltage, the orbital period of the satellite can be easily measured. - Data Exercise 2: Satellite Barbeque Yes, we BBQ our satellites! In this exercise you will study the controlled rotation of KITSAT by looking at the periodicity of the Earth's magnetic field sensed by the spacecraft. The satellite turns slowly in the sun to maintain an even surface temperature. - Data Exercise 3: Inclination Angle At the equator the sun's rays are not exactly perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. In this exercise you can measure this angle directly from the intensity of light incident on the satellite. - Data Exercise 4: Solar Proton Activity What can we learn from PoSat's observations of solar protons? Use of the Messages from Space graphing tool: All the exercises listed here use real satellite data which have been previously downloaded from one of Surrey's spacecraft. Within each exercise click on the icon to display the data and a plot window will automatically open within your browser. If you have a slow network connection you may have to wait a few seconds for the data file to be transferred. The graphing window initially shows the complete data set, for which the Y-axis is already scaled into meaningful units described in the axis label. If you want to zoom in on one region of the data simply left-click and drag the mouse over the region of interest. You can repeatedly zoom into a region to look more closely at the plot - or right-click to zoom back out. Several zoom buttons are provided at the bottom of the graph to allow other zoom options. To export the visible graph data to your own file, click on the View Visible Data button. This opens a new window containing the data that you can then Select and Copy (control-C under Windows) into Wordpad or your own favourite text editor. From your text editor, save the file to disk and you can then import it into Excel or any other graphing package for off-line analysis.

<urn:uuid:3d4d275b-55fe-43d1-af6a-ec02a4466933>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/satellites/main/assets/satgraph/index.html

2013-05-22T08:33:27Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Photographic Processes is the technique of developing film by treating a negative with chemicals and exposing it to light to reproduce an image on photographic paper. While this method of photographic processes refers to the traditional manner of developing film, digital cameras and printers also allow for another avenue in film development. With a digital camera, images can be transferred to a computer, manipulated with computer software and then printed out with a digital printer. This newer method not only produces prints without the mess of negatives and chemicals, but it also allows the photographer to improve photo quality by clearing out red eyes, cropping out superfluous details or enhancing contrast by using computer software, such as Photoshop. However, the term photographic processes can also refer to the method of taking pictures. The process of taking pictures can be as simple or complicated as the photographer needs. The following is a list of a few of the various aspects that may enter a photographer’s process of taking pictures: Professional Photography Schools Photography schools are the starting point for most professional photographers. Although schools of photography may be departments in larger institutions, other photography schools are independent entities that focus solely on ...

<urn:uuid:644a61a7-6854-40b2-8f76-ad770c7c77cb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.photography.com/articles/techniques/photographic-processes/

2013-05-22T08:18:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search our database of handpicked sites Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest. You searched for We found 1 result on physics.org and 16 results in our database of sites 16 are Websites, 0 are Videos, and 0 are Experiments) Search results on physics.org Search results from our links database This introductory article gives you all the background on superconductivity, how it was discovered and its use for power supply. A fun interactive site presenting a general overview of superconductivity including current research and applications, with animations and videos. A short explanation of superconductivity with links to more information. Details of how superconductivity was discovered and what it means. A comprehensive site all about superconductivity with plenty of examples of their uses. An in depth introduction to this topic, suitable for advanced users. Useful pages about superconductors and their various applications including maglev trains, particle accelerators and MRI scanners. A collection of videos showing how superconductivity can be used to levitate a magnet - also known as the Meissner effect. Ideas and resources for teaching superconductors including experimental details of how to make them, and notes on demonstrations and experiments. Site detailing how fission , pulsars and superconductivity were discovered, with interviews with the scientists who discovered them. Showing 1 - 10 of 16

<urn:uuid:0816869e-1712-4776-aaea-d5e2fa45016a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.physics.org/explore-results-all.asp?currentpage=1&age=0&knowledge=0&q=superconductivity

2013-05-22T08:33:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In the past decade, navies have been roundly criticized for extensively testing active sonar due to its potentially detrimental affect on marine life. Military-grade active sonar sends out a powerfully loud low-frequency signal with a range anywhere from tens to hundreds of miles under water. The effect on whales has been well documented—it’s akin to you or I standing next to a jet engine without ear protection. The active sonar interferes with their ability to navigate, often stranding them in unfamiliar waters where they may be unable to find food and starve to death. Fortunately for whales and other cetaceans (dolphins, porpoises) who use echolocation, an entirely different sonar technology may now prove to save these animals’ lives. Fishing nets are estimated to kill upward of 300,000 cetaceans every year. The problem is the nets are too thin and amorphous for the animals to see with their sonar and so they get caught unintentionally. Now, a beacon used by the British Navy to mark mine fields has been miniaturized to the extent that it can be strung on to fishing nets to warn cetaceans to stay away. The device is a spherical plastic shell which acts like a satellite dish to amplify and reflect sonar waves. It is entirely passive (meaning it doesn't transmit sound, only listens for it), which gives it a big advantage over battery-powered active-sonar equivalents which can be difficult to maintain. When a dolphin’s sonar hits it, the signal is sent back so that the animal knows something is ahead in the water and can swim to avoid it. While the beacon is a promising technology, it does nothing to prevent the entanglement of cetaceans who do not use echolocation to navigate. For those animals, the only current recourse is better fishery management.

<urn:uuid:62ee20af-f7f4-4290-9fa4-e45b26ba4d8e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-03/saving-dolphins-sonar

2013-05-22T08:02:15Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en